This empirical study explores determinants of consumer resistance towards self-driving cars by considering the level of car autonomy. Based on a literature review, this research distinguishes between the effects of functional and psychological barriers on behavioral intention. Several studies have clarified that technological innovation in particular, need to overcome several barriers as a first step, before (potential) users will even start to favor buying such an innovation. Data was collected by an online-survey in December 2017, resulting in an effective sample of 182 respondents. The sample has an average age of M = 24.46 years with 70% male participants and a total of 95% were in possession of a driver license. To ensure that the respondents are able to differentiate between the characteristics or levels of autonomous driving, two independent samples were surveyed on the basis of different scenarios (low and high autonomy). In addition, a structural equation model (SEM) was used to perform an analysis of measurement and structural models using SmartPLS 3.0 software. The findings show that functional and psychological aspects explain consumer resistance towards self-driving cars. Interestingly, the results of a moderation analysis illustrate that the effects of both psychological barriers (i.e., image and traditions/norms) on behavioral intentions vary between a high and a low level of car autonomy. In detail, for those who evaluated the high autonomy scenario (N=92), significant results can be presented for both psychological barriers. Surprisingly, no significant relationship between risk barrier as functional barrier and behavioral intention can be verified. Conclusively, marketers and OEM’s, respectively, should elaborate specific strategies for the different levels of autonomous driving that will be introduced to the market over the next decades. To support these findings, it would be helpful to test the model with a larger sample and new items to test for a potential usage barrier. Moreover, it would be prudent to test additional scenarios and levels of autonomous driving.

Introduction The study chooses smartphone applications which have update experience as the study case to analysis if it will cause customer attrition. Application updates aims to make up the bugs which may cause bad effects on using, while in fact, most changes will be resisted by customers. We adapt three elements to collect data about the attitude of customers toward applications update, the conclusion illustrates, customers will resist changes in some conditions and cause customers attrition. Therefore, application developers should focus on the personal emotional reaction and cognitive evolution as well as predict what may influence the customers normal use after the applications update to make correct update decisions. In order to define the relationship between variable and result., we take smartphone application which had experienced update as examples and choose fsQCA as the methodology to analysis. Literature Review Resistance to change is a psychological process, Brehm（1966）claims customers resist to change origins from their believe that they have rights to control free, when this rights be challenged, this resistance behavior will happen due to they want to protect their own rights. Some scholars distinguished the concept of resistance to change: when receptors in the low involvement or limited cognize, their resistance behaviors is likely to be considered as the passive resistance; otherwise, the behaviors would be recognized as active resistance (Nabih,1997). Bagozz and Lee（1999) think that functional barrier is an important factors which influence the degree of innovation receptance, when customers think products after update cannot meet their function needs will cause resistance to change. Resistance always occur passively, bemuse of the disturb of the former habits of using (Ram &Sheth 1989), and former studies also indicate that prejudice towards changes is one of significant factors. Because changes are uncertainty, Fiske and Taylor（1991）claims that uncertainty can make people hate changes and Whitson and Galinsky（2008）consider aversion will be the strong driver of resistance to change to reduce uncertainty and risk. In terms of a company, the cost of maintaining a old customer is much lower than these of develop a new user, Actually, customer attrition is response of entrepreneur revenue and the vital section in development of companies. The famous american honesty management scholar Frederic Reichheld’s research indicates that when the extension of the commercial relationship of entrepreneur and customers, companies can acquire fatter profit through the relationship. Conclusions This study chooses fsQCA as methodology to define the relationship between resistance to change and customer attrition instead of using structural equation modeling. Sometimes, even customers have right cognitive evolution towards changes, when they find their efficiency be influenced by it, they also resist to change; while adverse emotional reaction also has an adverse effect on customer retention though they build positive cognitive evolution about changes. there is a remain circumstance of lossing of customers that when customers hate changes and they find their efficiency be influenced by update, the honesty of this product will also decrease. This three condition all contribute to customers attrition which should be paid more attention by companies.

Currently, the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) is planning to build the Ki-Jang Research Reactor (KJRR) in Ki-Jang, Busan. It is important to safely dispose of low-level radioactive waste from the operation of the reactor. The most efficient way to treat radioactive waste is cement solidification. For a radioactive waste disposal facility, cement solidification is performed based on specific waste acceptance criteria such as compressive strength, free-standing water, immersion and leaching tests. Above all, the leaching test is important to final disposal. The leakage of radioactive waste such as 137Cs causes not only regional problems but also serious global ones. The cement solidification method is simple, and cheaper than other solidification methods, but has a lower leaching resistance. Thus, this study was focused on the development of cement solidification for an enhancement of cesium leaching resistance. We used Zeolite and Loess to improve the cesium leaching resistance of KJRR cement solidification containing simulated KJRR liquid waste. Based on an SEM-EDS spectrum analysis, we confirmed that Zeolite and Loess successfully isolated KJRR cement solidification. A leaching test was carried out according to the ANS 16.1 test method. The ANS 16.1 test is performed to analyze cesium ion concentration in leachate of KJRR cement for 90 days. Thus, a leaching test was carried out using simulated KJRR liquid waste containing 3000 mg·L-1 of cesium for 90 days. KJRR cement solidification with Zeolite and Loess led to cesium leaching resistance values that were 27.90% and 21.08% higher than the control values. In addition, in several tests such as free-standing water, compressive strength, immersion, and leaching tests, all KJRR cement solidification met the waste acceptance or satisfied the waste acceptance criteria for final disposal.

In this study, a 30ft class high speed catamaran cruise boat is designed and resistance performances are investigated by model test at a circulating water tank. Design speed of the boat is 17knots(8.7m/s) and maximum speed is 20knots(10.3m/s) using 330ps twin engine. Each single bodies are designed unsymmetric planing hull considering high speed-length-ratio(Froude number) and wave interaction at inner part of the hull. Small size fins like chine are attached near free surface at each outside of the hull to separate wave along the hull side. The results show that the small chine plays a big role in separating the wave flowing along the hull. However, in the case of relatively heavy boat such as the developed hull, such a small power due to chine can not cause additional lift and cause resistance increase.

In this study, PAT protein of genetically modified maize was prepared from the recombinant E. coli strain BL21 (DE3), and mice were immunized with the recombinant PAT protein. After cell fusion and cloning, two hybridoma cells (PATmAb-7 and PATmAb-12) were chosen since the monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) produced by them were confirmed to be specific to PAT protein in the indirect enzyme-linked immunsorbent assay (ELISA) and western blot tests. There were no cross-reactions of either Mabs to other GM proteins or to the extracts of non-GM maize. The ELISA based on the PATmAb-7 can sensitively detect 0.3 ng/g PAT protein in corn. These results indicate that the developed Mabs can be used as bio-receptors in the development of immunosensors and biosensors for the rapid and simple detection of GM corn adulterated in foods.

PURPOSES : Durability of concrete is traditionally based on evaluating the effect of a single deterioration mechanism such as freezing & thawing action, chloride attack, carbonation and chemical attack. In reality, however, concrete structures are subjected to varying environmental exposure conditions which often results in multi-deterioration mechanism occurring. This study presents the experimental results on the durability of concrete incorporating air-cooled slag(AS) and/or water-cooled slag(WS) exposed to multi-deterioration environments of chloride attack and freezing & thawing action. METHODS: In order to evaluate durable performance of concretes exposed to single- and multi-deterioration, relative dynamic modulus of elasticity, mass ratio and compressive strength measurements were performed. RESULTS: It was observed that multi-deterioration severely affected durability of concrete compared with single deterioration irrespective of concrete types. Additionally, the replacement of cement by AS and WS showed a beneficial effect on enhancement of concrete durability. CONCLUSIONS : It is concluded that resistance to single- and/or multi-deterioration of concrete is highly dependent on the types of binder used in the concrete. Showing the a good resistance to multi-deterioration with concrete incorporating AS, it is also concluded that the AS possibly is an option for concrete materials, especially under severe environments.

PURPOSES: In order to evaluate a crack resistance at cold joint, sealing tape was adopted to apply at cold joint instead of typical tack coat material(RSC-4). The sealing tape was made by hot sealing material. The crack resistance as function of environmental and traffic loading was measured with visual observation. METHODS : In this study, the crack resistance was evaluated as function of environmental and traffic loading. The freeze-thaw method was adopted for environmental loading of asphalt pavement. condition. The damage of cold joint under freeze-thaw action is initiated by ice expansion load and accelerated by the interfacial damage between new and old asphalt pavement. The traffic loading was applied with wheel tracking machine on the cold joint area of the asphalt pavement for 3 hours at 25℃. The evaluation of crack resistance was measured with visual observation. The freeze-thaw results shows that the sealing tape was significantly increased the crack resistance based on. RESULTS : To estimate the crack resistance at cold joint area due to the environmental loading, the Freeze-thaw test was conducted by exposing the product to freezing temperature(approximately -18℃) for 24 hours, and then allowing it to thaw at 60℃ for 24 hours. The tack coat material(RSC-4) was debonded after 21 cycles of the Freeze-thaw test. The first crack was observed after 14 freeze-thaw cycle with RSC-4 material. But, the sealing tape was not debonded after 24 cycle test. Also, the sealing tape shows the better performance of the crack resistance under the traffic loading with wheel track test. The crack was generated the under traffic loading with RSC-4(tack coating), however, the crack was not shown with sealing tape. It indicates that the sealing tape has a strong resistance of tensile stress due to traffic loading. CONCLUSIONS: Based on limited laboratory test result, a performance of crack resistance using the sealing tape is better than that of general tack coat material(RSC-4). It means that the sealing tape is possible to extend a pavement service life because the crack, one of the main pavement distresses, will be delayed. Keywords Sealing Tape, Crack Resistance, Freeze-Thaw, Tensile Adhesion

The relationship between asphalt mixture and crack resistance is difficult to predict because it is influenced by aggregate particle size, aggregate and asphalt interface characteristics, rheological properties of asphalt type, asphalt coating thickness, temperature sensitivity and porosity. For this reason, various evaluation methods of crack resistance have been developed. In Korea, indirect tensile strength and toughness are used as criteria for crack resistance test of asphalt mixture. DC (T), SCB, Fenix test, and OT (overlay test) have been developed and used internationally as crack resistance test methods. In this study, we compared the conventional crack resistance evaluation methods, and developed a direct tensile fatigue test method which was modified with OT method and Fenix method. Crack resistances were evaluated using reclaimed asphalt pavements (RAP) and virgin asphalt mixtures. As a result, direct tensile fatigue test method was evaluated as suitable for evaluation of crack resistance.

In this study, we conducted laboratory tests to evaluate the moisture resistance of the asphalt mixture containing air-cooled slag. Generally, in Korea, hydrated lime is used up to 1.5% of the aggregate weight to improve the moisture resistance of the asphalt mixture. The slag used in this study is a byproduct produced in the steel industry and can be produced through a specific process. And its chemical composition is similar to that of the hydrated lime stone and satisfies the filler quality standards of the Ministry of Land, Transport and Transport. In order to evaluate the moisture resistance of the asphalt mixture containing air-cooled slag, we conducted the dynamic immersion test, which is a non-compaction mixture test. Also we conducted the indirect tensile strength ratio test and the Hamburg wheel tracking test for compaction asphalt mixture test. As a result of the dynamic immersion test, the effect of stripping prevention was similar to that of hydrated lime because it did not show much difference from the hydrated lime mixture. In the case of indirect tensile strength test, the specimens prepared in the laboratory and on the site satisfied the quality standards of the Ministry of Land, Transport and Logistics and the TSR value increased with increasing the content of air-cooled slag. However, when the content of air-cooled slag is more than 2%, the indirect tensile strength value is getting lower. So it is judged that the appropriate content should be determined to be 2% or less. In the case of the Hamburg wheel tracking test, when the steel wheel load passed 20,000 times on the asphalt mixture containing 2% of air-cooled slag, it showed 5.27mm deformation. And the stripping point was not observed. In this study, it was found that when the air-cooled slag is used as a substitute for hydrated lime, the moisture resistance of the asphalt mixture can be improved. It is considered that the aircooled slag can be used for the asphalt pavement material through the characteristics analysis of mechanical and field application in the future

In this study, several approaches in evaluating moisture sensitivity of asphalt mixtures were investigated and compared. To evaluate the moisture damage resistance, twenty types of asphalt mixtures with and without anti stripping additives were tested in the laboratory. Uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) and indirect tensile (IDT) testing were performed to determine the Tensile Strength Ratio (TSR) and Cohesion Strength Ratio (CSR). Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA) mixtures were found to provide good moisture damage resistance compared to other mixtures. It also does not require anti stripping additives to improve its moisture resistance. Moreover, the correlation coefficient between the TSR test and CSR tests is 0.99 with an average error of 1.5%, which indicates that the TSR test following AASHTO T-283 is still the most reasonable criteria in evaluating the moisture damage of AC mixtures. Marshall Stability Ratio (MSR) and Marshall Stability to Flow Ratio (MSFR) were conducted and were compared to TSR test results. It was found that MSFR value may be used to evaluate the moisture damage resistance of AC mixtures instead of TSR test. Finally, Dynamic Immersion (DI) test was performed to evaluate moisture resistance for loose asphalt mixtures. The DI results showed good correlation also when evaluating moisture resistance compared to TSR. When using DI testing in evaluating moisture resistance, it is recommended to test after 48 hours since it showed higher correlation with the TSR values. Further study is recommended to improve current testing evaluating moisture susceptibility of asphalt mixtures to properly associate it with TSR values.

In this thesis, it was considered that in durability characteristics of concrete pavements evaluation of strength characteristics as well as abrasion resistance is important as the domestic concrete pavements couldn't fulfill the public needs and cases of damage are increasing. In order to solve such problems, it is intended to compare the abrasion resistance in accordance with the mixing rate of admixtures (silica fume and polymer powder) which are incorporated in the upper layer of two-lift concrete pavement and find the optimum mixing rate for abrasion resistance by focusing on the high performance of concrete pavements through two-lift concrete pavements which use cellular sprayed concrete construction method. Both test results, which were performed based on ASTM C 779 B (dressing wheel abrasion test method) and ASTM C 944 (rotary cutter method) standards in accordance with silica fume and polymer powder mixing rate that was incorporated in the upper layer of two-lift concrete pavement, proofed that the abrasion resistance increased as the mixing rate of silica fume and polymer powder increased. However, it was also confirmed that if the mixing rate of admixtures is excessively increased it will not have an effect and it will rather decrease the abrasion resistance.

Rice husk, in large quantities, is released to the environment due to rice production in Vietnam. If this material can be utilized, it can solve not only the economic issues but also the environmental problems and sustainable development of the country. Laboratory evaluation of asphalt mixture using Nano silica made from rice husk to improve rutting resistance of asphalt mixtures was presented in this study. A 60/70 bitumen was used as control asphalt binder. The ratio of Nano SIO2 used in this study was 0.3%, 0,6%, 0,9%, 1,2%, and 1,5% by weight of powder. A dense gradation with nominal maximum aggregate size of 12.5mm was used for the asphalt mixtures. Marshall stability (MS) test and wheel tracking (WT) test were conducted to evaluate the rutting resistance of asphalt mixtures. It was found that the asphalt mixtures using 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5% Nano SIO2 have the rut depths of 5.35mm, 5.39mm, and 5.45mm, respectively, which is 30%, 31% and 29% lower than the control asphalt mixtures at 15,000 load cycles. Moreover, the static modulus of asphalt mixtures using 0.9% Nano SIO2 at 60oC is higher than the control mixtures. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the addition of Nano SIO2 into asphalt mixtures can enhance the rutting performance of asphalt concrete under high temperatures significantly. It is noted that these conclusions were based on only on a limited number of samples and conditions. Further studies must be conducted to investigate the effect of Nano SIO2 on fatigue cracking and moisture damage of asphalt pavement in the field.

본 연구에서는 상용화 된 piperazine 기반 NE70 및 m-phenylene diamine 기반 NE90 나노여과막을 15 wt% 황산 수용액 조건에서 산 노출 뒤의 표면 특성평가를 통해 분리막의 내산성 평가를 진행하고자 한다. 표면 특성 평가(SEM/FT-IR/ToF-SIMS 등)를 통해 piperazine 기반 분리막이 낮은 내산성을 가짐을 확인하였다. 이러한 특성을 이용하여, piperazine 기반 NE70 분리막을 황산에 후처리를 하게 될 경우 분리막 기공을 조절할 수 있음을 확인하였으며, 최적화된 후처리 조건에서 서로 다른 분자량을 가지는 erythromycin (Mw ~ 734 Da) 과 vancomycin (Mw ~ 1486 Da) 항생제를 농축시키는 공정에 응용하였다.

연·근해어선들은 운항 또는 조업시 안정성(복원성능 및 횡동요 저감 성능)을 향상시키기 위해 여러 가지 부가물을 설치하며, 일반적으로 Fig. 1과 같이 세 가지로 분류할 수 있다. Bare hull을 포함하여 각 부가물이 단독으로 부착된 경우 3가지, 복수의 조합으로 부착된 경우 3가지 그리고 3가지 모두 부착된 1가지에 대하여 수치 계산을 수행하였다. Table 1은 Bare hull에 대한 주요치수를 나타낸 것이고, Table 2는 3가지 부가물에 대한 주요치수를 기술하였다. 3가지 선체 부가물에 대하여 CFD에 의한 유체동역학적 성능을 평가하였다. 각각의 부가물에 대하여 단독, 2개씩 조합된 복수 그리고 3개 모두 부착된 경우에 대하여 평가를 하였다. 1번 부가물의 경우 압력저항이 마찰저항 보다 차지하는 비율이 큼을 알 수 있었다. 2번과 3번 부가물의 경우 압력저항과 마찰저항이 거의 대동소이 함을 알 수 있었다. 복수조합과 3가지 모두 부착된 경우 부가물 상호간의 상관관계는 매우 작음을 알 수 있었다. 11노트에서 2번 부가물과 모든 부가물이 부착된 경우 유효마력 관점에서 약 9 % 차이를 보였다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the resistance performance and the sensitivity of the panels placed on the free surface of the water using the potential-based Rankine source panel method. The potential-based Rankine source panel method was applied to predict a flow phenomena around a ship and the exact nonlinear free surface boundary conditions were adopted. The trim and sinkage state of the ship also were taken into account. In order to deal with complex geometries of the planing ship the panel cutting method was adopted. The R/V Athena ship was adopted as the high speed ship. Numerical analysis was carried out by systematically changing the range and number of panels in the free surface area, and the results were compared with each other.

본 논문은 샤르피 충격 실험을 사용하여 실리카 퓸 시멘트 페이스트의 내 충격성에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. 일반 페이스트 및 개량 된 페이스트의 시편은 물-결합제 비가 0.5로 제작되고, 실리카 퓸의 비율은 각각 바인더 사용량의 5% 및 10%로 선택되었다. 내 충격성은 3일, 7일 및 28일에 V 노치 시험편을 사용한 샤르피 충격 실험에 의해 얻어졌다. 28일의 실험결과는 실리카 흄을 포함한 시멘트 페이스트의 충격량이 58 %까지 증가하였다. 실험 결과로 부터 시멘트 페이스트의 에너지 흡수 능력을 향상시키기 위해 실리카 퓸을 사용하는 것이 효과적임을 알 수 있다.

In this study, the long-term performance of FRP Hybrid Bar made by hybridizing FRP (Fiber Reinforced Polymer) with ordinary reinforcing steel bars was experimentally examined as a part of the development of alternative materials for RC (reinforced concrete) structures especially located in marine or harbor areas. In order to evaluate the field exposure of the FRP Hybrid Bar, the specimen was prepared and the corrosion behavior was evaluated by letting the specimen exposed to the field conditions in the west coast of South Korea. The purpose of this study is to provide important data as a material countermeasure to reduce corrosion of reinforcing steel in future marine port concrete structures based on the results obtained through this study.

PURPOSES : This purpose of this study is to analyze the effect to autogenous shrinkage of the top-layer material of a two-lift concrete pavement mixing both silica fume and polymer powder. METHODS: The bottom-layer of a two-lift concrete pavement was paved with original portland cement (OPC) with a 20~23 cm thickness. Additionally, the top-layer which is directly exposed to the environment and vehicles was paved with a high-performance concrete (HPC) with a 7~10 cm thickness. These types of pavements can achieve a long service life by reducing joint damage and increasing the abrasion and scaling resistance. In order to integrate the different bottom and top layer materials, autogenous shrinkage tests were performed in this study according to the mixing ratio of silica fume and polymer powder, which are the admixture of the top-layer material. RESULTS: Autogenous shrinkage decreased when polymer powder was used in the mix. Contrary to this, autogenous shrinkage tended to rise with increasing silica fume content. However, the effects were not significant when small amounts of polymer powder were used (3% and 11%). CONCLUSIONS : The durability and compressive strength increase when silica fume is used in the mix. The flexural strength considerably increases and autogenous shrinkage of concrete decreases when polymer powder is used in the mix. As seen from above, the proper use of these materials improves not only durability, but also autogenous shrinkage, leading to better shrinkage crack control in the concrete.

Toxicities of Carbofuran showed different patterns by three application methods, Drench(as systemic effect), Leaf dipping(as contact and systemic effects) and Topical(as contact effect) applications. LC50 dropping pattern was L-shape in Drench, low slope line in Topical and intermediate of them in Leaf dipping. Drench application was the most Carbofuran treatment method to Brown planthoppers. Dropping patterns of LC50 were almost same between resistant and susceptible strains. The checking time of Carbofuran toxicity was suggested to be 2nd day after application by SD analysis of mortality. Resistance ratios were peak on 3rd day after application in Drench, 4th day(Susceptible) and 5th day(Resistant) in Leaf dipping and showed steady increase line pattern in Topical application.