The present study was aimed at investigating the effect of swimming training on brain function after focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Therefore, this study was examined on neurogenesis in dentate gyrus of hippocampus using 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) to label proliferating cells and assessed the neurological response following focal cerebral ischemia in rats using neurological motor behavioral test. In an observer-blinded fashion, twenty male Sprague-Dawley (280~310 g, 7 weeks old) rats were divided into four groups: MCAO plus swimming group (ME, =5), MCAO plus control group (MC, =5), SHAM plus swimming group (SE, =5), SHAM plus control group (SC, =5). The results of this study were as follows: 1) The limb placing time before and after swimming in the ME group were significantly longer than the MC group (p<.05), the SE group were significantly longer than the SC group (p<.01). 2) The balance beam scores before and after swimming in the ME group was higher than the SE group, the MC group was higher than the SC group but was not significantly different (p>.001). 3) The foot fault index before and after swimming training in ME group was significantly lower (i.e., improved) than the MC group (p<.001) and the SE group (p<.001), the SE group was significantly lower (i.e., improved) than the SC group (p<.001). 4) The mean number of BrdU-positive cells in the dentate gyrus in the ME group was significantly higher than the MC group (p<.001) and the SE group (p<.01). The MC group and the SE group was significantly higher than the SC group (p<.001). 5) There was significantly correlation between limb placing time and number of BrdU-positive cells on swimming training, there was positive correlation (r=.807, p<.0001) and between foot fault index and BrdU-positive cells number, there was negative correlation (r=-.503, p<.05). However, between balance beam scores and BrdU-positive cells number, there was no correlation. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that the role of swimming training improves behavioral motor function probably by enhancing cell proliferation in that hippocampus. This study provides a model for investigating the stroke rehabilitation that underlies neurogenesis and functional ability.

We assessed whether the use of a symmetrical upper limb motion trainer in daily repetitive training for a 6-week period reduced spasticity and improved motor function in three chronic hemiparetic patients. Upper limb motor impairment and disability were measured by the Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA), Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) and Manual Muscle Test (MMT), respectively. The electromyography (EMG) of the affected hand was recorded during isometric wrist flexion and extension. In all patients, FMA and MMT scores were significantly improved after the 6-week training. However, MAS scores of the affected wrist spasticity did not change considerably. Onset and Offset delays in muscle contraction significantly decreased in the affected wrist. The co-contraction ratio of flexor and extensor muscles significantly increased after the 6-week training. Onset and offset delays of the muscle contraction and co-contraction ratio correlated significantly with the patients' FMA. This study showed that repetitive, symmetric movement training can improve upper limb motor functions and abilities in chronic hemiparetic patients. Also, the EMG assessment of motor response is likely to provide insights into mechanisms and treatment strategies for motor recovery in chronic hemiparetic patients.

Objective : This study was conducted to assess the changes in the functional levels of affected upper extremities after treating patients with brain injury by intensive CIMT (Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy). Method : Design was single-subject experimental reversal design (A-B-A). Subjects was 6 persons with brain injury (F: 1, M: 5), mean age (57.0±9.6). Intensive CIMT was performed over 6 hours a day for 2 weeks. Box and block test and nine hole pegboard were used for assessment of affected upper extremity function before and after intervention. Results : Compared baseline 1, functional level in both intervention and baseline 2 revealed improved functional levels. In addition, carry over effect was shown in baseline 2 period. Conclusion : Intensive CIMT based on task-oriented activity is considered to be effective because it decrease the time to use the paretic limb and thereby overcomes the “learned nonuse”.

뇌기능 장애 환자에서 자세균형 제어능력의 저하는 보행 및 일상생활동작 수행 등에 어려움을 초래하며 이에 대한 정확한 평가 및 치료를 위하여 일상의 환경변화와 유사한 상황을 제공하고 이에 따른 자세균형 조절 능력을 파악하는 것이 중요하다. 본 연구는 뇌기능 장애 환자에서 가상적 움직이는 환경에 따른 자세균형 조절 기능을 정확히 평가하고 환경의 움직임이 자세균형 조절에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 15명의 뇌기능 장애 환자들과 정상인 15명을 대상으로 실생활과 유사한 환경의 조성을 위하여 HMD를 이용한 가상 환경 움직임(Virtual Moving Surround)을 네 가지 다른 패턴으로 제공하였다. 자세동요의 정도는 힘판을 이용하여 신체압력중심의 변화를 전체이동거리, 동요주파수, 최대 빈도 COP 위치로 측정하였으며 가상 환경의 차이에 따른 변화를 비교 분석하였다. 연구결과 검사 재검사 신뢰도평가에서 일관된 분석결과를 나타냈고 뇌 기능장애 환자와 정상인의 분석에서는 두 그룹간의 차이를 확인할 수 있었다. 특히 전후로 빠르게 변하는 가상 환경에서 가장 큰 자세동요를 나타내었고 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있었다. 본 연구를 통해 뇌기능 장애 환자에서 가상 환경 변화가 자세균형 조절에 미치는 영향을 확인할 수 있었으며 이러한 환자들을 위한 치료와 평가 환경 조성 등에도 유용한 자료로 쓰일 수 있을 것으로 사료된다

Objectives: This study was conducted to evaluate the validity of the Korean Computerized Neuro-psychological Test in measurement of cognitive functioning in patients with brain damage. Methods: Eight tests of Korean Computerized Neuro-psychological Test, (1) Simple Reaction time, (2) Choice Reaction time, (3) Color Word Vigilance, (4) Digit Classification, (5) Digit Addition, (6) Symbol Digit Substitution, (7) Digit Span, (8)Finger Tapping Speed, were administered to the 30 patients who had impairments in cognitive function. Mini Mental State Examination-K (MMSE-K), and Purdue Pegboard Test were also administered compare with the computerized tests. Results: It was found that Choice Reaction time, Color Word Vigilance, Digit Classification, Digit Addition, Symbol digit Substitution, and Digit Span of computerized tests were acceptable in the patients who had MMSE-K score of 20 and more than 20. And Simple Reaction Time was found to be a useful test in the patients with MMSE-K score of less than 20. MMSE-K scores were highly correlated with Choice Reaction time, Color Word Vigilance, Digit Classification, Digit Span of computerized test. The scores of Purdue Pegboard were also highly correlated with the scores of Finger Tapping Speed, In computerized tests, Choice Reaction time, Color Word Vigilance, Digit Classification, and Digit Span were correlated with each other. Conclusions: The results suggested that Korean Computerized Neuro-psychological Test was found to be a useful test in measurement and rehabilitation of patients with cognitive impairments.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of cognitive function and Activities of Daily Living (ADL) improvement with Traumatic Brain Injury(TBI) and Stroke patient through Computer Assisted Cognitive Rehabilitation (CACR) program within specific approach and hierarchial approach training program. For this investigation CACR training was administered to 14 patients diagnosed of TBI and Stroke. Method: The CACR was given to the subject patient for 1months, 5times a week and each stimulation lasted 30 minutes. Cognitive function and activities of daily living were compared pre-CACR program with post-CACR program by MMSE and FIM . Results: Summarizing the results of this investigation; 1. Statistically significant improvement in 8 items of MMSE and 11 items of FIM was found after the application of CACR program training. 2. Cognitive function showed the spastically significant improvement after CACR program within specific approach and hierarchial approach training program 3. Activities of daily living showed the statistically significant improvement after CACR program within specific approach and hierarchial approach especially hierarchial approach more statistically significant increased than specific approach.

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of transfer of training approach on cognitive function and functional recovery and the difference in the stroke patterns of adult stroke patients with affected cognitive function. Twenty stroke patients were participated ; 8 males and 12 females, the age ranged from 34 to 73. By the classification of diagnosis, 10 subjects were cerebral infarction and 10 subjects were cerebral hemorrhage, by the classification of affected side, 11 Rt hemiplegic patients, 9 Lt hemiplegic patients who were above at least post onset 2 month to a year. It was evaluated and analyzed pre and post treatment with MMSE and FIM, and the method of transfer of training approach was practiced every 30 min a day for a month. The data were analyzed by t-test and one way ANOVA. The results of this study were as follows: 1. There was significant in the effect of transfer of training approach on cognitive function of stroke patinets. 2. There was significant in the effect of transfer of training approach on functional recovery of stroke patients. 3. There was a significant difference in the effect of treatment in the group of cerebral infarction.

본 연구의 목적은 기능적 근적외선 분광법인 fNIRS(functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy)를 활용하여 미술표현에 따른 뇌 활성화를 측정하는 것이다. fNIRS는 소형의 크기에, 휴대성이 용이하고, 근적외선이 연구참여자의 전두엽에 비침습적으로 침투하여 대뇌의 혈류량을 파악하고, 이를 토대로 뇌의 활성화 상태를 측정하는 장비이다. K대학 소재의 연구참여자 4명을 대상으로 fNIRS 를 착용 후 1분 30초씩, 총 3번에 걸쳐서 미술표현 활동을 진행하였고, 개별 뇌 활성 이미지와 4명 의 평균 뇌 활성 이미지 및 그래프를 추출하였다. 분석결과 연구참여자 4명의 모든 미술표현 활동에서 시각적 작업기억을 담당하는 우측의 DLPFC영역, 메타인지와 평가 및 성찰을 담당하는 FPC 영역, 그리고 가치 부여 및 판단을 담당하는 OFC영역이 활성화 되었음을 확인하였다. 분석결과를 토대로 미술교육의 시사점 및 나아가야 할 방향을 제안하였다. 첫째, 미술활동은 우뇌와 좌뇌의 활성이 함께 일어나지만 비교적 우뇌가 더 많이 활성화 된다. 둘째, 미술표현활동은 주의집중과 목표지향적 행동, 동기부여를 유발하는 교과이다. 셋째, 미술표현 활동에서 자기평가와 성찰을 위해 표현 후 결과물에 대해 발표 및 소감문을 작성해 보는 시간이 필요하다. 넷째, 미술할동에서 주제를 제시할 때 막연하고 추상적인 주제가 아니라 구체적인 언어와 단어로써 제시해야 한다. 본 연구를 토대로 앞으로 미술교과와 관련된 과학적이고 객관적, 실증적인 연구가 많이 진행되어 미술교과의 위상을 높이고, 더 좋은 후속연구들이 이루어지기를 기대한다.

인간의 뇌는 신체의 전 영역을 통괄하는 센터이다. 즉, 인간의 뇌는 인간의 신체에 대한 모든 주요영역에서 상호작용하고 협조하며 아주 복잡한 고차원적인 기능들을 수행하는 역할을 한다. 또한, 인간의 기억, 인지, 판단, 사고, 학습, 문제 해결 등에 대한 정보처리를 담당하는 신경세포로 구성되어 있으며, 다양한 감정, 행동 더 나아가 고차원적인 정신세계까지도 수행하는 역할을 한다. 따라서 본 연구는 화장품 용기의 사용 편의성에 대해 논의하기에 앞서, 뇌 구조의 정보 처리 방식 및 작용 현상에 대한 여러 각도의 연구가 필요하다. 인간의 뇌는 크게 좌뇌와 우뇌로 구분되어 있으며, 각기 다른 기능을 수행한다. 예를 들어, 좌뇌는 언어적, 분석적, 논리적, 계열적, 계산적으로 정보를 받아들이고, 우뇌는 비언어적, 종합적, 공간적, 창의적, 유추적인 방식으로 정보를 받아들이고 처리한다. 이처럼 좌·우뇌의 기능 분화론은 젠더의 생물학적 차이에서 나타나는 다양한 행동적, 인지적 특징과 밀접하게 연관되어 보인다. 즉, 여성은 “공감하기”에 적합하며, 남성은 “체계화하기”에 적합한데, 이것은 우뇌가 우세한 사람은 여성이며, 좌뇌가 우세한 사람은 남성임을 이해시킨다. 그러므로 남성 화장품 용기는 사용자 타겟(Target)이 남성이기 때문에 좌측 뇌가 우세한 사용자가 선호하는 화장품 용기를 개발되어야 한다.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of horticulture on hand function and cognitive ability of the old age with serious brain diseases. This study was intended for the inpatients in a geriatric ward, K hospital located in Gumi-si, Kyeongsangbuk-do, for dementia or cerebral apoplexy caused by brain diseases. Patients were divided to 7 of experimental group and 4 of control group. Horticulture program included flower arrangement in the first half and plant culture in the later half. As a result horticulture program test, Hand function showed significant development on both hands from 57.42 to 82.57 (p=.001) on the right hand, from 62.50 to 90.58 (p=.001) on the left hand. Change of cognitive ability show as follow. Communicational problem and senile infirmity of the patients with serious brain diseases made many difficulties. The numeral value, therefore, did not show significant development due to high individual deviation. As a result, horticulture program is effective for development of cognitive ability and hand function for the old age with serious brain diseases. Therefore, the more systematic horticulture program in the long view is expected to help the old age with serious brain diseases to raise the quality of life and give them effective affect.