This article deals with a proportional analysis of Cologne Cathedral with regard to the medieval tradition of geometry and figurate numbers that were commonly used in the medieval period. It first outlines symbolic and geometric notions of the geometry and numbers during the medieval period, and then, interprets the proportional design of the plan and section of the cathedral in analogy with the notion. It concludes that the proportional design of the cathedral was not quite arbitrary but carefully designed for the systematic and symbolic quality of the medieval aesthetic tradition.

SOFC (Solid Oxide Fuel Cell) Ni-YSZ anode was fabricated by the spark plasma sintering (SPS) process and its microstructure and electrical properties were investigated in this study. The spark plasma sintering process was carried out at for holding time of 5 min under 40 MPa. To fabricate Ni-YSZ anode, the SPS processed specimens were reduced at under atmosphere. The reduced specimens showed relative density of according to sintering temperature. And also, the electrical conductivity of reduced specimens after sintering at 900 and showed (S/cm) values at the measuring range of .

The present study was aimed at investigating the effect of swimming training on brain function after focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Therefore, this study was examined on neurogenesis in dentate gyrus of hippocampus using 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) to label proliferating cells and assessed the neurological response following focal cerebral ischemia in rats using neurological motor behavioral test. In an observer-blinded fashion, twenty male Sprague-Dawley (280~310 g, 7 weeks old) rats were divided into four groups: MCAO plus swimming group (ME, =5), MCAO plus control group (MC, =5), SHAM plus swimming group (SE, =5), SHAM plus control group (SC, =5). The results of this study were as follows: 1) The limb placing time before and after swimming in the ME group were significantly longer than the MC group (p<.05), the SE group were significantly longer than the SC group (p<.01). 2) The balance beam scores before and after swimming in the ME group was higher than the SE group, the MC group was higher than the SC group but was not significantly different (p>.001). 3) The foot fault index before and after swimming training in ME group was significantly lower (i.e., improved) than the MC group (p<.001) and the SE group (p<.001), the SE group was significantly lower (i.e., improved) than the SC group (p<.001). 4) The mean number of BrdU-positive cells in the dentate gyrus in the ME group was significantly higher than the MC group (p<.001) and the SE group (p<.01). The MC group and the SE group was significantly higher than the SC group (p<.001). 5) There was significantly correlation between limb placing time and number of BrdU-positive cells on swimming training, there was positive correlation (r=.807, p<.0001) and between foot fault index and BrdU-positive cells number, there was negative correlation (r=-.503, p<.05). However, between balance beam scores and BrdU-positive cells number, there was no correlation. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that the role of swimming training improves behavioral motor function probably by enhancing cell proliferation in that hippocampus. This study provides a model for investigating the stroke rehabilitation that underlies neurogenesis and functional ability.

The purpose of this study was to investigate which of 4 positions produced the highest action potential in the rectus femoris muscle of normal adult subjects. Testing was performed in supine with the right leg performing a simple straight leg raise with the knee fully extended. The left leg, however, was placed in 4 different positions: 1. Full support with flexion. 2. Flexed on the plinth with knee flexion and foot flat. 3. Same as N0.2 but with knee flexion. 4. Left leg hanging over the end of the plinth with knee flexion, hip flexion and no foot support. This study was designed to compare the level of electromyographic activity of the rectus femoris under 4 positions. Fourty-three healthy young adults performed three trials of each exercise condition in random order in the supine position. Electromyographic activity was recorded from surface electrodes. Rectus femoris action potentials in all 4 positions were significantly different. The highest action potential at the end of movement of the right leg occurred with the left leg hanging over the end of the plinth with knee flexion. It is therefore recommended the straight leg raising be performed with the contralateral leg flexed at over the end of the supporting surface to obtain a maximum rectus femoris isometric contraction.

This paper describes an alignment algorithm that estimates the initial heading angle of AUVs (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle) for starting navigation in a sea area. In the basic dead reckoning system, the initial orientation of the vehicle is very important. In particular, the initial heading value is an essential factor in determining the performance of the entire navigation system. However, the heading angle of AUVs cannot be measured accurately because the DCS (Digital Compass) corrupted by surrounding magnetic field in pointing true north direction of the absolute global coordinate system (not the same to magnetic north direction). Therefore, we constructed an experimental constraint and designed an algorithm based on extended Kalman filter using only inertial navigation sensors and a GPS (Global Positioning System) receiver basically. The value of sensor covariance was selected by comparing the navigation results with the reference data. The proposed filter estimates the initial heading angle of AUVs for navigation in a sea area and reflects sampling characteristics of each sensor. Finally, we verify the performance of the filter through experiments.

본 연구는 유역의 침수특성치를 기준으로 하여 치수계획규모를 설정하는 방법을 연구한 것이다. 본 연구에서는 2010년 9월 21일 광화문일대에 발생한 침수피해를 이용하여 XP-SWMM 2010 모형을 검증한 후 침수예상도를 산정하였다. 확률강우량은 Huff의 4분위법으로 분포시켰으며, 기존의 유역출구점을 기준으로 한 임계지속시간의 문제점을 제시하였으며 침수특성치(관로첨두유출량, 평균침수심, 특정지점의 최대침수심, 침수면적, 침수총량, 침수지속시간)를 기준으로 유역치수계획규모를 설정하는 방법을 제시하였다. 현재 유역의 치수계획규모 설정시 사용되고 있는 관로첨두유출량은 도시유역의 침수특성을 합리적으로 반영하지 못하는 것으로 판단되었으며 도시유역에서 발생하는 침수의 결과치인 침수특성이 치수계획규모 설정에 합리적인 것으로 나타났다. 유역의 치수계획규모는 각 유역의 지리·물리·사회·경제적 특성에 기반한 침수특성치를 선택하여 그 유역이 감당할 수 있는 침수특성치를 제외한 나머지의 침수특성치를 극복할 수 있도록 설정해야할 것이다.

일반적으로 중년여성의 골다공증은 저체중에서 발생률이 높은 것으로 보고되었으나 비만인 경우에도 발생할 수 있 다. 따라서 본 연구의 목적은 골밀도 검사에서 골다공증으로 진단받은 중년여성 120명을 대상으로 골다공증과 체질량 지수의 상관관계를 비교하고자 하였다. 체질량지수가 18.5 미만을 저체중, 18.5 ~ 22.9를 정상, 23.0 ~ 24.9를 과체 중, 25.0 ~ 29.9를 비만, 30.0 이상인 경우를 고도비만으로 하였다. 연구 결과 대상자의 체질량지수 분포는 저체중이 2명(1.7%), 정상이 18명(15.0%), 과체중이 19명(15.8%), 비만이 75명(62.5%), 고도비만이 6명(5.0%) 이었다. 또한 체질량지수와 골다공증의 상관관계는 체질량지수가 정상인 경우 18명 중 13명(72.2%)이 골다공증 이었으며 과체중 의 경우 19명 중 14명(73.7%), 비만의 경우 75명 중 63명(84%), 고도비만의 경우 6명 중 5명(83.3%)로 나타나 체 질량지수가 비만인 경우에서 골다공증 발생률이 높았다. 결론적으로 중년여성의 골다공증은 체질량지수가 비만일수록 골다공증 환자가 많다는 것을 알 수 있었으며 대부분 골감소증보다는 골다공증이 높게 나타남을 알 수 있었다.

핵의학과에서 시행되는 일반 영상 검사는 수검자의 검사 접수로부터 의사의 판독까지의 과정 동안 오류가 발생된 다. 이러한 오류는 최종단계인 의사 판독 시에 확인되어 재검사나 추가촬영, 결과의 재분석, 그리고 PACS 영상의 수정 등의 내용을 영상실 검사 담당자에게 지시한다. 이러한 과정을 거쳐 얻어진 결과는 검사에서부터 판독까지의 시간 지 연을 초래하고 또한 추가검사가 발생될 경우 환자 만족도와 병원의 신뢰도가 하락하게 된다. 따라서 영상 검사의 접수 부터 결과 확정까지 발생되는 오류를 개선하여 수검자들의 불만 감소에 따른 환자 만족도 증가와 근무자들의 업무 효 율 증가를 목적으로 한다. 2008년 3월부터 12월까지 9개월간 서울아산병원 핵의학과 일반 영상 검사를 하는 수검자의 검사 오류를 분석하여 2009년 1월부터 12월까지 12개월간 1차 개선 활동으로 검사 절차서의 재 확립 및 검사 업무 기술서 작성, 2010년 1월부터 6월까지 6개월간 2차 개선 활동으로 Pre-filtering & Post-Filtering, 2010년 7월부터 10월까지 3개월간 3차 개선 활동 Cross-Check와 스티커 제작 및 부착 실시 이후 검사 오류 건수를 수집하여 비교하 였다. 연도별 오류 건 수는 92건에서 1차, 2차 개선 후 32건, 3차 개선 후 46건으로 나타났고, 검사자에 의한 오류는 전체 오류원인의 94.6%이던 것이 74.3%로 감소되었다. 핵의학 일반 영상 검사는 다양한 검사의 종류와 서로 다른 전 처치 및 결과산출, 영상의 구성, PACS 전송 영상의 차이로 인하여 검사자의 실수가 발생될 가능성이 높기 때문에 이를 줄이기 위한 개선 활동이 지속되어야 하며 각 영상실 담당자들의 지속적인 Cross-Check와 판독실의 Confirm 과정을 통하여 개인별 편차를 줄여나가야 할 것이다.

Pseudomonas sp. EL-04J was previously isolated from phenol-acclimated activated sludge. This bacterium was capable of degrading phenol and cometabolizing trichloroethylene (TCE). After precultivation in the mineral salts medium containing phenol as a sole carbon source, Pseudomonas EL-04J degraded 90% of TCE 25μM within 20 hours. Thus, phenol-induced Pseudomonas sp. EL-04J cells can degrade TCE. Following a transient lag period, Pseudomonas sp. EL-04J cells degraded TCE at concentrations of at least 250μM with no apparent retardation in rate, but the transformation capacity of such cells was limited and depended on the cell concentration. The degradation rate of TCE followed the Michaelis-Menten kinetic model. The maximum degradation rate (Vmax) and saturation constant (Km) were 7nmo ℓ/min·㎎ cell protein and 11μM, respectively. Cometabolism of TCE by phenol fed experiment was evaluated in 50·mℓ serum, vial that contained 10 ㎖ of meneral sals medium supplemented with 10μM TCE. TCE degradation was inhibited in the initial period of 1 mM phenol addition, but after that time Pseudomonas sp. EL-04J cells degraded TCE and showed cell growth.

Several microorganisms which degrade phenol and trichloroethylene (TCE) were isolated from the activated sludge of a wastewater treatment plant. Among them, one isolate EL-04J showed the highest degradability and was identified as a Pseudomonas species according to morphological, cultural and biochemical properties. The phenol-induced cells of Pseudomonas EL-04J, which were preincubated in the mineral salts medium containing phenol as a sole carbon source, degraded 90% of 25μM TCE within 20 h. This strain could also utilize some of methylated phenol derivatives (o-cresol, m-cresol and p-cresol) as the sole source of carbon and energy. Cresol-induced cells of Pseudomonas EL-04J also cometabolized TCE.

Removal of Pb(Ⅱ), Cu(Ⅱ), Cr(Ⅲ) and Zn(Ⅱ) ions from aqueous solutions using the adsorption process on domestic loess minerals has been investigated. Variations of contact time, pH, adsorption isotherms and selectivity of coexisting ions and leachate were experimental parameters. YDI, YPT and KRT samples diluted in 1% aquous solution which was adjusted pH 10.8, 8.0 and 6.50, respectively. The result of XRD measurement, Quartz was mainly observed in all samples. In the case of KRT sample, Kaolinite, Feldspar, Chlorite consisting of clay minerals shows almost same pattern with YPT samples. Different properties showed from the YDI sample containing Iillite, remarkably.For all the metals, maximum adsorption was observed at 30min ∼ 60min. Adsorption of metal ions on loess minerals were reached an equilibrium by shaking the solution for about 30min. Removal efficiency of Pb(Ⅱ) ion for KRT, YPT and YDI were 84.7%, 92% and 100%, respectively. The Cu(Ⅱ) and Zn(Ⅱ) adsorptivity on KRT showed the low in various pH solution However, those on YPT and YDI were high than 90% except for the pH 2 solution. The orders of adsorptivities for domestic loess minerals showed as following : YPT>KRT>YDI. The adsorption isotherms of Cu(Ⅱ) and Zn(Ⅱ) ions on clay minerals were fitted to a Freundlich's. Freundlich constants(1/n) of KRT and YPT domestic loess minerals were 0.63, 0.97 and 0.36, 0.25, respectively.

Removal of Cu(Ⅱ), Cr(Ⅱ) and Pb(Ⅲ) ions from aqueous solutions using the adsorption process on the loesses has been investigated. Variations of contact time, pH, adsorption isotherms and selectivity of coexisting ions were experimental parameters. pH of KJ and YIK samples diluted to 1% solution, was rearly the same with each value of pH 5.58 and 5.49, and both samples showed weak acidic properties. From chemical analysis, both samples contain remarkably different amounts of SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3. From XRD measurement, quartz was mainly observed in both samples. Kaolinite was also observed, also in both samples, but Feldspar was only observed in KJ sample. Adsorption of metal ions on the loesses were reached at equilibrium by shaking for about 30min. The adsorption of Cr(Ⅲ) ion was higher than that of Cu(Ⅱ) and Pb(Ⅱ) ions. The order of amount adsorbed among the investigated ions was Cr(Ⅲ)>Pb(Ⅱ)>Cu(Ⅱ). In acidic solution, the adsorptivity of loesses was increased as pH increased. The adsorption of Cr(Ⅲ) ion on the loesses were fitted to the Freundlich isotherms. Freundlich constants(l/n) of KJ and YIK loesses were 0.54 and 0.55, respectively.