Recently, there has been considerably interested in the development to new functional gemini type anionic surfactant, sodium bis-n-alkyl sulfonatosuccinate, had been synthesized through the addition reaction of sodium bisulfite to bis-n-alkyl maleate, in which water was azeotropically distilled by adding benzene to the reaction system, gave a good yield. All the surface activities including krafft point, surface tension, emulsion power and foaming were measure and cmc was evaluated in dilute solution. This results showed a lower ability in 27~30dyne/cm than single-chain surfactant with 32~35dyne/cm to surface tension. Also its cmc value much smaller in (6.5~10)×10-4mcal/l than single-chain surfactant with (40~45)×10-4mcal/l concentration. In foaming ability and foam stability of gemini surfactant had especially a good ability in approximately 100~150ml, and in emulsing power they exhibited a good emulsing phase and stability, and Krafft points were 0~10℃.

Several instances of synergistic interaction have been identified between alkyl amine oxide and long chain fatty acohol polyethoxylates in various surfactant formulation. The purpose of this study was examined whether these benefits could be observed within the framework of generic hand-surface cleaning formulations. Comparative evaluation were also carried out to determine the performance characteristics of low-and zero-phosphate systems in which amine oxide and alcohol ethoxylates are used. Best cleaning was observed with 1:1 mixtures of the subject surfactants, but substantial improvements over fatty alcohol ethoxylate alone also were noted with formulations that contained lower ratios of amine oxide

Surface active properties of these aqueous Gemini surfactant solutions including surface tension, critical micelle concentration(cmc), foaming power, foam stability, emulsifying power and Krafft point were measured at given conditions. They showed excellent properties, being compared with conventional single-chain surfactants such as sodium dodecyl sulfonate(SDS). Their surface tensions in the aqueous solutions were decreased to 30~38 mN/m, which is lower than 39 mN/m of SDS, and their cmc values evaluated by surface tension method were 2.8×10-5~3.3×10-4 mol/L. These values were also much lower than that of SDS, 9.8×10-3 mol/L. The foaming power and foam stability, especially decyl and dodecyl compounds, were good and the emulsifying power in benzene or soybean oil was also excellent. All of the synthesized Gemini surfactants possessed good water solubility and their Krafft points were all below 0℃. As results, DDED and DDOD, Gemini surfactants which were synthesized are expected to be applied as foamers, emulsifiers and so on.

Novel type surfactants containing two long-chain hydrophobic alkyl groups and two hydrophilic sulfonate groups were successfully synthesized by reactions of ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether with long-chain fatty alcohols, after then by reactions with 1,3-propane sultone and sodium hydride under THF solvent. All these compounds, so called Gemini surfactants, were purified by thin layer chromatography and column chromatography. Their structures were identified by FT-IR and 1H-NMR.

N-도데카노닐-N-메틸 아미도 폴리올 카르복시알킬 에테르(DGC)/N-도데카노실-N-알킬글루카민(DG)/물 혼합계에서의 상도를 편광현미경, 시차주사열량계(DSC) 및 레올로지를 이용하여 관찰하였다. 편광현미경으로 계면활성제 농도와 온도의 함수로써 얻어지는 액정상의 형태를 관찰할 수 있었고, DSC측정에 의해서는 비등방성 액정과 등방성 액체 사이의 상전이를 관찰할 수 있었다. 헥사고날과 라멜라 액정상 사이에서 레올로지에 의해 측정된 계면활성제 수용액의 점탄성은 편광현미경과 시차주사열량계에서 얻은 결과와 일치됨을 확인할 수 있었다. DGC/DG(5:5 몰비)/물계의 상에 대하여 조사한 결과, 25~65wt% 사이에서는 큐빅 액정상, 70wt% 이상에서는 라멜라 액정상이 나타남을 알 수 있었다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the removal of ammonium nitrogen by biological nitrification in raw water containing LAS using BAC. At batch teats, LAS removal by ozone followed the first order reaction, and the rate constants(k) by ozone dose 1, 3mg/min.L were $0.040min^{-1}$, $0.062min^{-1}$ respectively. Therefore, the more ozone was dosed, the higher LAS was removed The reaction between ozone and ammonium nitrogen also followed the first order, and rate constants(k) at pH7,8 and 9 were $8.9{\times}10^{-4}min-1$, $3.8{\times}10^{-3}min^{-1}$, and $2.9{\times}10^{-2}min^{-1}$ respectively at ozone dose of 3mg/min.L . Therefore, ammonium nitrogen was little removed by ozone under neutral pH of 7. The continuous flow apparatus had four sets composed of a ozone contacter and a GAC column. Through continuous filtration test for 50days, the following conclusions were derived; (1) LAS was removed 23%, 30% respectively by ozone dose 1, 3mg/L, and was not detected in all column effluents during the period of experiment. Therefore, it appeared that adsorption capacities of each column still remained. (2) Ammonium nitrogen concentration after ozone contact varied little in raw Water because pH of raw water was from 6 to 7, and was transfered to nitrite and nitrate within GAC columns as the result of staged nitrification. After 30days, nitrite was not detected in all column effluents due to biological equilbrium between nitro semonas and nitrobacter Average removals of ammonium nitrogen in each column after the lapse of 30days were the following; ${\cdot}$ column A (ozone dose 3mg/L, EBCT 9.5min): about 100% ${\cdot}$ column B (ozone dose 1mg/L, EBCT 9.5min): 91% ${\cdot}$ column C (ozone dose 3mg/L, EBCT 14.2min): about 100% ${\cdot}$ column D (ozone dose 0mg/L, EBCT 9.5min): 53% Though column A and C reached nitrification of about 100%, column C (longer EBCT than column A) was more stable than column A. (3) After backwash, nitrification reached steady state within 5 to 8 hours. Therefore, nitrification was not greatly affected by backwash. (4) According to the nitrification capacity in depth of column A, C, where 100% nitrification occured. LAS was removed within 20cm, while ammonium nitrogen required more depth to be removed by nitrification.

A stability to the spreading solvent, which is acetonitrile, benzene, chloroform and acetonitrile-benzene(1:1, v/v) of (3-Alkyl benzimidazdium)-TCNQ(1:2) complex was investigated by UV-visible spectrometer and was confirmed stabilized on acetonitrile, acetonitrile-benzene (1:1, v/v) for five hours. Using Ultra pure water as subphase for Langmuir-Blodgett(LB) films, it was achived successively to fabricate the Y-type LB films of (3-Alkyl benzimidazolium)-TCNQ(1:2) complex. For the identification of (3-Alkyl benzimidazolium)-TCNQ(1:2) complex, UV-visible spectra was recorded on HP 8452A spectrometer.

New anionic oligomeric surfactants, sodium bis(alkyl decaoxyethylene) sulfonated succinates, had been synthesized through the addition reaction of sodium hydrogen sulfite to bis(alkyl decaoxyethylene) maleates. Bis(alkyl decaoxyethylene) maleates were obtained by esterification with maleic anhydride and long chain alkyl decaoxyethylene ethers which were also obtained by addition ethylene oxide 10 mole to straight long chain alcohol with alkyl group having from 10 to 18 carbon atoms, their structure of the synthetic compounds have been characterized with IR. 1H NMR and elemental analysis respectively.

A Stability to the Spreading solvents, Which is acetonitrile, dichloromethane, benzene, chloroform and acetonitrile-benzene(1:1, v/v) of (3-Alkyl benzimidazolium)-TCNQ(1:1) Complex was investigated by UV-visible Spectrometer and was confirmed stabilized on acetonitrile, acetonitrilbenzene(1:1, v/v) for five hours. Using Ultra pure water as subphase for Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) Films, it was achived successively to fabricate the Y-type LB films of (3-Alkyl benzimidazolium)-TCNQ(1:1) Complex. For the identification of deposition of (3-Alkyl benzimidazolium)-TCNQ(1:1) Complex, UV-visible spectra was recorded on HP 8452A spectrometer.

All the activities and physical properties including surface tension' foaming power, foam stability, emulsifying power, dispersion effect of 3-(N, N-dimethyl N-alkylammonio)-2-hydroxyY-1-propane sulfonate (HSB)류와 3-CN-alkylamidopropyl-N,N-dimethylamm-onjo)-2-hydroxy-1-propane sulfonate (APSB) aquous solution were measured and critical micelle concentration was evaluated. Their cmc of hydroxy sulfobetaine derivatives evaluated by the surface tension method was 1.0×10-3~1.0×10-4 mol/l, and surface tension of the aquous solution was decreased to 27~38dyne/cm. The experimental results for foaming power, foam stability, emulsifying power in liquid paraffin showed a good surface active properties, especially, dispersion effect in ferric oxide exhibited some efficient surface active properties, and then it would be expected to application as detergent and dispersion agent.

In order to review industrial application of amphoteric surfactants, new types of hydroxy sulfobetaine, 3-(N, N-dimethyl N-dimethyl-N-alkylammonio)-2-hydroxy-1-propane sulfonate and 3-(N, N-dimethyl N-acylammonio)-2-hydroxy-1-propane sulfonate were prepared by the reaction of quaternized sodium 1-chloro-2-hydroxy-3-propane sulfonate with N, N-dimethyl-N-alkylamine and N, N-dimethyl N-acylamido propylamine that have a straight chain radical of 12, 18 carbon atoms respectively in the presence of alkali catalyst. All the reaction products could be separated by means of column and thin layer chromatography, and the yields of all products ranged in 85~90%, the structure of them could be confirmed from IR and 1H-NMR spectra.

In this research, (3-alkyl benzimidazalium)-TCNQ complexes were synthesized to obtain the necessary components for Langmuir-Blodgett Technique. (3- Alkyl benzimidazolium)-TCNQ complexes were prepared by the reaction of LiTCNQ with 3-alkyl benzimidazolium bromides and the products were confirmed by elemental analysis. FT-IR, UV-Visible spectroscopies. FT-IR spectra of (3-alkyl benzimidazolium) TCNQ(1:2) complexes were characterized by a broad band with a maximum at about 2900cm-1 appears and were ascribed to electronic rather than vibrational absorption.

The syntheses of urocanic acid esters was optimized, starting from p-toluenesulfonic acid salt of this acid and long chain fatty alcohols in the organic solvent and extracting water from it by means of azeotropic Compound. The salts of these urocanic acid esters showed amphoteric properties, but their micellization enhances their rate of hydrolysis leading to the free amine. Nevertheless the long chain gives to the esters themselves an amphoteric character allowing their solubilization in micellar media and in microemulsions the result, yield could enhanced.

1, 2-Isopropylidene glycerol produced by ketalyzation of glycerol with aceton was esterified with long chain fatty acids in the presence of a Mucor miehei lipase to obtain 1, 2-isopropylidene 3-long chain acyl glycerol. To determine optimal conditions for the esterification reaction, esterification was proceeded as a reversible second-order reaction in various parameters that are enzyme<SUB>strate ratio 0.096g</SUB>g at reaction temperatures ranged from 25℃ to 70℃. The order of reaction rate of fatty acids were lauric acid, myristic acid, oleic acid, and stearic acid. The range of their activation energies were from 7.8 to 11.4 (kcal/mol) and that of entropies of activation which have negative values were from 42.8 to 52.5(e.u.).

The synthesis and solution properties of polyglycerol alkyl ether(R12Gn) are described. The phase behavior, surface tension, cloud point and HLB value of polyglycerol dodecyl ether in aqueous solution and in mixed solution of surfactant /water /oil have been investigated and compared with values of polyoxyethylene dodecyl ether. The surface tension showed that R12Gn have sufficiently low values of surface tension and cmc to serve as useful polyoxyethylene alkyl ether. The mesophases appearing in the R12Gn systems were more stable in a high temperature range than the mesophases of polyoxyethylene alkyl ether systems. The cloud point and HLB data indicated that addition of one glycerol group was equivalent to the addition of three oxyethylene group units, as far as the hydrophilic property was concerned. The phase diagrams of the polyglycerol alkyl ether /dodecane /water systems showed that the solubilizing and emulsifying powers of R12Gn were greater than those of polyoxyethylene alkyl ether. It is concluded that the polyglycerol chain can be even more useful as hydrophilic group of nonionic surfactants than the polyoxyethylene chain.

In relation to the preparation of Langmuir-Blodgett thin film, four kinds of N-alkylpyridiniurn bromide were synthesized. The values of surface tensions of these materials, measured with a Traube stalagmometer, gave the relationship between the critical micells hydrophobic radical and between CMC and temperature. Values of thermodynamic properties(δH0m, δS0m, δG0m,) for the formatoin of micelle were also obtained. Experiments gave the following results; at the temperature range between 40 and 60℃, CMC of Hexadecyl-, Octadecyl-, Eicosyl-, and Docosyl-Pyridinium Bromide were 7.64×10-4~9.13×10-4, 3.85×10-4~4.60×10-4, 2.00×10-4~2.39×10-4, and 1.07×10-4~1.28×10-4 mol/l, respectively. Surface tension, γCMC, of those were 33.49~36.00, 34.78~37.61, 35.49~37.61 and 38.76~55.80 dyne/cm, respectively, The relationship between CMC and the mumber of carbon atoms in the hydrophobic radical, N was expressed as follows : Log(CMC)=A-BN where A and B are constants. At the temperature range between 40 and 60℃, the change of Gibbs evergy (δGm) for one methylene group (-CH2-) were -0.65RT, respectively, The minus values of enthalpy change (δHm) suggest that the formation of micelle is exothermic. Additionally, the overall increase in the entropy change (δSm) with respect to the temperature increase suggests that the formation of micelle is attained by a exothermic enthalpy directed process.

Hazadous properties were evaluated for Alkyl nitrates such as hexyl nitrate, decyl nitrate, dodecyl nitrate and 2-methyl pentyl nitrate, 2-hexyl ethyl nitrate. The thermochemical properties such as heat of vaporization, boiling point, flash point and kinetic parameter for aliphatic nitrate were measured to determine the hazadous properties of these compounds. The boiling points and heat of vaporization increase as the increase of alkyl chain length in alkyl nitrates. Flash point is a linear function of boiling point as same as alkanes. The rate equation in isothermal decomposition are 1/2 order and compensation effect is found between logarithm of frequency factor the activation energy, then the decomposition preceeds with simlar reaction mechanism for each nitrate.

The synthesis of urocanic acid which was started D-fructose, and its alkyl esters, urocanic ethyl ester and urocanic isobutyl ester, were prepared by esterificated. Urocanic ethyl ester and urocanic isobutyl ester were insoluble in water and soluble most organic solvents (ethanol, benzene, toluene, pyridine, THF, DMF) which adds to their practical applicability, and absorb ultraviolet light of greater wavelength than the free acid and there by are more effective for shielding sensitive materials, including the humanbody, from the chemically most effective portion of the solar ultraviolet spectrum.

N-alkyl carboxy pyridinium chlorides such as N-lauryl carboxy-pyridinium chloride, N-myristyl carboxy pyridinium chloride, N-cetyl carboxy pyridinium chloride and N-stearyl carboxy pyridinium chloride were synthesized by the reaction of nicotinic acid and isonicotinic acid with long chain alkyl chlorides, and N-alkyl pyrinium carboxylates such as N-lauryl pyridinium carboxylate, N-myristyl pyridinium carboxylate. N-cetyl pyridinium carboxylate and N-stearyl pyridinium carboxylate were prepared from N-alkyl carboxy pyridinium chlorides. These reaction products could be separated by both column chromatogrphy, and paper chromatography, and there dissociation constants of N-alkyl pyridinium carboxylates were found to pKa 1.0×1013~6,31×1014

In order to synthesize N,N-di-(polyoxyethylene) perfluoroacyl amines and the surface active monoperfluoroacyl aza crown ethers, it is performed as follow. Six of N,N-di(polyoxyethylene) perfluoro acyl amines were synthesized from perfluoroalkanoic acids with ethanol followed by oxyethylation with triethylene glycol mono chloride or tetra ethylene glycol mono chloride and six of N-perfluor acyl monoaza crown ethers by cyclization of corresponding N,N-di(polyoxy ethylene} perfluoro acyl amines with p-toluene suflonic chloride-NaOH/dioxane, p-toluene sulfonyl chloride KOH/dioxane and benzene sulfonic chloride-KOH/dioxane systems.