우리나라 고유 품종인 한우는 표현형 중 외모에 따라 일반적으로 한우라 불리는 황갈색 한우, 칡소, 흑우로 구분되어 있다. 한우 집단 중, 칡소는 한우의 원형으로 여겨지고 있으나, 제주흑우와 비슷하게 국내 희소품종으로 분류되어 있다. 현재 본 연구에서는 황갈색 한우와 칡소의 50K 고밀도 칩을 활용하여 선발신호를 검출할 수 있는 Rsb 분석에 따라 인위적 선발에 의해 진화적으로 선택된 유전체 영역을 탐색하였다. 그 결과, 37개의 후보유전체 영역이 한우와 비교하였을 때 칡소에서 유의적으로 다름을 알수 있었다. 후보 유전체 영역 내에 존재하는 유전자군을 대상으로 유전자 기능에 대한 주석 달기를 진행하였을 때, 불포화지방산 대사 과정, 면역 반응 등의 기능들이 통계적으로 유의함을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 유전체 영역들이 진화적 관점에서 칡소의 적응과정에 있어서 칡소만의 고유한 유전적 특성을 가지는데 기여하였다고 사료된다. 또한, 황갈색 한우의 선발신호와 칡소의 선발신호를 비교한 결과, 염색체 1번 2-2.5Mb 영역이 진화적 관점에서 공통적으로 선발되고 있음을 관찰할 수 있었으며, 해당 영역의 유전자를 살펴본 결과, 각 발달과정에 관여하는 유전자가 포함되어 있음을 알 수 있었다. 이는 한우라는 공통적 특성을 가지며 진화적으로 유지, 보존하고 있다고 예측할 수 있다. 칡소와 황갈색 한우가 가지는 선발신호는 거의 대부분이 다르다는 것을 Rsb 분석에 의해 확인하였다. 추가적으로 집단 내 고정된 단일염기서열변이 및 이형접합율을 비교한 결과 소수 집단에서 가지고 있는 유전적 변이 감소, 유전적 흐름의 급격한 변화 등의 유전적 특성이 칡소 집단에서 나타났으며, 이는 칡소의 선발신호 분석결과와 유사한 결과를 보임을 제시하고 있다. 이러한 결과는 향후 칡소를 비롯한 국내 한우에 대한 연구에 기초자료가 될 것이라 판단되며, 국내 한우 집단 차이의 정확한 원인에 대한 연구는 추가적으로 수행할 필요가 있을 것이라 사료된다.

우리나라 고유 품종인 한우는 표현형 중 외모에 따라 일반적으로 한우라 불리는 황갈색 한우, 칡소, 흑우로 구분되어 있다. 한우 집단 중, 황갈색 한우만이 육질, 육량 형질을 중심으로 체계적인 개량프로그램에 의해 개량되었다. 본 연구에서는 황갈색 한우와 칡소의 50K 고밀도 칩을 활용하여 선발신호를 검출할 수 있는 세 가지 분석법(Rsb, iHS, FST)에 따라 인위적 선발에 의해 진화적으로 선택된 유전체영역을 탐색하였다. 그 결과, Rsb, iHS, FST 분석법에 따라 각각 41개, 23개, 50개의 후보유전체 영역이 칡소와 비교하였을 때 황갈색 한우에서 유의적으로 다름을 알 수 있었다. 또한, 후보 유전체 영역 내에 존재하는 유전자군을 대상으로 유전자 기능에 대한 주석 달기를 진행하였을 때, 근육 발달, 면역반응 등의 기능들이 통계적으로 유의함을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 유전체 영역들이 진화적 관점에서 황갈색 한우의 적응과정에 있어서 육질 등 생산성을 높이는 데에 기여하였다고 사료된다

In order to synthesize N,N-di-(polyoxyethylene) perfluoroacyl amines and the surface active monoperfluoroacyl aza crown ethers, it is performed as follow. Six of N,N-di(polyoxyethylene) perfluoro acyl amines were synthesized from perfluoroalkanoic acids with ethanol followed by oxyethylation with triethylene glycol mono chloride or tetra ethylene glycol mono chloride and six of N-perfluor acyl monoaza crown ethers by cyclization of corresponding N,N-di(polyoxy ethylene} perfluoro acyl amines with p-toluene suflonic chloride-NaOH/dioxane, p-toluene sulfonyl chloride KOH/dioxane and benzene sulfonic chloride-KOH/dioxane systems.

1-naphthol-2-sulfonic acid and 1-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid were synthesized under the dissolution of 1-naphthol in 2-nitrotoluene with stirring 98.08-90％ sulfuric acid at 5-95℃ for 1-5 hours. As the reaction temperatures and the reaction time were raised, the yield of 2-sulfonate was decreased, while that of 4-sulfonate was increased. But we could not observe the tendency to the various reaction concentrations of sulfuric acids. The mixtures of two isomeric 1-naphtholulfonic acids in excess concentrated sulfuric acids was quantitatively determinded by using multicomponent spectrophotomeric analysis method on the basis of the ultraviolet absorption peak of the sulfonic acids. The standard deviation in this method was ± 2.6, and the above method seem to be rapid and accurate.

D-Glucoses, one of the aldohexoses, was reacted with carbonyl compound such as actione or cyclohexanone. Hydroxy groups which are C-1, C-2 site and C-5, C-6 site of D-glucose molecule were substituted with isopropylidene or cyclohexylidene group and such 3-O-acyl-D-glucoses as 3-O-lauroyl-D-glucose, 3-O-myristoryl-D-glucose, 3-O-palmitoyl-D-glucose, 3-O-stearoyl-D-glucsoe and 3-O-oleoyl-D-glucose were obtained by acylation with acylchlorides having from 12 to 18 carbon atoms followed by hydrolysis.

Properties of aqueous solution, that is, the viscosities and solubilities of benzene were observed in relation to critical micelle concentration of each alkyl aldehyde polyoxyethylene glycol acetal type surfactant. These showed that the mininum points in specific viscosity/concentration-concentration curves were corresponded with the critical micelle concentration obtained by surface tension and appeared the remarkable increase of non-Newtonics according to the increase of the number of carbon in hydrophobic groups. The fluidity of non-Newtonics is not observed by a little increase of the degree of polymerization in polyoxyethylene glycol groups.

Aliphatic aldehyde polyoxyethylene glycol acetals were synthesised through the reaction of aliphatic aldehydes such as caproic aldehyde, capryl aldehyde, capric aldehyde and lauric aldehyde with excess diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol and tetraethylene glycol, respectively. The acetal formation, in which water was azeotropically distilled by adding benzene to the reaction system, was gained a good yield of acetal type compounds. This reaction is found pseudo first order reaction at various temperatures such 70, 80, 90 and 97℃. Also these activation energies of reaction of acetal type products such as caproic aldehyde diethylene glycol acetal, capryl aldehyde diethylene glycol acetal, capric aldehyde diethylene glycol acetal, lauric aldehyde diethylene glycol acetal, caproic aldehyde triethylene glycol acetal and caproic aldehyde tetraethylene acetal were 17.3, 19.6, 21.2, 21.6, 15.5 and 14.7 Kcal/mole.

Twelve of the alkylcarboxybetaine derivatives such as 2-(trimethylammonio)dodecanvate, 2-(trimethylammonio) tetadecanoate, 2-(trimethylammonio)hexadecanoate, (dimethyldodecylammonio)ethanoate, (dimethyltetradecylammonio)ethanoate, (dimethylhexadecylammonio)ethanoate, 2-( dimethyltetradecylammonio)propanoate, 2-(dimethyltetradecylammonio)propanoate, 2-(dimethylhexadecylammonio)propanoate, 2-(dimethyldodecylammoino)-3-phenylpropanoate, 2-(dimethylhexadecylammonio)-3-phenylpropanoate have been synthesized from the 2-baomoalkanoic acid, trimethylamine, dimethylalkylamine, alanine and phenylalanine, respectively. These reaction products have been separated by ion-exchangechromotography and detected by paper chromotography, elementary analysis and infrared spectroscopy.

Isoelectric point and surface tension of twelve of the alkylcarboxy betaines such as 2-(trimethylammonio) dodecanoate, 2-(trimethyammonio) tetradecanoate, 2-(trimethylammonio) hexadecanoate, (dimethyldodecylammonio)ethanoate, (dimethyltetradecylammonio)ethanoate, (dimethylhexadecylammonio) ehtanoate, 2-(dimethylododecylammonio) propanoate, 2-(dimethyltetradecylammonio)proopanoate, 2-(dimethylhexadecylammonio)propanoate, 2-(dimethyltetradecylammonio)-3-phenyl propanoate, 2-(dimethyltetradecylammonio)-3-phenyl propanoate are tested. From the measurement of the isoelectric point, it was found that the isoelectric point were leaned toward the alkaline zone for c-alkylarbrxybetaines, and toward the acidic zone for N-alkylcarboxybetaines. At the range of the carboxybetaine concentration 2 × 10-2~2 × 10-5mole/l, the surface tension of the aqueous solution were decreased to 30-38 dyne/cm, showing the tendency that the ability of lowering the surafce tension was depending on the increase of carbon atom number in the lipophilic alkyl chain. The critical micelle concetration measured by the surface tension and concentration curves have been found at the range of 10-2~10-5mole/l.

Inosamine(deoxyaminoinositol) stereomers such as scyllo-inosamine, myo-inosamine-2, epi-inosamine-2 and myo-inesamine-4 have been synthesize from myo-inositol (1,2,3,5/4,6-hexahydroxycyclohexane) And sixteen of quaternary ammonium salt type deoxyaminoinositols such as dimethylalktl-deoxy-scyllo-inosityl-, dimethylalkyl-2deoxy-2myo-inosityl-, dimethylalkyl-2-deoxy-2-epi-inosityl and dimethylal inosityl-, dimethylalkyl-2-deoxy-2-myo-inosityl-, dimethylalkyl-2-deoxy-2-epi-inosityl and dimethylalkyl-4-deoxy-4-myo-imosityl ammonium chlorides with straight chain alkyl group having from eight to fourteen carton atoms have been synthesized from four kinds of the imosamine stereomers. The isolation and detection of dimethylalkyl-deoxy-inosityl ammonium chlorides have been investigated by column chromatography, paper chromatography, infrared absorption spectra and elementary analysis, respectively.

Surface chemical properties including surface tension, Ross-Miles foaming power, foam stabilities, emulsifying properties, emulsion stabilities, effectiveness of dispersion, dispersion stabilites of the quaternary ammonium salt type deoxyaminoimositol derivatives such as sixteen kinds of dimethylafkyl-deoxyscyllo-inosityl- dimethylalkyl-2-deoxy-2-myo-inosityl-, dimethylakyl-2-deoxy-2-epi-inosityl- and dimethylalkyl-4-deoxy-4-myo-inosityl ammonium chlorides are tested. And critical micelle concentration of these compounds are estimated from the curves of surface tension and concentration. The experimental results show that the members of this class of compounds have necessary surface active properties to make them effective surfactants.

The sulfuric acid sulfonation of 2-aminonaphthalene was preformed at 30℃~200℃ for 1~15 hours, using 4~10 parts of 90% sulfuric acid~20% oleum. This reaction was influenced by many factory such as reaction temperature, reaction time, strength of sulfuric acid and amount of sulfuric acid and among these factors, the effect of the reaction temperature was considerable. The main products of this reaction were Dahl's acid (2-aminonaphthalene-5-sulfonic acid, Broenner's-acid (2-aminonaphthalene-6-sulfonic acid), amnio-F-acid(2-aminonapthalene-7-sulfonic acid), and Baden acid (2-aminonaphthalene-7-sulfonic acid) and another isomers such as Tobia's acid (2-aminonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid) and 2-aminonaphthalene-4-sulfonic acid were not formed. Of these isomeric acids, those containing the sulfonic acid group in an α-position, namely, Dahl's acid and Baden acid, are simultaneously formed by sulfonation at low-temperature (30~100℃), whilst those containing the sulfonic acid group in a β-position, namely, Broenner's acid and amino-F-acid, are formed simultaneously by sulfonation at high temperatures(150˚~200˚).

The sulfuric acid sulfonation mixtures of 2-aminonaphthalene, contained 2-aminonaphthalene, Dahl's acid, Broenner's acid, amino-F-acid and Baden acid, can be determined quantitatively by multicomponent spectrophotometric analysis. The analysis was performed in diluted sodium hydroxide aqueous solution and based on the ultraviolet absorption of the sodium salts of each isomers. The determination of quantity of each isomers was performed by subjection the absorbances of the unknown mixture and of its constituents, gathered at a large number of wavelengths, to a least square treatment by an electronic personer computer. This method provided a rapid analysis of such complex mixture, and the standard deviation was ±1.65 mole %.

Four amphoteric surfactants, 1-(N-alkyl-N,N-dimethyl ammonio)-4-naphthalene sulfonates, were prepared by the alkylation of 1-(N,N-dimethylamino)-4,naphthalene sulfonic acid with chloroalkanes such as 1-decylchloride, 1-tetradecyl chloride and 1-hexadecyl chloride. These quaternary ammonium compounds such as 1-(N-decyl-N, N-dimethylammonio)-4-naphthalene sulfonate, 1-(N-dodecyl-N,N-dimethylammonio)-4-naphthalene sulfonate, 1-(N-tetradecyl-N,N-dimethylammonio)-4-naphthalene sulfonate and 1-(N-hexadecyl-N,N-dimethylammonio)-4-naphthalene sulfonate could be separated by means of thin layes chromatography and column chromatography. The surface chemical properties such as surface tension, foaming power, foam stability, wetting efficiency and solubilizing effect for these four compounds were measured. Also critical micelle concentration and hydrophilic-lipophilic balance(HLB) were evaluated. These compounds showed good surface as O/W type emulsifying agent and detergent.

1-(carboxyalkyl) trimethyl ammonium chlorides such as 1-(carboxyundecyl) trimethyl ammonium chloride and 1-(carboxytridecyl) trimethyiammonium chloride were synthesized by the reaction of α-bromoalkanoic acid with trimethyl amine hydrochloride. In other hand, (carboxymethyl) alkyl dimethyl ammonium chlorides such as (carboxymethyl) dodecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride and (carboxymethyl) tetradecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride were synthesized by the reaction of alkyl dimethylamine with sodium chloroacetate. The four kinds of alky carboxy betaine such as 2-(trimethylammonio) dodecanoate, 2-(trimethyl ammonio) tetradecanoate, (dodecyl dimethylammonio) ethanoate and (tetradecyl dimethyl ammonio) ethanoate were prepared from 1-(carboxyalkyl) trimethyl ammonium chlorides or (carboxymethy1) alkyl dimethyl ammonium chlorides. The surface activities including surface tension, emulsifying power, foaming power, foam stability, deflocculating effect, effectiveness of wettability and solubilizing effect were measured and also critical micelle concentration and hydrophilic-lipophilic. balance(HLB) were evaluated. These carboxy betaines show good surface activities as O/W type emulsifing agent and detergent.