It is difficult to apply the ram target value setting methods of the conventional weapon system to a large combined weapon system such as a submarine. The current study presents the case of weapon system development and suggests a new way to improve the setting and verification methods of ram target value of the submarine through critical review of the case. The submarine, unlike other weapon system, has an operating environment, which reaches all over the world, and its operating and maintenance conditions are different from others. Therefore, the ram target value of the submarine should be set and verified on the basis of mission essential equipment and mission critical equipment, not of all the constituent components.

ISG (Idle Stop & Go) 시스템이 적용되는 자동차에 적합한 납축전지를 개발하기 위해 전극 재료인 3BS (3PbO·PbSO4·H2O)와 4BS (4PbO·PbSO4)의 생성조건과 활물질의 화성 방법에 따른 납축전 지 초기 성능과 심방전에 미치는 영향에 대해 연구 하였다. 양극과 음극 활물질을 숙성반응 중 온도 제 어로 최종 생성 활물질의 상이 변하며, 납축전지의 수명에 영향을 미친다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 초기 성 능에는 3BS 활물질을 적용한 AGM 납축전지와 Flooded 납축전지가 우수한 성능을 나타내는 반면 4BS 활물질을 적용한 AGM 납축전지는 상대적으로 낮은 성능을 나타내었다. 또한, 활물질 화성 효율을 비교 분석하기 위해 화성을 3 step과 9 step으로 구분하여 시험한 결과, 3BS로 제작된 AGM 납축전지에 비 해 4BS 활물질을 적용한 AGM 납축전지의 초기 성능이 우수 하였다. DOD17.5% 수명시험으로 수명 성능을 비교한 결과, 잦은 심방전이 요구되는 ISG 시스템에서 Flooded 납축전지는 적합하지 않았으나, AGM 납축전지는 적합한 결과를 나타내었다. 결론적으로 AGM 납축전지가 ISG 시스템 적용 자동차에 적합하였고, AGM 납축전지의 숙성, 화성 방법에 따라 수명 성능이 80% 차이를 나타내는 것으로 확인 되었다.

납축전지 활물질 제작 공정 중 숙성공정에서 온도 제어를 통해 활물질 결정 크기를 제어할 수 있고, 생성된 활물질에 따라 초기 성능 향상, 내구성능 향상 효과를 얻을 수 있었다. 숙성반응 후 생성된 활물 중 3BS는 초기성능에는 유리 하였고, 4BS의 경우 초기 성능은 불리하였으나 내구 성능이 3BS활물질에 비해 48% 향상 되었다. 자동차용 납축전지를 ISG시스템이 적용된 자동차에 사용하기 위해 평가하는 DOD17.5% 수명시험 평가 결과, 일반 자동차 시동용으로 널리 사용하고 있는 Flooded 납축전는 적합하지 않은 것으로 확인 되었고, AGM 납축전지가 적합한 것으로 확인되었다. 그리고 3BS 활물질을 적용한 AGM 납축전지에 비해 4BS 활물질을 적용한 AGM 납축전지가 내구력이 우수하여 ISG 시스템에 적용된 자동차에 적합한 것으로 확인 되었다.

Positive plate was composed of lead hydroxide via reaction between lead oxide and H2O and lead sulfate was formed of the reaction of lead hydroxide with sulfuric acid. And its density is 3.8 g/cm3, 4.0 g/cm3, 4.2 g/cm3 and 4.4 g/cm3 by controlling volume of refined water. Curing of positive plate is done for low (45℃, 40hr, over 95% of relative humidity) & high (80℃, 40hr, over 95% of relative humidity) temperature, which created 3BS & 4BS active materials. Experimental result of DOD with 100% life cycle test shows that it was not related to the density of active materials but to the low & high temperature aging of active materials. The test makes us to understand that the crystallization which is made by curing of active materials is a more of a main factor than density of active materials under the deep cycle using circumstances. The active materials which were from the high temperature curing are better for deep cycle performance.

태양광 또는 풍력을 이용해 발생된 에너지를 효율적으로 저장과 사용을 위한 납 축전지의 성능을 향상 시키기 위해 전해액을 Semi-gel화 하여 납축전지에 적용하여 시험한 결과, 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. Semi-gel 전해액은 silica를 5wt.% 혼합한 전해액이 1시간 30분경과 시 gel화가 시작되었다. 이는 전해액이 격리판과 극판 활물질 내부까지 완전히 스며들기에 충분한 시간으로 가장 적정한 gel화 시간을 나타내었다. Semi-gel 전해액을 사용한 납축전지와 액상 전해액을 사용한 납축전지의 방전 성능을 비교한 결과, 저율방전 성능은 semi-gel전해액이, 고율방전 성능은 액상 전해액이 높은 성능을 나타내었다. 이는 gel 전해액의 경우 액상 전해액에 비해 반응속도가 느려 고율방전 성능이 낮은 것으로 나타내었다. 수명성능을 DOD 10%, DOD 100%로 시험한 결과, 5%-silica 전해액이 액상 전해액을 사용한 납축전지에 비해 우수한 수명 성능을 나타내었다. 이는 Semi-gel상 태의 전해액이 납축전지 내부 화학반응 시 발생하는 gas의 재결합 효율을 높여 전해액 감액량이 최소화로 한 결과로 수명성능에서 큰 차이를 나타내었다. 태양광, 풍력 등과 같은 에너지 저장 효율을 높이고, 수명성능을 향상시키기 위해 전해액에 5%-silica전해액을 사용하면 전해액의 감액량이 최소로 되어 DOD 100% 수명시험의 경우 4.8%, DOD 10% 수명시험의 경우 20%의 수명성능이 향상되었다.

The influence of red lead(Pb3O4) to curing and formation reaction properties when it was added in positive material of lead acid battery for vehicle use has been investigated. At the results, it was confirmed that the addition of red lead led 4BS crystal size to be smaller and increased the rates of 4BS formation and Pb consumption. Consequently the curing time was shortened to half compared with that of red lead-free one. In addition to this, the lead acid battery prepared by adding red lead showed 14% higher efficiency at the life cycle test than that without red lead.

In this study, positive plates of lead acid battery of Pb-Ca alloy and Pb-Ca-Sn alloy were fabricated and the mechanical characteristics of positive plates were measured. This study observed how the changes of content of Ca & Sn affect interface corrosion which is located in between grid & active materials and lead acid batteries as well. The mechanical characteristics of grid alloy is better when Ca is 0.05 wt.% then 0.1 wt.%. This study said that the corrosion rate between the active material based on the charge/discharge cycle of lead acid battery and grid interface is much faster than a grid which contains Sn. And furthermore, according to the study the rate 30 of Sn/Ca which is added to grid shows the best performance.

This study was conducted to made a grid alloy (Pb-Ca-Sn-Al) which has a temporary composition ratio in order to improve the efficiency of lead acid batteries. The positive activity material made a 3BS(tri-basic lead sulfate; 3PbO·PbSO4·H2O) by a low temperature curing and it evaluates the plate efficiency through the life cycle testing. The initial current capacity of low temperature curing plate was excellent but the life cycle was not good (S1). As for the S2 plate, however, the initial current capacity and the life cycle were superior.

Generally, it has been known that positive plate efficiency is the most influential effect on the initial current capacity of lead acid battery. Thus, in this study, we have investigated the curing effect of the positive plate, which is one of the important lead acid battery processes. The curing process of the positive plate is performed either with the separation of each plate with 1mm gap or with no gap of plate. As a result, when there is no interval between each plate, the higher temperature current happened than expected, resulting in the changes in the initial current efficiency of the lead acid battery. The chemical composition and crystal structure of a material coated on the positive plate were identified with XRD and SEM. It was resulted that were only there not a lot of 4BS (tetrabasic-lead sulfate, 4PbO·PbSO4) on the plate in case of curing of plates without interval, but a large quantity of Pb3O4 also formed on the surface. On the other hand, it was observed that 3BS (tribasic-lead sulface, 3PbO·PbSO4·H2O) was the main product on the plate in case of typical curing process with some interval. From the initial current capacity test, the positive plate having 3BS was approximately 40% higher in initial current capacity than that having 4BS. It was concluded that 4BS and Pb3O4 on the plate surface were harmful to the initial current capacity of lead acid battery.

Langmuir-Blodgett(LB) technique can speak the best candidate of the future molecular electronic devices. But, precursor as molecular ultrathin film devices require the bulk property that are influenced by the molecular orientation. So, this device is one of current interest in molecular electronic device development of new materials. In this study, quantitative evaluation of molecular orientation in LB films of polyamic acid alkylamine salt was performed analysis experiment comparing the absorption or transmission intensity of the FT-IR spectrometer and reflection or absorption spectra with UV-visible absorption spectra. It could find that the polar angle(θ) of the dipole moment appears in about 68˚ and the tilting angle of the alkyl chain is about 11.5˚.

Ultra-thin films of amphiphillic squarylium dye were prepared on the hydrophillic substrate by Langmuir-Blodgett(LB) technique. In this study, the photoelectric properties of a amphiphillic squarylium dye LB film was investigated. The visible light(λ = 684nm ) of xenon lamp was illuminated on the amphiphillic squarylium dye LB films and light absorptivity and photoconductivity were observed. The photoconductivity was nearly constant regardless of nominal layer number. The photoelectric properties of the amphiphillic squarylium dye LB films with bottom electrode showed better than that top electrode.

The polyimide(PI) Langmuir-Blodgett(LB) ultra thin films were prepared by imidizing the PAAS LB films of PMDA and benzidine system with a thermal treatment at 250℃ for 30min, where the PAAS LB films were formed on substrates by using LB technique. The thicknesses of one layer of PAAS and PI LB film that deposited at the surface pressure of 27mN/m were 20.9 and 4A, respectively. At low electric field, ohmic conduction(I∝ V) was observed and the calculated electrical conductivity was about 4.23×10-15~9.81×10-15S/cm. The dielectric constant of LB film was about 7.0.

Ultra-thin films of organic charge transfer complex were prepared on a hydrophilic substrate by Langmuir-Blodgett(LB) technique. In this study, the photoelectric properties of a LB film consisting of (N-docosyl quinolinium)-TCNQ(1:2) complex was investigated. The visible light(λ : 700 nm) of xenon lamp was illuminated on the LB films and light absorptivity and photoconductivity were observed. The photocurrent increased linearly and was saturated at the light intensity of 23 μW/cm2.

Polyimide is a well-known organic dielectric material, which has not only high chemical and thermal stability but also good electrical insulating and mechanical properties. In this research, we have synthesized a polyamic acid(PAA), which is a precursor of the polyimide. To obtain the optimum conditions of polyamic acid alkylamine salt(PAAS) Langmuir-Blodgett(LB) film deposition, the π-A isotherms were examined by varying subphase temperature, barrier moving speed and spreading amount of solution. Film formation was verified by measuring transfer ratio, absorption of UV/vis spectra and scanning electron microscope(SEM) images.

Langmuir-Blodgett(LB) 법은 미래의 분자전자소자를 위한 가장 유력한 수단이며, 이러한 분자박막 소자는 그 성질이 분자는 배향에 영향을 박데 되므로 현재 새로운 물질을 이용하여 분자전자소자의 제작에 있어 관심을 모으고 있다. 본 연구에서는 (N-docosyl quinolinium)-TCNQ(1:2) 전하 이동 착물 LB 막의 분자 배향을 UV/vis 편광흡수 스펙트럼과 FT-IR transmission 및 reflection-absorption 스펙트럼의 흡수강도를 비교하여 정량적으로 평가하였다. 그 결과 TCNQ의 transition dipole moment의 각은 약 56~58。 였으며, 알킬 고리의 경사각은 약 11.1~13。였다. 제작된 Z-형 LB 막의 표면은 고압에서 중앙 높이 차가 3~4Å으로 평탄하였다.

In this study, ultra-thin films of (N-docosyl quinolinium)-TCNQ(1:2) complex were prepared on the hydrophilic substrate by Langmuir-Blodgett(LB) technique. The characteristics of π-A isotherms were studied to find optimum conditions of deposition by varying temperature of subphase, compression speed of barrier and amount of spreading solution. Using UV-vis spectra, capacitance and thickness, deposition of LB films was confirmed together with the thickness of the naturally oxidized aluminum film inside a device and dielectric constant of (N-docosyl quinolinium)-TCNQ(1:2) complex. The dielectric constant of LB film was about 4.59~5.58. The electrical properties of (N-docosyl quinolinium)-TCNQ(1:2) complex were investigated at room temperature. The conductivity of this film measured by the direction of either vertical or horizontal axis was found to have a quite different value.

본 연구에서는 (N-docosyl quinolinium)-TCNQ (1:2) 착물의 LB초박막을 제작하였다. LB막의 누적을 위한 최적조건을 구하기 위하여 subphase 온도, barrier 압축속도 및 분산량을 변화시키면서 표면압-면적(π-A) 등온선 특성을 측정하였다. 그리고 전이비, UV-vis의 최대 흡광도, 정전용량 및 두께를 측정하여 LB막의 누적상태를 확인하였다. 그 결과 분자수준으로 잘 제어된 양호한 LB막이 제작되었음을 알 수 있었다..

In this research, ultra-thin films of organic charge transfer complex were deposited on to ordinary microscope slide-glass subtrates with a Langmuir-Blodgett technique. π-A isotherm characteristics of these complex were studied in order to find optimum conditions of deposition by varying temperature of subphase, compression speed, and spreading amount. Transfer ratio of these films were studied during the process of deposition. The UV-visible absorbance spectra of LB films were measured to find state of deposition by varing layer number. The observed optimum conditions of surface, pressure, spreading amount, and dipping speed for depositing LB films(Y-type) were 38m/Nm, 150μl and 5mm/min, respectively. Since the tansfer ratio is close to 100%, the monolayer on the subphase seems to be well transferred to the solid substrate. The thickness of the film was well-controlled as the UV-vis absorbance of films were changed linear according to the number of layers.