Cereal seeds, sorghum, foxtail millet, hog millet, adlay, and corn are traditionally used as health assistant as well as energy supplying food in Korea. While beneficial phytochemicals to human have revealed in cereals, the information on peptides from cereals is far less accumulated than major reserve protein. Here, we analyzed peptide profiles using surface enhanced laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF MS) in cereal seeds for construction of peptide information and attempted to develop peptide biomarkers for cereal identification. To optimize the analysis condition of SELDI-TOF MS, the effect of dilution factor on binding affinity to protein chips was tested using CM10 and Q10 arrays. Peptide clusters were significantly different at the level of 0.01 p-value. Peak spectra were the most stable in 1:50 of dilution factor in both chip arrays. Numbers of detected peak of 5 cereal seeds were 131 in CM10 and 74 in Q10 array. Each cereal was grouped as a cluster and well discriminated into different cluster in the level of 0.01 p-value. Numbers of potentially identified peptide biomarkers are 11, 13, 9, 5 and 12 in sorghum, foxtail millet, hog millet, adlay and corn, respectively. This study demonstrates that each cereal seed have own distinguishable specific peptides although their function are not identified yet in this study. In addition, the proteomic profiling using SELDI-TOF MS techniques could be a useful and powerful tool to discover peptide biomarker for discrimination and assess crop species, especially under 20 kDa.

무제초제 친환경 작물 재배 시 봄 리빙멀치용 맥류의 사용을 위해 품종 및 파종기에 따른 출수반응 및 잎의 생산량을 2007년, 2008년 및 2009년 3년에 걸쳐 조사하였는데, 조사된 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 호밀은 품종간 출수반응이 뚜렷이 나타나 리빙멀치용품종의 선택이 중요하였는데, 파성이 높은 Frima 및 윈트그린 품종은 지온이 낮은 3월 파종에도 출수되는 개체가 없어 리빙멀치 용으로 가능하였고, 파성이 낮은 Koolgrazer, 곡우 등 조생품종은 지온이 높은 5월 상순파종까지 출수가 되어 리빙멀치 용으로 부적합하였다. 2. 보리와 밀은 지온이 낮은 3월 파종에서 모두 출수하였지만 4월 초중순 이후에는 대부분 출수하지 않는 뚜렷한 출수반응을 나타내었으며, 엽중에서는 밀보다 보리가, 보리 품종에서는 미락이 올보다 많았다. 3. 4월 초 중순 파종에서는 엽중이 품종간 차이를 보이지 않았지만 엽중이 감소하는 4월하순 이후 파종에서는 품종간 엽중의 차이가 나타나, 맥류의 파성이 크게 문제되지 않는 4월 하순 이후 파종에서는 출수반응보다는 엽중의 확보가 더욱 중요하였다. 4. 호밀 품종 두루는 4월 초순부터 리빙멀치 용으로 파종이 가능하였고 다른 품종보다 엽중이 많아 리빙멀치용으로 유망한 품종으로 생각되었다.

The purpose of this study is to develop the EEG (Euchromatin Enriched Genomic) DNA library of wheat, barley, rye and oat. Mcr A and Mcr BC system in DH5 alpha bacteria cell line and Kuemkangmil, Olbori, Olhomil and Olgwiri were used for materials in our experiments. EEG colonies have been constructed by using junk DNA exclusion. We analyzed the genetic information of the colonies using blast searches of NCBI and GRAMENE web sites. One hundred eighty-four, 65, 79 and 119 STS primer pairs were developed using sequencing data of selected colonies in Kuemkangmil, Olbori, Olhomil and Olgwiri respectively. Twenty-eight and forty-two percent of designed primer pair showed polymorphism using six endoucleases in Kuemkangmil, Olbori, Olhomil and Olgwiri germplasm respectively. These primers could be useful for specific allele tagging in mapping populations and germplasm and for the study of functional genomics of wheat, barley, rye and oat.

현미, 쌀보리, 옥수수, 고구마작물의 전분 함량과 일반성분 함량분석이 에탄올 생산에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 1. 단순 회귀분석 결과에 의해서 각 원료에서 전분 함량이 에탄올 생산량에 유의하게 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났는데, 전분 함량이 높을수록 에탄올 생산이 증가하였다. 2. 쌀보리의 경우 단백질 함량이 낮을수록 에탄올 생산이 많이 되는 것으로 나타났으며, 특이하게도 조섬유의 경우는 단백질 함량과 반대로 조섬유 함량이 높을수록 에탄올 생산이 높았다. 3. 현미의 경우, 회분 함량이 높을수록 에탄올 생산이 낮게 나타났다. 4. 고구마의 경우, 수분 함량이 다른 원료에 비하여 상대적으로 뚜렷이 높았으며, 수분 함량이 높을수록 에탄올 생산량은 낮아지는 것으로 분석되었다. 5. 건조 전 작물 중량을 기준으로 할 때 가장 높은 에탄올 생산수율은 현미에서 나타났고, 이중에서도 다산 현미가 439.3 liter/ton으로 가장 높았고, 그 다음 옥수수 그리고 보리의 순이었으며, 수분함량이 높은 고구마의 경우 전분함량이 상대적으로 낮아 에탄올 생산량이 낮게 분석되었다. 6. 건조 후 작물 중량 기준 시에는 건미 고구마가 530.6 l/ton으로 가장 높았고, 그 다음이 다산 현미 등의 현미, 정미 및 바이오미의 고구마, 옥수수, 보리의 순이었다. 7. 단위면적당 에탄올 생산량 성적을 살펴보면 현미가 평균 2560.0 l/ha, 쌀보리가 평균 1523.6 l/ha, 옥수수가 평균 2992.3 l/ha, 고구마가 평균 4169.1 l/ha로 나타났으며, 이중에서 건미 고구마가 5115.7 l/ha로 가장 높은 단위면적당 에탄올 생산량을 보였다.

저염양파오곡된장(DFO)의 품질과 저장특성을 조사하였다. DFO는 양파분말(3%)과 소금(8%)을 혼합한 대두코지분말에 쌀, 보리, 차기장 및 차조분말을 등량으로 혼합, 증자하여 범위로 섞어 숙성시켰다. 저장은 polypropylene 튜브에 250 g씩 진공 포장한 후 에서 30분간 살균하였다. 발효와 저장은 에서 각각 60일간 행하였으며, 대조구 된장(GD)은 염도 16%의 대두된장으로 살균하지 않고 plastic 용기에 담아 저장하였다.

생식 제조공정 중 주요공정인 건조방법에서 효율적인 방법을 찾기 위하여 건조방법에 따른 생식 원료 곡류의 이화학적 특성 및 기능성 성분의 변화를 조사하였다. 쌀, 현미, 찹쌀, 보리의 단백질, 지방, 탄수화물, 회분, 식이섬유 등 성분의 함량은 열풍건조(50, 55, 60) 및 동결건조를 통하여서는 거의 변화가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 색도 중의 b값이 열풍건조를 실시한 시료가 동결건조를 실시한 시료에 비하여 높게 나타났다. niacin의 함량은 6

This study was conducted to investigate the β-glucan contents and their characteristics of winter cereals according to particle sizes and milling recoveries. Sieved fractions differed in their average contents of β-glucans, and the coarse fraction had higher contents of β-glucan than finely milled fractions. In all winter cereals, the β-glucan contents of raw flours were higher than those of their brans, and the highest β-glucan contents of every cereals were observed at 100 mesh 〉 or 100-140 mesh fractions except the Chalssalbori fractions which showed the higest β-glucan contents (12.9%) at 140-200 mesh fraction. As compared with the β-glucan content of Chalbori among the various milling recoveries, the β-glucan was distributed more evenly throughout the endosperm but β-glucan content in bran of Chalbori was only 1.5%. However, β-glucan content of Chalssalbori (hull-less waxy barley) was the highest in the subaleurone region (8.2%) and declined slightly toward inner layers of grain. This results suggest that β-glucan distribution between high (Chalbori) and low β-glucan barley (Chalssalbori) may explain the difference in milling performance of barley. On the other hand, β-glucan contents of two rye varieties (Chilbohomil, Chunchoohomil) were lower than those of two waxy barley varieties, and the higest β-glucan contents were observed at the 60% milling recoveries. In all winter cereals, the L-values (lightness) of raw flours were higher than those of brans. And the L-values of barley varieties were higher than those of oat and rye varieties. As the particle sizes and milling recovery ratios were decreased, the L-value were increased. The a-values (redness) in brans of every winter cereals were higher than those of every particle size flours and every milling ratio fractions, and this tendency was observed in the b-values (yellowness) of every particle size of cereal flours. The L and b-value of barley, the b-value of oat, and L, a, b-value of rye have the significant relationship with the β-glucan contents, respectively. This results represent the fact that β-glucans affected the color of the flours and pounded grains of winter cereals.

Rye breeding using F1 hybrid began about 30 years ago, when cytoplasmically inherited forms of male sterility (CMS) and corresponding nuclear restorers were detected. It is very important to produce inbred lines for making hybrid lines because of strong self-incompatibility in rye. Among the 456 rye germplasms used in hybrid breeding scheme, 24 lines (5.3%) had the above 60% of self-fertility, and six lines of them were selected for their good agronomic characteristics and were used for subsequent inbreeding program. The average self-fertility of selected six lines was 78.4%, ranging from 72.2 to 99.5%. Genetic analysis for the self-fertility using F2 populations showed that the segregation of self-fertile and sterile plants in F2 populations could be fit into 3 to 1 ratio suggesting self-fertility in rye be controlled by one major gene. The four different self-fertile lines, PI237923, 5C11, 5G5 and Florida black, had the same self-fertility gene because their F2 plants showed almost the same self-fertility as their parents and showed no genetic segregation

Freezing-resistant plants can survive subzero temperatures by withstanding extracellular ice formation. During cold acclimation, their leaves accumulate antifreeze proteins (AFPs) that are secreted into the apoplast and have the ability to modify the normal growth of ice crystals. Three barley, two wheat and two rye cultivars were grown under two different temperature regimes (20/16~circC and 5/2~circC , day/night). Apoplastic proteins from winter cereals were separated by SDS-PAGE and detected with antisera to AFPs from winter rye. Apoplastic proteins accumulated to much higher levels in cold-acclimated (CA) leaves compared with nonacclimated (NA) ones in winter cereals. After cold acclimation, the protein concentration of apoplastic extracts increased significantly from 0.088 mgmL-1 to 0.448 mgmL-1 , with about 5-fold increment. Also, the apoplastic protein content per gram leaf fresh weight in CA leaves ranged from 31 ~mu~textrmg (gFW)-1 to 120 ~mu~textrmg (gFW)-1 with an averaged value of 77 ~mu~textrmg (gFW)-1 , and coefficients of variation of 54.9%. The CA leaves in Musketeer (a Canadian winter rye cultivar) showed the greatest AFPs and antifreeze activity followed by 'Geurumil' (a Korean winter wheat cultivar), and 'Dongbori l' (Korean facultative barley cultivar). The proteins secreted into the wheat leaf apoplast at CA condition were more numerous than those observed in winter rye, where two β -1,3-glucanase-like proteins (GLPs), two chitinase-like proteins (CLPs) and two thaumatin-like proteins (TLPs) accumulated during cold acclimation. The proteins in barley leaf apoplast at CA conditions were a little different from those in wheat leaves. The AFPs were various among and within species. More freezing-resistant cultivars had more clear and numerous bands than less freezing-resistant ones. The high determination coefficient (R2 =91 %) between freezing resistance and AFPs per gram leaf fresh weight indicated that the amount of AFPs was highly related to freezing resistance in winter cereal crops.

To investigate characterization of the -amylase inhibitors from cereals and legumes produced in Korea, inhibitory activities against -amylase with the inhibitor from barley(Hordeum vulgare), wheat(Triticum aestivun), black bean(Glycine max), bean(Cajanus cajon) and pea(Pisum sativum) were measured. Among the samples tested, inhibitors from naked barley and black bean(sabong) which showed the highest inhibitor activities of cereals and legumes, respectively, were characterized according to treatment condition. The results obtained were summarized as follows. During the germination of naked barley and black bean, -amylase activities were gradually increased but inhibitory activities against -amylases were decreased. Both activities were gradually decreased when naked barley and black bean were stored. More than 50% of activities of the inhibitors from naked barley and black bean were remained at 100 for 15 min and 20 min, respectively, indicating that the inhibitor from black bean was more stable to heat than that of barley.

1. 생장온도가 낮을 때에 내한성이 중정도에 속하는 품종들은 내한성의 향상을 보였으나 내한성이 극히 강하거나 극히 약한 품종들은 생장온도의 영향을 크게 받지 않는 경향을 보였다. 2. 냉각온도가 높고 또 냉각기간이 비교적 짧았을 때에는 2℃ 에서 보다 5℃ 에서 경화가 잘 되었다. 3. 일장은 경화전이나 경화중 별로 영향하지 않았다. 4. 토양습도가 높을수록 내한성은 저하되었다. 5. 질소시용은 내한성을 증가시켰으며 식물체의 건물중을 증가시켰다. 건물중과 내한성간에는 고도의 상관관계가 인정되었다. 6. 경화기간은 길수록 유리하지만 시험편의상 4일정도가 적당하다고 판단되었다. 고온하에서의 연화는 불과 1일-4일이내에 끝남을 알 수 있었다. 7. 내한성검정에 적합한 냉각조건은 -8℃ 에서 24시간정도이었다. 8. 품종에 따라서는 냉각처리 직후 그 피해가 나타나기도 하지만 회복력을 가지는 품종도 있으므로 처리후 일주일간 정상온도에 두었다가 동피해정도를 조사함이 타당한 것으로 추정되었다. 9. 전체적으로 보아 CD 80과 83의 내한성이 가장 높았고 다음은 Cappelle과 Mris Otter의 순서이었다. 4개의 추파연맥과 Jufy I은 중정도로 구분되었으나 3개의 춘파연맥은 극히 약하였다. Peniarth는 Maris Otter와 대등하였고 S 147은 추파연맥중 가장 약한 경향을 나타내었다. 10. 수용성탄수화물함량이 내한성에 어느 정도 관여하고 있음은 사실이나 이 자체가 내한성을 조절하는 관건은 아님을 알 수 있었다.