본 연구에서는 자발적인 웃음과 인위적인 웃음을 변별하는 데 있어서 일반 사람들의 정확도와 컴퓨터를 이용한 분류 알고리즘의 정확도를 비교하였다. 실험참가자들은 단일 영상 판단 과제와 쌍비교 판단과제를 수행하였다. 단일 영상판단 과제는 웃음 영상을 한 장씩 제시하면서 이 영상의 웃음이 자발적인 것인지 인위적인 것인지를 판단하는 것이었으며, 쌍비교 판단과제는 동일한 사람에게서 얻은 두 종류의 웃음 영상을 동시에 제시하면서 자발적인 웃음 영상이 어떤 것인지 판단하는 것이었다. 분류 알고리즘의 정확도를 산출하기 위하여 웃음 영상 각각에서 8 종류의 얼굴 특성치들을 추출하였다. 약 50%의 영상을 사용하여 단계적 선형판별분석을 수행하였으며, 여기서 산출된 판별함수를 이용하여 나머지 영상을 분류하였다. 단일 영상에 대한 판단결과, 단계적 선형판별분석의 정확도가 사람들의 정확도보다 높았다. 쌍비교에 대한 판단결과도 단계적 선형판별분석의 정확도가 사람들의 정확도보다 높았다. 20명의 실험참가자 중 선형판별분석의 정확도를 넘어서는 사람은 없었다. 판별분석에 중요하게 사용된 얼굴 특성치는 눈머리의 각도로, 눈을 가늘게 뜬 정도를 나타낸다. Ekman의 FACS에 따르면, 이 특성치는 AU 6에 해당한다. 사람들의 정확도가 낮은 이유는 두 종류의 웃음을 구별할 때, 눈에 관한 정보를 충분히 사용하지 않았기 때문으로 추론되었다.

본 연구는 전북 임실 대말방죽의 문화경관적 요소와 식생경관적 특성을 면밀히 검토함으로써 임실 지역의 관광 레크리에이션적 공간이자 생태체험 공간으로서의 잠재력과 활용 및 보존방향을 모색하기 위해 시도되었다.약 730㎡ 규모의 방지원도(方池圓島)를 갖춘 관란정(觀瀾亭)은 지역문화의 중심공간으로서 오래전부터 문화공간이자공원으로서의 성격을 보여온 것으로 판단된다. 대말방죽은 조선시대에 송호(松湖)라고 불렀던 것으로 보아 주변에소나무가 울창했을 것으로 추정되며 오금사(五金寺)라는 절과 절 우측으로 칠성암(七星巖)이라는 바위는 이 지역의장소 특성을 설명하는 중요한 징표가 되고 있으며 ‘반보기문화’ 등 휴양 레크리에이션공간이자 지역의 명소로서 활용되어온 것으로 보인다. 대말방죽 외곽에 펼쳐진 소나무와 왕버들로 구성된 숲은 물을 차단하기 위해 하천부 수위 이하에구조물을 설치함으로써 구축되는 벽 혹은 제방에 심어 그 기능을 보다 강화할 목적으로 조성된 ‘방죽숲(cofferdamgrove)’으로 정의되며 대말방죽의 주요 식물상으로는 가시연꽃을 비롯하여 줄과 어리연꽃, 노랑어리연꽃, 마름 등이군락을 이루고 있다. 주연부에는 수련, 갈대 등이 관찰된다. 임실 대말방죽은 경남 함안의 우포늪과 홍성의 역재저수지가시연꽃 군락지와 비교해서 규모나 경관면에서 뒤지지 않는 가시연꽃 자연군락지로 주변의 문화경관요소와의 연계를통한 경관형성 및 보전관리가 시급히 요구된다.

Aurora A kinase is a mitotic serine/threonine kinase whose proposed functions include the maturation of centrosomes, G2/M transition, alignment of chromosomes at metaphase, and cytokinesis. In this study, we investigated the effect of MLN8237, an aurora A kinase inhibitor, on the postovulatory aging of oocytes based on the frequency of oocyte fragmentation, cdk1 kinase activity, and cyclin B degradation. The fragmentation of ovulated oocytes during prolonged culture was inhibited by treatment with MLN8237 in a concentration-dependent manner. The frequency of fragmented oocytes was significantly lower in oocytes treated with 2 μM MLN8237 (13%) than in control oocytes (64%) after two days of culture. Most of the control (non-fragmented) oocytes (91%) were activated after two days of culture. In comparison, only 22% of the MLN8237-treated oocytes were activated; the rest of the oocytes (78%) were still in metaphase with an abnormal spindle and dispersed chromosomes. Next, cdk1 activity and the level of cyclin B were examined. The level of cyclin B and cdk1 activity in MLN8237-treated oocytes were nearly equal to those in control oocytes. Our results indicate that MLN8237 inhibited the fragmentation of ovulated oocytes during prolonged culture, although it blocked the spontaneous decrease in activity of cdk1 and degradation of cyclin B. This mechanism of inhibition is different from that in oocytes treated with nocodazole, which have high levels of cdk1 activity and cyclin B.

This study investigated potential relationship between fetal deaths and plasma progesterone concentrations of bitches. Serial ultrasonographic examinations were performed on small-pet 23 dogs from gestation day (GD) 15 through parturition. The dogs were 3 non-pregnant bitches, 9 spontaneous delivery bitches, 6 partial early embryonic death bitches, 2 whole early embryonic death bitches, and 3 aborted bitches. The late pregnancy (GD 51-54) appeared in 2 of the 3 aborted bitches and the hypoluteoidism appeared in 1 of the 3 aborted bitches. The plasma progesterone concentrations of partial early embryonic death bitches (n=6) showed no significant difference when compared with the spontaneous delivery bitches. We observed that plasma progesterone concentrations were dramatic decrease before the onset of embryonic death in whole early embryonic death bitches that plasma progesterone concentrations of aborted bitches at late pregnancy were significantly decreased when compared with those of spontaneous delivery bitches. The plasma progesterone concentrations of the hypoluteoidism bitch were lower than those of spontaneous delivery bitches. At the hypoluteoidism bitch, fetuses were resorbed in early pregnancy and aborted in late pregnancy. On the basis of the results, the diagnosis of partial early embryonic death could not be confirmed without ultrasonographic examination. The partial early embryonic death was considered a spontaneous phenomenon and uncorrelated with plasma progesterone concentration. However, aborted bitches and whole early embryonic death bitches were related to plasma progesterone concentrations and that of bitches gradually decreased before fetal death. These findings suggest that administration of progesterone may be a useful preventing agent against fetal death.

The aim of the present recent study was to compare the protein patterns in the vaginal mucus of Hanwoo cattles during spontaneous and CIDR induced-estrus. Ten cattles, who had been observed in estrus, received no treatment and served as the group of cattles with normal spontaneous estrus. Thirteen cattles in the CIDR received an CIDR insert on day 14 were removed and cattles were injected GnRH on day 15. Vaginal mucus samples were collected from all cattles at the same time the single AI in cattles with spontaneous estrus and the AI in cattles with induced estrus. Spontaneous and CIDR-induced estrus vaginal mucus samples were analyzed on two different array surfaces: cation-exchange (CM10), anion-exchange (Q10). In addition, using the NaCl solution by which the proteins combined after washing are 0.5, 1 and 2 M, it was fractionated and a protein was collected successively. The results are summarized as follows: 1) Ionic surfaces chemistries (Q10 and CM10) gave the best results in terms of detectable protein peaks, with more than 100 protein peaks in the two fractions and under each condition. 2) Protein mass spectrometer using 11 different proteins in protein identification of 7 were able to determine the protein. List of identified proteins as follows; Ribosome-binding protein 1, GRIP 1-associated protein 1, Katanin p60 ATPase-containing subunit A-like 1, Protein FAM44A, DUF729 domain-containing protein 1, Prolactin precursor, Dihydrofolate erductase. Conclusively, on the basis of this study, protein expression in the vaginal mucus could be used as an indicator for time of estrus manifestation in order to increase conception rates by applying AI at an optional time.

본 연구에서는 TCM-199, mSOF, NCSU-23 세 종류의 배지의 자연 단위 발생 유도로 형성된 돼지 배아의 초기 발육에 대한 효과를 조사하였다. 실험 1에서는 세 종류의 배지에서 체외 성숙된 도축장 유래 돼지 난자의 성숙율을 성숙 48 시간째 핵상 관찰로 조사하였다. 각 배지에서의 핵 성숙율은 mSOF군에서 83.12%, NCSU-23 군에서 78.03%, TCM-199군에서 83.52%로 세 배지의 난자 성숙율에 대한 유의적 차이는 없었다(P

경남 창원시의 농경지에 산란된 한국산 도롱뇽(Hynobius leechii)의 알주머니 126개를 채집하여 그 길이의 변이를 조사하고 그 속의 5330개 수정란을 대상으로 수적변이를 조사하였다. 그리고 그 중 어떤 시약의 처리 없이 자연적으로 일어난 이상발생의 패턴과 조직학적 이상을 연구하였다. 알주머니의 길이 변이 폭은 11~29 cm이었으며 평균 길이는 19 cm, 상대빈도가 가장 높은 것은 20 cm 길이였다. 배의 수는 주머니 당 19~98개의 변이 폭을 나타냈으며 39~43개 사이가 가장 빈번하게 나타났다. 84개의 알주머니에서 323의 배가 발생이상을 보였으며 23종류의 발생이상패턴이 정리되었다. 그 중 외형상 심각한 이 상을 보이는 개체들의 조직절편을 관찰한 결과 눈의 색소형성부진, 뇌신경세포의 붕괴, 갑상선종, 인두형성부진, 심장위치불명, 미분화간엽조직의 미발달 등을 포함하고 있었다. 이러한 이상은 환경의 질 저하에 따른 수중 유해물질에의 노출에 의해 양서류가 악영향을 받아 최근 급격히 그 수가 감소하는 것과 관련이 있을 것이다.

We used flowcytometry to ploidy verification after that investigate difference between diploid and spontaneous triploid through the truss dimension and classical dimension at crucian carp, Carassius auratus, crucian carp C. cuvieri and common carp, Cyprinus carpio collected from Hangang river, Hantangang river, Imjingang river, Geumgang river, Yeongsangang river and Nakdonggang river, Korea. There were significant differences among the three species for the truss dimensions anterior origin of dorsal fin (2)× anterior origin of anal fin (5), 2× anterior origin of pelvic fin (6), 2× origin of pectoral fin (7), posterior origin of dorsal fin (3)×5, 3×6, and 3×7 (P<0.05). There were no significant differences among the three species in the truss dimensions dorsal fin length (2×9) and eye diameter (ED)(P>0.05). On the other hand, there were no significant differences in the several classical dimensions of each species (P>0.05). Three classical dimensions, most anterior extension of the head (1)×2, 1×6 and 2× most posterior scale in lateral line (4) did not differ between the C. auratus diploid and spontaneous triploid (P>0.05). Two classical dimensions, 1×6 and longest length between most anterior extension of the head and gill cover (1×8) did not differ between the C. cuvieri diploid and spontaneous triploid (P>0.05). One classical dimensions, 1×2 did not differ between the common carp diploid and spontaneous triploid (P>0.05). There were significant differences in the each diploid and triploid species (P<0.05). These results suggest that the classification of each species and classification between diploid and spontaneous triploid morphometrical parameters used in this study are useful indices of morphometrical status in the each species from major river of Korea.

The process of spontaneous abortion involves a complex mechanism with various cytokines, growth factors, and hormones during the pregnancy. However, the mechanism underlying spontaneous abortion by pro- and antiinflammatory cytokines in the serum during the pregnancy is not fully understood. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the serum levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and spontaneous abortion using the CBA/j × DBA/2 mouse model. Serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IFN-γ, IL-1α and TNF-α were not increased in abortion model mice, but anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-4, IL-13 and IL-1ra were decreased compared to normal pregnant mice. In addition, serum levels of chemokine, such as SDF-1, G-CSF, M-CSF, IL-16, KC and MCP-1 were decreased in abortion model mice compared to normal pregnant mice. However, the expression levels of nesfatin-1/NUCB2 mRNA and protein in the uteri of implantation sites were significantly higher in abortion model mice than normal pregnant mice. These results suggest that uterine nesfatin-1/NUCB2 expression may be down-regulated by inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the serum of pregnant mice. Moreover, this study suggests the possibility that nesfatin-1/NUCB2 expressed in the implantation sites may be associated with the maintenance of pregnancy.

Intact germinal vesicle (GV) arrest and release are essential for maintaining the fertility of mammals inducing human. Intact germinal vesicle release, maturation of oocytes is maintained by very complex procedures along with folliculogenesis and is a critical step for embryonic development. Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) has been suggested a key factor for meiotic arrest but so far its mechanisms are controversy. In this study we examine the effects of cGMP on germinal vesicle breakdown in cumulus-enclosed oocytes and denuded oocytes. Spontaneous maturation was inhibited by a cGMP agonist, 8-Br-cGMP with concentration dependent manners both in cumulus-enclosed oocytes and denuded oocytes. The inhibitory effect was more severe in denuded oocytes than cumulus-enclosed oocytes. The Rp-8-Br-cGMP and Rp-pCPT- 8-Br-cGMP did not severely block GVB compared to 8-Br-cGMP. The spontaneous GVB inhibitory effects were different by the existence of cumulus. Based on them it is suggested that the cumulus modulates the role of cGMP in GV arrest.

Statistical rhythmic metrics are applied on a Buckeye corpus of spontaneous interview speech in order to investigate the extent of inter-speaker rhythm variability. Tests are made on speech produced by speakers who share the same regional dialect in North America. The choice is made due to the unique characteristic of the Buckeye corpus in that the speech dataset is obtained from the speakers who have been raised in the same region and hence who share the same dialect with each other. Statistical measures of rhythm metrics are obtained from the subset of the corpus. The results of clustering analysis show that the rhythmic measures that capture the least dialectal variance is the normalized pair-wise variability indices calculated based on the respective adjacent consonantal and vocalic durations. The finding implies that these statistical measures of rhythm can be used in capturing the dialectal similarities on spontaneous speech.

본 연구는 학습장애 학생의 학교생활 적응을 위하여 로봇 프로그래밍 교육을 실시함으로써 학 습장애학생의 학습된 무기력과 자발적 언어 사용에 미치는 영향을 살펴보고자 하였다. 연구에 참 여한 학생은 실제 특수교육 지원을 받는 초등학교 4학년 학습장애학생이다. 연구 결과 로봇 프로 그래밍 교육은 학습장애학생의 학습된 무기력을 감소시키며 통합학급에서 자발적 발화량을 증가 시켰다. 본 연구 결과를 기반으로 학습장애학생을 위한 강점 기반 교육이나 게이미피케이션을 적 용한 중재가 실제 교육 현장에서 효과적으로 활용될 수 있는 방안을 제안하였다

The pregnancy and abortion process involves a complex mechanism with various immune cells present in the implantation sites and several hormones associated with pregnancy, such as leptin, ghrelin and nesfatin-1. However, the mechanism underlying spontaneous abortion by maternal T helper 17 (Th17) present in the implantation sites and nesfatin-1, which is of anorexigenic hormones, is not fully understood so far. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the possible roles of Th17 cells present in the implantation sites and nesfatin-1 expressed in the uterus on spontaneous abortion using the CBA/j × DBA/2 mouse model. Th17 transcription factor, ROR-γt mRNA expression was significantly increased in the abortion sites compared with the implantation sites of abortion model mice on day 14.5 and 19.5 of pregnancy. In addition, the expression levels of IL-17A mRNA were significantly higher in abortion sites than in implantation sites on day 14.5 and 19.5. Moreover, the nesfatin-1/NUCB2 protein and mRNA levels were increased in abortion sites compared with levels in implantation sites of both normal pregnant and abortion model mice on day 14.5 of pregnancy. Interestingly, nesfatin- 1/NUCB2 serum levels were not changed throughout the whole pregnancy in abortion model mice, but its serum level was dramatically increased on day 14.5, and then rapidly decreased on day 19.5 in normal pregnant mice. In this study, we showed for the first time the expression of nesfatin-1/NUCB2 mRNA and protein in implantation sites during pregnancy. The present results suggest that Th17 cells in the uterus may play an important role in the period of implantation and for maintenance of pregnancy. Furthermore, the present results suggest that Th17 cells in implantation sites may be a key regulator for maintenance of pregnancy and provides evidence that activation of these cells may be regulated by nesfatin-1/NUCB2. Further study is needed to elucidate the role of nesfatin-1 expressed in the uterus during pregnancy.

Spontaneous rupture of the carotid artery is rare, however, it is a fatal injury and early diagnosis is very important. We expe-rienced a 54-year-old male patient who presented to the emergency department with an expanding neck mass after cough. Rupture of the common carotid artery 2 cm before bifurcation with a pseudoaneurysm was diagnosed on neck computed tomography angiography. Focal tear of the artery was repaired surgically with suture. Herein, we report on a rare occurrence of a spontaneous carotid artery rupture and review other reports.

Globally, as well as domestically, patients without risk factors for spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma (SSEH) have rarely been reported. SSEH often results from trauma, epidural catheter insertion for anesthesia and invasive spinal procedures. It could also occur in patients with risk factors such as hypertension, coagulopathy, pregnancy, and vascular anomaly. We encountered a case of a 51-year-old female without prior medical history or any risk factors. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed subacute SSEH at lumbar spine regions. The patient was treated successfully by surgical decompression. Therefore, we report this case with a review of the relevant literature.

Multivessel spontaneous coronary artery dissection is extremely rare. There are no guidelines regarding optimal treatment of spontaneous coronary artery dissection. The treatment depends on clinical symptoms, extent and location of the dissection, and the hemodynamic status of the patient. Although percutaneous coronary intervention might be required for all of the dissecting arteries, this case demonstrated the importance of an appropriate selection of treatment modalities for spontaneous coronary artery dissection.