Morse potential을 변형한 2체항(2-body tem)과 Axilrod-Teller potential을 변형한 3체항(3-body tem)으로 구성된 포텐셜에너지 함수를 사용하여 C2-C6 cluster 동소체들의 에너지들의 에너지를 3체항 세기인자(3-body intensity factor)의 함수로 나타냄으로써 3체 인력의 기여도의 증가함에 따라 carbon cluster들의 구조는 open structure로부터 closed structure로, 또한 복잡한 구조로부터 단순한 구조, 즉 3차원적인 형태로부터 2차원 및 1차원적인 형태로 변해감을 알 수 있었다.

In the presence of synchrotron losses, diffusion of an ensembel of relativistic particles in an intraculster medium is investigated. The diffusion coefficient in the medium is found to be constrained by 28.8 ± 0.4 ≤ L o g D ≤ 30.5 ± 0.4 c m 2 s − 1 with the energy dependency of D 0 ε μ of μ = 0.4 ± 0.2 as the previous observations suggested. As an important implication of the result, the brightest head-tail radio source NGC 4869, whose radio tail structure is indicative for its orbit within the cluster core, is considered to be the major contributor of particles for the formation of the Coma radio halo.

The BV-photographic photometry was made for 1714 stars (V<19.5) in NGC 6752. The C-M diagram of this cluster shows an unusually extended blue horizontal branch ( V = 13.5 ∼ 17.8 ) with a wide gap ( V = 16 ∼ 16.7 ) and the well defined giant branch with gaps at V=13.85 and 16.2. The turnoff point is defined at V = 17.25 ± 0.15 and (B-V) = 0.46 ± 0.02 . If we take V H B = 13.85 for NGC 6752, then Δ V = 2.80 , ( B − V ) 0 , g = 0.76 a n d Δ V T O = 3.40 and the chemical abundance is estimated to be [Fe/H]=-1.67 or Z = 4.3 × 10 − 4 a n d Y = 0.26 . Some other physical parameters of this cluster are derived and compared with those for the well observed clusters M 3, M 13, M 15 and M 92.

The gain of internal energy of a star cluster caused by the tidal attraction of our Galaxy is examined. Expressions are derived which include the effects of a two-body orbit and internal motions of the cluster. These formulae are compared with previous results based on (i) uniform rectilinear motion and (ii) neglect of internal motions induced by cluster gravitation(i.e., impulsive approximation), and it is found that these simplifying assumptions generally introduce significant uncertainties.

On the instantaneous tidal relaxation approximation, formulae are derived for the ellipticities and virial theorem of a slightly flattened homogeneous rotating cluster (the largest axis of the cluster is directed towards the Galactic center), in terms of the Galactic tidal force and the characteristic intrinsic plus orbital angular velocity. The expression for a purely tidally-determined ellipticity is identical to that for an incompressible fluid body of uniform density. Orbital motion generally contributes significantly to the shape of the cluster. The virial theorem is identical to that for an isolated cluster except that the gravitational potential energy is multiplied by (1- χ ), where χ is a positive tidal correction term. To obtain the actual mass of a cluster, the virial theorem mass based on an isolated cluster should be multiplied by the factor 1/(1- χ ). The formulae are applied to open star clusters, the globular cluster ω Centauri, and dwarf elliptical galaxies in the Local Group.

Tl+ 이온으로 교환된 제올라이트 A (|Tl12|[Si12Al12O48]-LTA, Tl12-A) 단결정을 진공 탈수시킨 후, 623 K 에서 72시간 동안 ZrI4 (g, 6.0 × 103 Pa) 와 반응시켜, Zr,I,Tl-A (|Zr0.25I1.5Tl12|[Si12Al12O48]-LTA)를 제조하였다. 제조된 단결정의 구조는 294 K에서 단결정 X-선 회절 기술을 이용하여 Pm3m (a = 12.337(2) Å) 입방 공간군에 속함을 확인 하였고, Fo> 4σ(Fo)를 사용하여 최종 오차 인자를 R1/wR2= 0.055/0.189로 정밀화 하였다. 이 구 조에서 Tl+ 이온은 6-ring 맞은편의 3-fold 축상의 서로 다른 3개의 결정학적 위치에서 단위세포당 7.5개가 발 견되었고, 모든 8-ring 근처(단위세포당 3개)에서 3개의 결정학적 위치로 채워졌다. 그리고 단위세포당 1.5개의 Tl+ 이온은 ZrI4(g)와 반응 후 sodalite cavity 안에서 3-fold 축상을 벗어난 자리에서 골격산소 O2 및 O3와 결 합하면서 발견되었다. Zr4+ 이온은 6개의 I- 이온과 함께 8면체의 ZrI6 2- 형태로 large cavity 정중앙에 존재하 였고, 이들은 8-ring 및 6-ring 근처에 존재하고 있던 Tl+ 양이온과 3차원적으로 연결하면서 ZrI6Tl11 9+ cationic cluster을 형성하였다. 이러한 cationic cluster은 Zr,I,Tl-A의 large cavity 중에서 약 25%에만 존재하였다.

이 연구의 목적은 초등학생 자신이 지각하는 부모의 자율성 지지, 성장 마인드셋, 그릿에 기초하여 군집을 분류하고, 각 군집에 따라 학업지연행동에서 차이가 있는지를 분석하는 것이다. 이 연구는 서울 소재 초등학교에 재학 중인 5, 6학년 467명(여=228명, 남=239명)을 대상으로 수집한 자료를 일원변량분석, 군집분석, 교차분석 등을 이용하여 분석하였다. 이 연구의 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 초등학생 자신이 지각하는 부모의 자율성 지지, 성장 마인드셋, 그릿에 근거하여 군집 분석을 실시한 결과, 네 개의 군집이 도출되었다. 이들은 부모의 자율성 지지 필요형(군집 1), 전반 적 관심 필요형(군집 2), 이상형(군집 3), 부모의 자율성 지지 우위형(군집 4) 등이다. 둘째, 군집유형에 따라 학업지연행동에서 유의한 차이가 있었다(군집 2>군집 1>군집 4>군집 3). 각 군집 유형 별 학업지연행동 감소를 위한 제안도 제시하였다.

The relationship between global climate change and international trade affects not only the sustainable development of the earth's ecological environment, but also the development trend of the world economy. we analyze the published papers in WOS database by CiteSpace sofeware. The basic statistical results are: (1) there is no consensus on the relationship between climate change and international trade, (2) the United States, China and the United Kingdom are the main contributors. The research front mainly focuses on four aspects: (1) the flow direction of carbon leakage in international trade，(2) virtual water trade caused by climate change，(3) trade policy and uncertainty of sustainable development，(4) main problems hindering low carbon technology cooperation.

The study examines how business conditions, demand conditions and the role of government can influence the development of batik clusters in Pekalongan. This research is expected to be able to provide recommendations for both employers and local governments in order to help in optimizing the development of batik clusters. The research applied a quantitative research by engaging multiple regression analysis as an effort to understand the effect of the relationship between independent and dependent variables. In addition, this research was conducted in three largest batik clusters in Pekalongan, Indonesia namely batik cluster of Pasindon, Kauman, and Jenggot. These results indicate that business conditions positively affect the batik clusters development. It implies that the greater both business conditions in a cluster will lead the better the development. Indeed, the demand conditions also have an impact on the cluster development. This finding remarked that demand conditions are variable that need to be considered to development of batik cluster. Lastly, Government’s role is confirmed that positively related to the Development of Batik Clusters. It implies that the more active the government’s role in a cluster will have a good impact on the development of the cluster in certain area.

In this paper we present analysis of current density when the Cluster spacecraft pass the nightside auroral region at about 4-5 RE from the center of Earth. The analysis is made when the inter-spacecraft separation is within 200 km, which allows all four spacecraft to be situated inside the same current sheet. On 22 February 2002, two field-aligned current (FAC) events were observed in both the southern and the northern hemispheres. The FACs were calculated with magnetic field data obtained by the four spacecraft using the Curlometer method. The scales of the FACs along the spacecraft trajectory and the magnitudes were hundreds of kilometers and tens of nA/m2, respectively, and both events were mapped to the auroral region in the ionosphere. We also examined reliability of the results with some parameters, and found that our results are adequately comparable with other studies. Nevertheless, some limitations that decrease the accuracy of current estimation exist.