In this paper we represent a new species, Cteniobathynella ahnerti sp. nov., from South America. The new species is characterized by the heterodont teeth on free margin of labrum, the spine row of the mandible consisting of four thick spines, the presence

The purposes of this study are to suggest issues to provide more effective vocational training of inmates by investigation differences in training system between Korea and United States. Current training systems are analysed from the viewpoints of operating body, curriculum and performance measurement. The Bureau of Prisons(BOP) in both counties has long recognized the importance of vocational training as an opportunity for inmates to improve their knowledge and skills and to support successful integration into the society. While American BOP establishes open network with other administrative bodies and professional institutes to ensure quality of training, Korea BOP carries out training independently. In addition, in many cases, American institute starts with needs assessment to provide more suitable training based on the level of inmates and try to measure performance results. According to the Federal Bureau of Justice, There is an inverse relationship between recidivism rates and vocational training. The more training received, the less likely an individual is to be re-arrested or re-imprisoned. To improve quality of vocational training of inmates, Korean BOP needs to cooperate with other government bodies and to establish open training network by including professional institutes. In addition, the benefits of vocational training should be measured and publicized to ensure quality of training and to secure funds for inmate vocational program. Furthermore, various job placement programs should be accompanied to provide smooth transition to the society.

우리나라에 있어서 2001년 1월 28일에 법률 제6206호로 민영교도소등의설치ㆍ운영에관한법률이 제정되었다. 이 법에 제정되기 이전에 교도소의 민영화가 타당한지 여부와 관련하여 상당한 논란이 존재하였다. 하지만 이제는 이 법이 제정된 이상 현시점에서 중요한 문제는 앞으로 어떻게 이 법을 적용하고 그로 인한 문제점을 해결할 것인지 여부다. 이러한 관점에서 민영교도소의 역사가 일천한 우리나라법제에 있어서는 외국의 경험을 빠짐없이 주시할 필요가 있다. 그 중에서도 민영교도소의 역사가 오래되었고 이와 관련된 사례가 풍부한 미국의 경험은 우리나라의 민영교도소가 앞으로 겪을 시행착오를 줄이는 데 도움이 될 것으로 믿는다. 미국의 민영교도소를 주제로 한 국내문헌이 여러 편 발표되어 있는 현실에서 본고는 미국의 민영교도소와 관련된 법적 쟁점을 중심으로 논의한다. 이러한 쟁점에는 다음의 세 가지가 존재한다. 그 첫 번째 쟁점은 교도소의 운영이 오로지 정부기능이기 때문에 민간기업에 위임이 불가하다는 이유로 교도소민영화를 인정하는 법률이 위헌인지 여부다. 본고는 이 쟁점에 대하여 교도소민영화를 인정하는 법률이 위헌이 아니란 것을 논증한다. 그 두 번째 쟁점은 민영교도소의 수용자가 정부가 운영하는 교도소의 수감자와 동일한 헌법상 보장된 권리를 누릴 수 있는지 여부다. 이와 관련하여 각종 테스트는 민영교도소의 수용자가 정부가 운영하는 교도소의 수감자와 동일한 헌법상 보장된 권리를 향유할 수 있다는 점을 입증한다. 교도소민영화를 인정하는 법률이 합헌이고 민영교도소의 수용자가 정부가 운영하는 교도소의 수감자와 동일한 헌법상 보장된 권리를 향유한다면 정부공무원에게 일반적으로 적용되는 면책규정이 민영교도소의 교도관에게 확대 적용할 수 있는지 여부가 세 번째 쟁점이다. 이 쟁점과 관련하여 본고는 민영교도소의 교도관이 제1983조에 따른 소에서 제한적 면책을 받을 수 없다는 것을 판례를 통하여 설명한다. 하지만 본고는 민영교도소에 대한 이해를 돕기 위하여 우선적으로 민영교도소의 역사를 다룬다. 여기에서는 미국에 있어서 민영화에 대한 일반론 및 민영교도소의 역사를 함께 고찰한다. 그런 다음 미국에서 주장되어 온 교도소의 민영화에 대한 찬반론을 소개한다. 그리고 전술한 바와 같은 세 가지 쟁점을 집중적으로 논의한 다음 결론을 내린다.

The article is to describe the recent phenomena in the area of American culture and religion such as multiculturalism, popular religion, and civil religion. It is also to evaluate those phenomena from the viewpoint of a missiological perspective. Multiculturalism is defined as all kinds of activities which try to support the various cultures and heritages of ethnic people groups and to overcome ethnocentrism. It is criticized by the conservatives as a political theory which tends to lose its truth, universality, and objectivity. From the missiological point of view, it can be used for developing the multicultural strategies for Christian missions. Popular religion exists outside the official religious institutions and it is related to the folk beliefs such as dream, charisma, trans meditation, channeling, angels, faith healing, and etc. It is criticized by Neoorthodox theologians that it tends to neglect the historical and political aspects of the social phenomena. Even though it is criticized by them as syncretism, it can be helpful for Christian missions to understand people's popular lives. Civil Religion is to respect the virtues and values of American citizens which are traced to Christian values such as temperance, private assets, individual responsibility, and patriotism. It is criticized as an ecumenical Protestant tribalism which tends to be misused by the imperialistic expansionism to destroy the cultures of minority. From the perspective of Christian missions, it should transform its selfishness into the world brotherhood in the 21 st century of the universal and multicultural world.

The purpose of this article is to examine the treatment program of adolescent sex offenders in America. Thereby, it attempts to provide several improvement ways in adolescent sex offender treatment in Korea. In America, the social policy response to adolescents who commit sexual offenses has undergone dramatic change since the early 1980s. Prior to this time, acts of sexual offense by teenagers were often dismissed or trivialized. And treatment programs were rare. But, the crimes are considered serious, juvenile sex offenders are routinely prosecuted since 1980s. Sex offending by teenagers has come to be viewed as a unique form of deviance that requires different rehabilitative strategies than do those employed with other offenders. So, specialized treatment programs have proliferated. The cornerstone of policies regarding intervention, both within institutions and in community, is that juveniles who commit sexual offenses should be mandated to participate in specialized treatment programs that specifically address the sex offense behavior. Specialized treatment programs for adolescent sex offender have proliferated, continuously. Specialized treatment programs for adolescent sex offender are provided within institutions and in community in America. And most programs are provided in community. Based on reviewing realities of adolescent sex offender program in America, it suggest several ways for effective treatment in Korea.

This study aims to analyze programs for inmates : education, work, recreation, and religion. In America the condition of the prisoner should be the principle of least eligibility. Also Educational programs are probably the most important prison programs available for inmates. Because academic skills programs may also be a major contributing factor to develope practical knowledge in many areas. In addition vocational programs for inmates are thought to be the best vehicles for breaking the cycle of recidivism. These programs are aimed at providing inmates with contemporary marketable skills relating to specific jobs on the outside. Prison work for inmates consists of two general types of jobs : those that maintain the institution and industrial or productive in nature. Recreational programs are intended to encourage inmates to make constructive use of leisure time in America. Chaplains' main mission is to minister to inmates to help interaction of inmate and religious activities. This study concluded that desirable programs for inmates is education with humanity.

이 논문은 미국의 교정조직과 사법부의 관계의 변화에 대한 것이다. 사법부의 교정활동에 대한 개입은 3단계로 나누어 지며, 교정철학의 변화는 일곱 개의 시기로 나누어 지는 데, 이러한 변화들을 연방과 주정부 수준에서 일어난 교정활동의 결정에 있어서의 자율성과 관련시켜 설명하고 있다. 그리고 현재 미국의 교정과 텍사스주의 교정제도에 대한 간단한 소개를 한다.

본 연구는 북미시장에 진출한 한국해외자회사의 현지화의 필수요소인 사업성과를 결정하는 요인으로 시장지향성을 중심으로 기업특유요소, 경쟁전략, 시장특유 요소가 해외자회사의 성과에 미치는 독립효과와 현지시장환경이 시장지향성과 해외자회사의 관계에 어떻게 영향을 미치는지 조정효과를 실증 연구하였다. 연구결과 시장지향성이 높은 기업일수록 해외자회사의 사업성과는 향상되는 것으로 나타났다. 아울러 기업특유요소인 기업의 규모와 국제화 경험과 차별화 우위 경쟁전략은 해외자회사의 사업성과에 영향을 미치나 시장지향성에 비하여 사업성과에 상대적으로 적게 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 해외자회사가 기업의 규모 및 국제화 경험 정도가 높고 효율적인 차별화 우위 경쟁전략을 사용하더라도 기업이 시장 지향적이 아니라면 해외자회사의 성과는 향상될 수 없음을 의미한다. 이와 함께 시장변동성과 경쟁강도가 낮을 때 보다 높을 때 시장지향성이 사업성과에 더 크게 영향을 미치며, 반대로 시장성장성이 높을 때보다는 낮을 때 시장지향성이 사업성과에 더 크게 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타나 시장환경이 시장지향성과 사업성과에 조정변수로서 역할을 하는 것으로 나타났다.

This paper is a study of the Beaux-Arts discipline of architecture, as it was established during the late nineteenth century in America. It focuses on trio particular modes of vision and representation that were at the heart of the discipline. The paper argues that Beaux Arts vision was centered on what may be called 'planar vision'; a mode of seeing through which the multiple aspects of the architectural design imbedded in the plan were read and re-interpreted. Similarly Beaux-Arts training in drawing required its student to draw within the multiple layers of historical traces; the new design being in effect a new layer placed on often unseen traces of monumental precedent. The theoretical basis of this practice was not based on history but on the concept of composition. Composition, in the French tradition was regarded more a matter of practice than theory. The Anglo-American discourse on composition, on the other hand, formed a body of theoretical literature based on formalist assumptions. There was, however, a fundamental gap between these formalist theories of composition and the 'layered' modes of vision and drawing involved in the design process. This practice leaned more on the modern romantic notion of 'intuition' for its theoretical basis, once again forming an immanent conflict with the mimetic practice of classical and historical architecture. The paper draws a picture of a discipline centered on a 'theory of the plan,' a potentially modern discipline integrated with classical forms and details. It was clearly effective as a practice. However, structured by conflicts between theory and practice, history and form, mimesis and intuition, the Beaux-Arts was unable to defend itself at the philosophical and theoretical level the modernists engaged their attacks on this system. At the same time, the paper poses the question of how different modern architecture is from this system. Is not the 'theory of plan,' in its many transformations and guises, still the central discipline of twentieth century modern architecture, and is it not structured by basically the same kind of conflicts and paradox that were immanent to the Beaux-Arts system.