An intensive analysis was conducted of the maternal lineages of the Jeju native pigs (JNPs). A total of 100 mtDNA sequences from Asian wild boars (AWB), European wild boars (EWB), Asian domestic pigs (ADP), European domestic pigs (EDP), and JNPs were used for the phylogeny and network analyses. Two distinct JNP groups were found JNPA and JNPE in the Asian and European cluster. The maternal lineage of JNPE was the closest to that of EWB and a clear haplogroup sharing an identical haplotype (hap16) among 15 individuals of JNPE and 2 individuals of EWB was identified. However, except for hap18, no EDP shared any identical haplotypes with JNPE, suggesting that no obvious maternal contribution of EDP has occurred in JNPE in recent years. The possible existence of an additional and unknown path of maternal lineage from EDP into JNPE could therefore be postulated, in addition to those from AWB and ADP into the JNPA groups. Thus, JNPE appeared to have a pure maternal lineage that had no recent contact with EDP, and both the JNPA groups and JNPE are pure Jeju native pigs.

We sequenced the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of Vespa velutina nigrithorax and V. ducalis (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). The genomes were 16,475-bp and 15,779-bp long and contained typical sets of genes. The V. velutina and V. ducalis A+T-rich region was 132-bp long and 166-bp long and was the shortest of all sequenced Vespoidea genomes. Start and stop codons in several Vespa species—including V. velutina and V. ducalis—were diversified, despite these species belonging to the same genus. In comparison with the ancestral mitogenomes, Vespa mitogenomes showed substantial gene rearrangement; however, we detected no gene rearrangement among Vespa species. We conducted phylogenetic reconstruction based on concatenated sequences of 13 PCGs and two rRNAs in available species of Vespoidea—22 species in six subfamilies in two families (Vespidae and Formicidae). The Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood (ML) methods revealed that each family formed strong monophyletic groups.

Miridae, commonly plant bugs, is the most diverse group in Heteroptera, with more than 11,000 species, and is widely distributed in the world. This group has a great attention by taxonomists, applied entomologists, and evolutionary biologists because of their great morphological diversity, high biodiversity as well as association with host plants. However, there have been a few phylogenetic studies within this family to date. In this talk, we present the first phylogenetic analyses of the largest tribe Mirini in the family Miridae based on nuclear (18S rRNA and 28S rRNA) and mitochondrial (COI and 16S rRNA) sequence data, based on the results, we discuss on the phylogenetic relationships and classifications within the tribe.

The superfamily Psylloidea of Korean Peninsula is systematically revised. Systematic studies on the Psylloidea are conducted mainly three themes: (1) The taxonomic review of superfamily Psylloidea (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha) in the Korean Peninsula, (2) DNA barcoding for the correction of taxonomic confusions and confirmation of seasonal forms, and (3) molecular phylogeny of Psylloidea to elucidate higher group relationships and to test current controversial morphological classifications.

The sweetpotato whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) is one of the most important sap sucking pests causing economic losses in a variety of vegetables in Bangladesh and as well as around the world. In the present study, the mtCOI sequence of B. tabaci was analysed using samples collected from different host plants (Potato, Brinjal, Tomato, Sweet potato, Bean) from district Gazipur, Patuakhali, Rajshahi and Nilphamari of Bangladesh. Phylogenetic analysis of our samples and relative sequences of B. tabaci in NCBI database was shown three independent clusters. Samples in Bangladesh were most similar with those of Thailand, Vietnam, Pakistan, China and India but did not show any B and Q aggressive biotypes.

Currently, only limited number of mitochondrial genomes (mitogenome) is available from Odonata. In order to extend current mitogenome data for comparative biology and phylogeny we sequenced complete mitogenomes of two endangered dragonfly species, Libellula angelina and Nannophya pygmaea (Ododana: Libellulidae). The whole genomes were 15,233 bp in L. angelina and 15,112 bp in N. pygmaea and included a typical set of genes (13 protein-coding genes, two rRNA genes, and 22 tRNA genes) and one major non-coding A+T-rich region. The arrangement of the genomes was identical to typical one found in insects. Phylogenetic reconstruction using concatenated sequences of 13 PCGs and two rRNAs of Odonata (17 species in eight families in three suborders) using both Bayesian Inference (BI) and Maximum Likelihood (ML) methods have shown a strong support for monophyletic Zygoptera (BI, BPP = 1 and ML, 100%). Currently, further scrutinized analysis is under progress.

Despite the enormous ecological success of insects elsewhere on earth, they have failed to colonize oceans. A significant portion of the marine littoral insect fauna consists of Coleoptera and the highest number of species belongs to the beetle family Staphylinidae. At present, over 400 species in 91 genera and eight subfamilies are confined to marine coastal habitats. Coastal Staphylinidae are polyphyletic, and have diverse adaptations of structure, physiology, and behavior. Aleocharinae contain the largest number of coastal species (about 200 species in 46 genera). Today I would like to briefly introduce my research program on the diversity, phylogeny, habitat evolution, and historical biogeography of the coastal Aleocharinae. Three selected aleocharine lineages containing many coastal species published with my colleagues are provided.

NGS data was yielded by using Illumina Hiseq platform. The short reads were filtered by quality score and read length were mapped against the reference genome (KACC42780). Genome-wide reanalyzed data of Flammulina strains were compared against the reference genome to establish a genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). The rate of mapping differences between the strains reflected in the strain variation in its result. The genome-wide SNPs distribution divided into types of homozygous SNP and heterozygous SNP moreover all of the strains demonstrated a wide variation in all of the regions. In the further study of topological relationship between the collected strains, phylogenetic tree was separated into 3 major groups. Group I contained F. velutipes var. related strains of ASI 4062, 4148, 4195. Group Ⅱ contained strains that were different species of ASI 4188 F. elastica, ASI 4190 F. fennae, and ASI 4194 F. rossica. The other 19 strains F. velutipes were classified as a single group. Polymorphic SNPs of F. velutipes strains representing the phylogenetic segregation of whiteand brown-fruiting body forming groups were compared. As previously reported, white gene expression is recessive to brown in fruiting body color gene expression. The white strains produced 131,874 SNPs to be aa type and homozygous from of SNP. 407,947 SNPs were detected as AA, Aa type from the brown-fruiting body of SNP. We constructed a SNP matrix with 8 white strains and 12 brown strains. To develop the molecular marker related in to fruiting body color and geographical origin, we isolated 240 SNPs from the white-and brown-fruiting body forming. To determine the chromosome relationship on polymorphic SNP between Korea and Japan strains producing white-fruiting body, we analyzed that the Korea white strains detected 185,695 SNPs and the Japan white strains produced 263,811 SNPs. Using the constructed SNP matrix with 3 Korea white strains and 3 Japan white strains, the experiment generated 475 SNPs of phylogenetic SNPs fromKorea and Japan white-fruiting body. As a result, we regarded as they are potentially related to the white color. White and brown color and origin specific SNPs could be used as an identification marker for selection of F. veluipes strains in the breeding program.

In order to understand evolutionary characteristics of gene rearrangement in Lepidoptera, we collected all available complete mitogenome (mitogenome) sequences registered in GenBank (274 mitogenomes from 44 families in 23 superfamilies as of August 6, 2015). It turned up six rearrangements that differ from the arrangement of ancestral insects, including that of the gelechioid Mesophleps albilinella that we sequenced in this study. The M. albilinella mitogenome has a unique gene arrangement among the Gelechioidea: ARNESF (the underline signifies an inverted gene) at the ND3 and ND5 junction, as opposed to the ARNSEF that is found in ancestral insects. Most of the rearrangements can be explained by the tandem duplication-random loss model, but inversion, which requires recombination, is also found in two cases, including M. albilinella. Excluding the MIQ rearrangement at the A+T-rich region and ND2 junction, which is found in nearly all Ditrysia, most of the remaining rearrangements found in Lepidoptera appear to be independently derived in that they are automorphic at several taxonomic scales. Current mitogenomic data are limited, particularly for congeneric data. Thus, future research focused on congenerics could clarify evolutionary independency at the generic level also.

Psyllids have shifted lately into general awareness as vectors of pathogens causing serious plant diseases, as pests in agriculture and forestry or as potential control agents of alien invasive weeds. These small insects are plant sap feeders which are generally very host specific. In addition, related psyllid species tend to develop on related plant species. This makes them an ideal group for studies on insect–plant cospeciation. A sound taxonomic and phylogenetic base is a prerequisite for successful pest control and meaningful research on insect–plant interactions. Currently almost 4000 named species of Psylloidea exist worldwide of which half was described in the last three decades. Despite this tremendous progress there are at least another 4000 species which remain undescribed particularly in Africa, South America and tropical Asia. Since White and Hodkinson’s seminal paper in 1985 a series of studies tested their classification with additional taxa using morphological and molecular techniques. In 2012 Burckhardt and Ouvrard proposed a new classification. Five of their families (Calophyidae, Carsidaridae, Homotomidae, Phacopteronidae and Triozidae) are identical with or similar to those of White and Hodkinson but three differ fundamentally from previous classifications (Aphalaridae, Liviidae and Psyllidae). Many of the recognised families and subfamilies are restricted more or less exclusively to a single plant taxon, e.g. Calophyidae, Phacopteronidae and Rhinocolinae to Sapindales, Carsidaridae to Malvaceae, Homotomidae to Moraceae, Spondyliaspidinae to Myrtaceae, and many Psyllidae to Fabaceae. The 1000 described species of Triozidae, in contrast, have colonised many families of dicots and, a few, even monocots and conifers. Several analyses suggest that cospeciation may be less important than geographical vicariance to explain the observed species richness in psyllids, and that shifts to new host taxa are frequent.

남생이(Mauremys reecesii)는 파충강(Reptilia) 거북목 (Testudines) 남생이과(Geoemydidae)에 속하며, 오염되지 않은 일부 하천, 강이나 호수 등 유속이 느린 담수에 서식한 다. 국내에서는 제주도를 비롯한 도서지방을 제외한 한반도 전역에 서식하며, 국외에는 일본, 중국, 타이완에 분포한다. 경제개발 위주의 사회변화에 따른 극심한 환경오염, 인간에 의한 생태계 파괴, 남획, 기후변화에 따른 서식지 소실 등의 이유로 남생이의 개체수가 급격히 감소하고 있어 천연기념 물 제 453호와 환경부 멸종위기 야생생물 II급으로 지정되 어 보호되고 있다. 국제적으로는 IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature)의 적색목록에 등재되었고, CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora)의 부속서 III에 포함되어 국제거래를 규제하고 있지만, 아직도 불법적으로 거래가 많 이 이루어지고 있는 실정이다. 지금까지 남생이의 분포현황 및 서식처 복원 등 남생이의 증식・복원을 위한 다양한 연구 들이 진행되었고, 교잡종, 종 식별, 계통진화학적 기원 등 분 자 수준의 연구가 이루어졌다. 그러나 아직까지 한국에 서식 하는 남생이 집단과 중국 남생이 집단과의 분자유전학적 연 관성에 대해 명확하게 밝혀진 예는 없는 실정이다. 본 연구는 남생이 미토콘드리아 DNA (mitochondrial DNA, mtDNA) cytochrome b(CYTB) 유전자를 이용하여 한국 남생이 집단 과 중국 남생이 집단의 mtDNA 다형성과 계통구조를 비교 하고, 동아시아 집단들과의 계통 유연관계를 밝히기 위하여 수행하였다. 남생이의 꼬리, 등갑, 혈액 등에서 genomic DNA를 추출하였고, CYTB 유전자 서열을 분석하였다. 남 생이 집단의 계통 유연관계를 확인하기 위해 기존에 해외에 서 보고된 남생이의 CYTB 서열도 분석에 이용하였다. 한국 남생이 집단(n=47)의 haplotype을 분석한 결과, 총 6가지 haplotype (Kor01-Kor06)으로 구분되었고, 대부분 Kor01 (n=19)과 Kor03 (n=23) haplotype에 포함되었다. 중국 남 생이 집단(n=40)도 6가지 haplotype (Chi01- Chi06)으로 나 뉘며, 30개체의 CYTB 서열이 Chi01에서 발견되었다. 한국 과 중국의 남생이들을 모두 함께 분석한 결과에서 CYTB 유전자 서열(n=87)은 7가지 haplotype (KChi01-KChi07) 으로 구분되었고, KChi01 (n=53)과 KChi03 (n=23)에서 많 은 개체들이 포함되었다. 동아시아 남생이의 CYTB 유전자 서열(n=226) 전체는 총 6가지 hapotype (Hap01-Hap06)으 로 구분되었다. 한국, 중국, 일본의 남생이 집단에서는 각각 4개의 haplotype이 있었으며, 대만 집단에서는 3개의 haplotype이 확인되었다. 중국 남생이 집단은 Hap01, Hap02, Hap04, Hap05에 포함되었고, Hap01이 85.0% (n=34)의 높은 빈도를 보였다. 한국 남생이 집단은 Hap01, Hap03, Hap04, Hap05에 포함되었고, Hap03에서 51.0% (n=24)로 높은 빈도를 보였다. 동아시아 남생이 집단의 CYTB 서열들 간의 유전적 거리지수는 0.0009-0.0212 사이 에 있는 것으로 나타났다. 동아시아 남생이 집단에서 발견 된 6가지 haplotype 중에서 한국 남생이의 CYTB 서열만으 로 구성된 haplotype은 확인되지 않았다. 반면, 한국의 남생 이가 다수 포함된 Hap03에서 중국 남생이의 CYTB 서열이 전혀 발견되지 않은 점은 한국 집단과 중국 집단이 지리적 으로 격리되어 진화한 결과로 추정되며, 현생 남생이에 대 한 한국 고유 집단과 중국 고유 집단을 나누는 기준이 될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. 동아시아 남생이 집단에서 발견 된 mtDNA CYTB 서열의 haplotype들과 근연종의 CYTB 서열의 NJ tree 분지 양상에서, 동아시아 남생이 집단의 6개 의 haplotype들은 Hap04와 Hap05를 포함하는 하나의 cluster(A1)와 Hap01, Hap02, Hap03, Hap06을 포함하는 또 다른 cluster (A2)로 구분되었다. A2 cluster는 동아시아 남생이 집단의 대부분의 서열(n=215)을 포함하여 95.1%의 높은 빈도를 보였다. 동아시아 남생이 집단의 haplotype의 분포를 살펴보면, 전체적으로 국가별 남생이들이 서로 혼재 되는 경향을 보이지만, 각 국가별로 다수의 서열을 포함하 는 haplotype은 서로 구분되는 양상을 나타내었고, 남생이 집단의 6개의 haplotype들은 계통수 상에서 모두 단계통적 인 양상을 보이는 것으로 보아, 하나의 선조집단에서 진화 한 집단들로 판단되며, 추가적인 이동과 지리적인 격리 이 후 지역 내 진화과정을 거친 것으로 추정된다. 결과적으로 현재 한국의 남생이 집단은 우리나라 고유집단으로 추정되 는 것과 외부에서 유입된 것으로 추정되는 집단이 공존하고 있다고 판단된다. 한국을 비롯한 동아시아 남생이 집단의 mtDNA CYTB 유전자 서열을 토대로 유전적 다양성 및 계 통 유연관계를 분석한 결과 동아시아 남생이 집단은 진화과 정을 통해 유전적으로 모계가 다양한 개체가 서식하고 있다 고 판단된다. 비록 분석에 이용한 서열이 일부 지역에 편중 되어 있다는 한계가 있지만, 이번 연구에서 분석한 유전자 서열과 유전적 다양성 및 계통 유연관계는 향후 남생이의 보존 및 유전적 특성을 이용한 모계 분석 등에 유용한 정보 를 제공할 것이라 생각된다. 다양한 서식지에서 수집된 충 분한 수의 남생이를 대상으로 mtDNA의 다른 유전자 서열 이나 핵 DNA marker 등을 이용한 추가적인 분석이 이루어 진다면, 한국, 중국, 대만, 일본 등 동아시아 남생이의 모계 유전 및 계통 유연관계를 보다 명확히 해석할 수 있을 것으 로 기대된다.

This study was carried out to investigate the bat (Chiroptera) fauna in Jeju Island. Bat distribution has been monitored for last eleven years (since July 2006 to April 2016). We visited and survey the bat distribution in fifteen natural lava tubes, three sea caves, nineteen artificial cave encampments constructed during 20th century, five natural forest regions nearby Hallasan (eco-corridors) and one sea-shore area. Bat specimens were also confirmed at two local museums in Jeju Island. From the present study, we found 9 species of 6 genera belong to 3 families, which was quitely different from the records had previously described in Jeju Island since 1928. Five species (Rhinolophus ferrumequium, Myotis bombinus, Myotis rufoniger, Myotis macrodactylus and Miniopterus schreibersi) were commonly found to live in lava tubes and cave enforcements. But only Rhinolophus ferrumequium was found in a sea cave and five species including Murina leucogaster and Pipistrellus abramus were found in eco-corridors. Myotis aurascens were only observed in the cave enforcements. We have also confirmed the existence of specimens, including Tadarida insignis, stored at the local museums. From the results of this study, we actually could not found the remaining seven species (Hypsugo savii, Miniopterus fuscus, Myotis mystacinus, Myotis ikonnikovi, Myotis branditii, Myotis petax and Pipistrellus endoi). From the investigation of bat species, Myotis rufoniger which is known as one of endangered species were detected in four different locations including two lava tubes, one forest region, and one cave enforcement. This is the first time of finding for Myotis rufoniger in the artificial architecture. In addition, one of rare finding species Myotis bombinus in Korean Peninsula, which were found in several lava tubes and cave enforcements, in some cases they were observed in the large population over one-hundred individuals. The Tube-nosed bat (Murina leucogaster) was discovered for the first time through this study in 2009, which was found in the mountainous forest regions nearby Hallasan in summer season. Interestingly, Myotis aurascens were also discovered firstly in spring season of 2015. Myotis aurascens were discovered three locations of cave enforcements but the localities were restricted only in the western region of Jeju Island. Using the bat specimens fo Myotis aurascens collected from three different locations, we tried to examine the morphometric and phylogenetic relationship among the records in the East Asia. The bat population of Jeju Island had smaller levels of HBL and Hfcu, but greater levels of TL, EL, FAL, and Tra than those of the Korean Peninsula population. Jeju bats had wide range in the lengths of FAL and Hfcu comparing to those of European bats. From the bimonthly monitoring to each finding site, we have actually failed to observe those again, estimating that they use those CEs as the daily-roosting place in activating seasons. The sequences of CYTB and COI genes showed identical sequences among Jeju Myotis aurascens bats tested, indicating that they are maternally related. The results from molecular phylogeny showed that the sequences of these bats located on the same branch with those for Myotis aurascens in the phylogenetic trees. Besides, the nucleotide sequences of the Jeju Myotis aurascens bats showed the closest relation with those of Korean Peninsula. Consequently, these findings indicate that the bats of Myotis aurascens, verified the natural distribution in Jeju Island, have originated from a single maternal origin and differences in morphological and genetic backgrounds form those of Korean Peninsula and the other countries, and had probably immigrated via Korean Peninsula from the northwest. The results of this study showed that it should be carried out to reconstruct the bat fauna and to reveal the natural habitation status of each species in this island in the future. In addition, these findings will contribute as basic information for understanding the migration history and biogeographic relationship of bats in East Asia, and for planning the conservation and management programs of the wildlife in Jeju Island.

동절기에 제주도 지역에서 도래하는 떼까마귀의 유전적 특성과 집단 간 유연관계를 구명하기 위해, 미토콘드리아 COI 유전자 서열의 다형성에 기반한 모계 계통 구조와 계통 유연관계를 분석하였다. 떼까마귀 DNA는 우도와 제주도 내에서 발견된 깃털과 사체 시료에서 분리하였다. 결정된 COI 서열들(n=41)은 떼까마귀(Corvus frugilegus)에서 기존 에 보고된 서열들과 97.0% 이상 일치하였다. 제주도 떼까마귀 COI 서열들은 3가지 haplotype(J01-J03)으로 구분되었으 나 지역-특이적인 양상을 보이지 않아, 이들이 하나의 모계 기원에서 유래한 집단임을 알 수 있었다. 떼까마귀 전체 COI 서열에서 8개의 COI haplotype들이 발견되었다. 이 중 3가지 haplotype들은 러시아 동부, 몽골, 한국 등 동북아시 아의 COI 서열들을 포함하였고, 나머지 5가지는 중앙아시아, 중동아시아, 러시아 서부, 유럽국가의 떼까마귀에서 발견 되었다. 계통수 상에서 떼까마귀의 COI 서열들은 측소적 종분화 단계인 2아종, C. f. frugilegus와 C. f. pastinator인 2개의 모계 계통으로 뚜렷하게 구분되었다. DNA barcoding 분석을 통한 연구결과는 모계 계통의 구조, 계통 유연관계 및 분자생태를 이해하는 데 중요한 정보를 제공할 것이다.