득량만에서 발생되는 수괴의 연직 구조의 변동을 역학적으로 규명하기 위하여 Simpson and Hunter(1974)와 Simpson and Bowers(1981)의 에너지식을 이용하여 수괴의 연직 환합과 관련된 바람, 태양 그리고 조류 에너지를 계산하여 보았다. 그 결과 바람에너지에 비하여 태양 에너지와 조류에너지가 약 10배 종도 큼을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 태양 에너지의 경우 관측 기간 동안 큰 변동이 없는 반면 조류의 경우 대조기와 소조기대의 에너지가 약 10배 정도 차이가 남을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 결과로 미루어 볼 때 하계 득량만의 수괴의 연직 구조변동은 대.소조기 변동에 따른 조류의 세기에 의하여 결정됨을 잘 알 수 있었다. 그리고 태풍에 의한 에너지의 변동을 살펴보기 위하여 Fujita의 경험적인 태풍 모델을 도입하여 태풍이 득량만의 좌측과 우측을 통과할 때의 에너지의 변동을 살펴보았다. 그 결과 태풍 에너지는 조류 에너지의 크기와 매우 비슷하며 특히 대조기때의 조류 에너지의 크기와 매우 유사함을 알 수 있었다. 여기서 주목되는 것은 득량만에서 연직 혼합을 일으키는 10-15m/sec의 바람 에너지의 크기와 30-40cm/sec 세기의 조류가 가지고 있는 조류에너지의 크기가 매우 비슷함을 알 수 있다. 따라서 득량만의 경우 조류에 의한 수괴의 연직 혼합의 세기는 태풍 에너지와 거의 비슷함을 알 수 있다. 이러한 결과를 미루어 볼 때 대조기때의 득량만의 조류 에너지는 거의 태풍 통과시 바람 에너지와 거의 비슷함을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 연구는 Simpson(1981)의 결과와도 매우 유사하게 나타났다.

Using a numerical model, the tidal phenomena in the Korea Straits were studied. The co-tidal and co-range charts of the main four tidal components of M2, S2, K1 and O1, were made. The tidal range for M2 tide in the southern coast is more than 200cm, and as going to the Japan Sea it abruptly decreased to only few centimeters around the amphidromic point which locates at the southern part of the Japan Sea. And the overall features of the other tides are similar to the M2 tide. Each calculated charts were relatively coincided with those of observed tide by Ogura(1933). For storm surge, the typhoon Thelma in July, 1987, was modelled. The water level by the pressure and wind under the elimination of the tidal effects shows the anti-clockwise rotation and the valid concentric contour around the typhoon center. As the typhoon approaches to the Japan Sea the water level of the eastern coast of Korea is smaller than that of the southern coast which has over 50㎝surge due to the shallow depth. The entire features of water level were comparatively coincident with the observed.

The intertidal zone has both land and marine characteristics and shows complex weather environments. These characteristics are suited for studying climate change, energy balance and ecosystems, and may play an important role in coastal and marine weather prediction and analysis. This study was conducted at Odo Island, approximately 300m from the mainland in Yeosu. We built a weather observation system capable of real-time monitoring on the mud flat in the intertidal zone and measured actual weather and marine data. Weather observation was conducted from April to June 2022. The results showed changes in air temperature and water temperature with changes in the tide level during spring. Correlation analysis revealed characteristic changes in air temperature and water temperature during the day and night, and with inundation and exposure.

To understand the changes in physical parameters and phytoplankton size structure caused by tides, a fixed station in the Youngsan River estuary was monitored at 2-h intervals, on April 28, 2012 and August 12, 2012. No clear relationship was observed between the temperature and salinity changes and tidal levels in April. However, in August, temperature decreased during the ebb tide and increased during the flood tide, while salinity showed the opposite trend. In addition, there was no specific change in the phytoplankton biomass corresponding to tidal levels in April. In August, the total chlorophyll a and the biomass of net phytoplankton (>20μm ) increased almost 20 times during the ebb tide and decreased during the flood tide. The biomass of nanophytoplankton (<20μm ) showed a similar variation in response to tidal level changes. In April, the relationship between percent contributions of phytoplankton size structure and tidal levels was not clear. In August, the net phytoplankton was dominant in the early stage and nanophytoplankton was dominant in the later stage, while contribution of nanophytoplankton and net phytoplankton increased at high tide and low tide, respectively. Therefore, in April, other factors such as freshwater discharge were more important than the tide, whereas in August, when no freshwater discharge was recorded, the changes in semidiurnal tides influenced the physical parameters and phytoplankton dynamics. These results could contribute to the understanding of phytoplankton dynamics in the Youngsan River estuary.

The rising spate of piracy in Nigeria’s territorial waters has become a burden on the economic development of the country. It has adversely affected the exportation of crude oil, which is the mainstay of the country’s economy. Pirates target and hijack vessels carrying oil and gas, thus reducing the revenue accruable to the country from selling these resources. Piracy also affects the fishing industry which is another source of revenue to the country. Nigeria, as an import dependent country, relies on the importation of finished goods, and this is seriously affected by piracy. This study briefly examines the root causes of piracy in Nigeria. Further, the study interrogates the effects of piracy, identifies the challenges in the suppression of the crime and proffers suggestions toward suppressing the crime in the country. Against this backdrop, the study argues, among other things, that an expansive definition of piracy is key in the fight against this maritime crime in Nigeria, because the present legal regime is restrictive and limited in scope, thus, it does not reflect the modern piratical acts. More importantly, Nigeria must criminalise piracy in its domestic law in other to police its territorial waters, capture and prosecute pirates in its local courts.

최근 기후변화로 인한 단시간의 집중호우와 돌발홍수의 증가로 도심지역의 침수피해가 빈번하게 발생하고 있다. 특히, 내륙에 위치한 도시지역과는 달리 해안에 접해있는 해안도시지역은 하천연장이 짧고, 급경사로 인하여 조위에 따라 홍수위가 크게 영향을 받기 때문에 동일한 강우라도 피해규모가 더 큰 특성을 가진다. 국내의 대표적인 해안지역인 창원시(구 마산)의 경우 2012년 9월 태풍 산바(Sanba)로 인해 상당한 침수피해와 인명피해가 발생하였다. 당시 최대 일강우량은 65mm로 창원시 하수관거의 설계강우량(258mm) 보다 훨씬 적었음에도 불구하고 많은 인명 및 재산 피해가 발생하였다. 이는 태풍의 남해안 상륙시각과 만조위(최대 265cm)가 겹치면서 도시의 배수시스템이 정상적으로 작동하지 못하였고, 이로 인해 심각한 침수피해가 발생하였다. 본 연구에서는 2차원 도시범람해석 모형인 XP-SWMM 모형을 이용하여 창원시(구 마산)내의 장군천 배수구역을 대상으로 빈도-지속기간별 강우와 조위의 영향을 고려한 침수모의를 수행하였다. 그 결과 AR4 기후변화 시나리오에 따른 목표기간별 발생 빈도와 지속기간이 증가함에 따라 침수피해가 가중되는 것을 알 수 있었다.

Long-term change in sea level along the eastern coast of Korea was illustrated using four tide-gauge station (Pohang, Mukho, Sokcho, Ulleung) data, water temperature and salinity. Seasonal variation in the sea level change was dominant. The sea level change by steric height derived from water temperature and salinity was relatively lower than that measured from the tide-gauge stations. Sea level rising rate per year by steric height increased with latitude. The effect of salinity(water temperature) on the sea level change is greater in winter(in summer).

최근 기후변화로 인한 집중호우와 돌발홍수로 인한 도심지의 침수피해가 빈번하게 발생하고 있다. 특히, 인구밀도와 자산가치가 높은 도시지역에서는 침수에 따른 피해규모가 크기 때문에 이를 방지하기 위한 대책마련 등이 요구되고 있다. 이러한 도시지역 중 내륙에 위치한 도시지역과 달리 해안과 접해있는 연안 도시지역은 하천연장이 짧고 경사가 급하여, 조위에 따라 홍수위가 달라지기에 동일한 강우라도 피해가 크게 발생하는 특성을 가진다. 대표적 연안 도시인 창원(구 마산)시의 경우 지난 2003년 9월 태풍 매미로 인해 상당한 침수피해 및 인명 피해가 발생하였다. 당시 일강우량은 157mm로 창원시 하수관거의 설계강우량보다 낮았고, 창원기상관측소 확률강우량과 비교하였을 때 3년 빈도로 극단적으로 많은 호우는 아니었다. 하지만, 태풍 상륙 당시 호우와 함께 남해안의 만조 시각과 겹쳐 태풍에 의한 해일은 예측치를 훨씬 뛰어넘는 최대 439cm 에 달하여 피해가 발생하였다. 이는 단순히 집중호우 하나의 재해 요인에 따른 피해가 아닌 집중호우 발생시 만조위까지 영향을 미친 복합적인 재해발생에 의한 피해로 볼수 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 1차원 도시범람해석 모형인 XP-SWMM 모형을 이용하여 2003년 9월 태풍 매미의 영향을 받아 침수피해가 발생한 마산지역 배수유역에서의 침수범람 모의를 수행하고, 유역 하류지점에서 만조위가 발생하는 경우와 발생하지 않는 경우의 유출량을 분석하여 조위의 발생 여부가 유출 및 침수에 얼마나 영향을 주는지 분석하여보았다.

Ground seawater quality was investigated, and the algal growth potential (AGP) tests were performed along the Tongyeong coast to examine the inflow of materials, which is needed for the red tide species Cochlodinium polykrikoides to grow. The study was conducted to determine the mechanism for C. polykrikoidesred tides. Water temperature, salinity, pH, and dissolved oxygen (DO) ranged from 16.05 to 20.74°C, 18.20 to 32.11 psu, 6.00 to 7.61, and 3.41 to 7.91 mg/L (41.4– 96.1%), respectively. No seasonal variation was observed in water temperature. The salinity, pH, and DO saturations at most stations were lower than those of coastal seawater at Tongyeong. The NH4 +-N, NO2+3 --N, PO4 3--P concentrations ranged from 0.43 to 16.00μM, 1.50 to 132.38μM, and 1.30 to 6.29μM, respectively; the values at some stations were much higher than observed in Tongyeong coast seawater. Using seawater from station B, C. polykrikoides grew consistently, with a high growth rate, similar to the red tide in nature. This seawater appeared to contain materials needed by C. polykrikoides to grow. Therefore, C. polykrikoides red tides seem to occur wherever the ground sea water contains materials that are needed for its growth.

최근water front나 자연형 하천의 개발이 많아지는 가운데 해안에 인접한 하천설계에 있어 일반적으로 기점 홍수위가 만조 시 수위보다 높게 계산되면 조석의 영향을 고려하지 않고 기점 홍수위만으로 수리해석을 하는 경우가 대부분이다. 그러나 본 연구는 기점 홍수위가 만조 시 수위 보다 높더라도 밀려오는 조류의 영향으로 하천 기점 홍수위의 변화를 야기시킬 수 있을 것이라 판단하여 부산의 지방하천인 온천천이 조석현상에 의해 어떤 흐름의 변화가 발생하는지를 Delft-3D를 이용하여 분석하였다. 수치해석 결과 하류 경계조건에 조석영향을 고려하였을 경우 하천의 일정범위까지 수위가 조석의 주기성을 나타내었고 하천 상류방향으로 수위 변동범위가 확대되었다.

Eco-physiological research and the control of Cochlodinium polykrikoides was carried out to elucidate eco-physiological characteristics of red tide organism through culture experiment depending on the condition of photon irradiance. Oxygen consumption of C. polykrikoides was high with a value of 1.12mg/L/hr in the dark compared with that of 0.13mg/L/hr at 100μEm-2s-1. DO values in a circular chamber with the lapse of time in seawater containing C. polykrikoides were declined in the dark period. DO values of seawater containing C. polykrikoides in the dark were declined from 7.01mg/L to 2.65mg/L in 30cm depth and from 7.01mg/L to 6.63mg/L in 5cm depth depending on the depth of circular culture vessel. Olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus and file fish, Stephanolepis cirrhifer exposed to Cochlodinium showed the separation of the lamella epithelium from gill filament, which disrupted the respiratory process at the gill level.

To investigate the influence of water area calmness on the red tide development, runoff phenomena due to antecedent precipitation of red tide development day were analyzed. There were examined the water quality variation properties at about the same time of the red tide develop. The red tide was developed when the stage and discharge nearly had not changed. It was estimated that the stability of particle behavior in the mouth of river effected on the red tide develop. Also, the concentrations of CODMn were increased about 241~629% when the red tide developed.

Large scale of loess has been applied on the south sea shore of the Korean peninsula to treat red tides, due to many fishery's devastation by red tides every year. However, coastal ecosystem is ruined by the huge amount of loess applied every year. Almost all creatures, living under water such as sea weeds, clams, and fishes, where loess was applied, are disappearing. In this paper, alternative methods of the loess application are investigated. The amount of loess could be reduced by the alternative methods. Especially, loess mixed with calcium oxide has excellent effects to reduce Cochlodinium polykrikoides numbers. It was found that when loess is used with calcium oxide(CaO), removal efficiency of red tides is highly increased. Moreover, the amount of loess could be reduced dramatically.