The purpose of this study was to investigate the treatment effect of three interventions on the disuse atrophy of rat hindlimb after two weeks suspension. Forty-eight 11~12 weeks old female Sprague-Dawley white rats were divided into four intervention groups: 1) suspension only (S; n=10), 2) intensive weight bearing treadmill (IWBT; n=10), 3) electrical stimulation (ES; n=9), 4) 2)+3) (ES/IWBT; n=9). Another 10 rats received no intervention or hindlimb suspension and served as controls (C). After the interventions, 1) the cross-sectional area (CSA), 2) the ratio of white muscle fiber composition (WMFC), 3) isometric tetanic tension (ITT), and 4) muscle weights (MWs) were measured from the four calf muscle specimens. The results were as follows: 1. In all intervention groups, the CSAs of medial and lateral gastrocnemius (MG LG), soleus (SOL), and flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) decreased when compared to the control (C) group (p<.05). The CSA increased in FDS and LG for the IWBT group, in SOL for the ES/IWBT group compared to the S only group (p<.05). 2. The ratios of WMFC in MG, LG, SOL, and FDS increased compared to the C group for all interventions (p<.05). The ratios of WMFC decreased in SOL and LG for the IWBT group, in SOL for the ES/IWBT group compared to the S only group, and decreased in SOL for the ES/IWBT group compared to the IWBT group (p<.05). 3. The ITT in the MG, LG, SOL, and FDS decreased compared to the C group for all interventions (p<.05). The ITT increased in MG LG/FDS, SOL, and the whole calf muscles (WCMs) in the IWBT, ES and ES/IWBT groups compared to the S only group (p<.05). 4. The MWs in MG LG/FDS, SOL, WCMs decreased compared to the C group for all interventions (p<.05). The MWs increased in MG LG/FDS and WCMs for the IWBT group, in SOL for the ES group, and in SOL for the ES/IWBT group compared to the S only group (p<.05). 5. In atrophied muscles, the IWBT group showed the best recovery and the ES/IWBT and ES groups followed in decreasing order. The most susceptible muscle to disuse atrophy was the SOL. But conversely, it showed the best recovery in the ES/IWBT group. After two weeks of hindlimb suspension, the calf muscles of rats atrophied and their isometric tension decreased. These changes were best reversed by hindlimb-focused treadmill activity. The next best results were achieved by electrical stimulation combined with the treadmill followed by only electrical stimulation. These findings indicate that full weight bearing treadmill activity alone or in combination with electrical stimulation are effective treatments for non-weight bearing induced muscle atrophy. Further study of the effect of different intensities of electrical stimulation and variations in the duration period of full weight bearing treadmill activity on disuse atrophy is recommended.

In general, issues of crime and criminals are the utmost social problems everywhere in the world. In particular, the recidivism is one of the most important aspects of crime problem. Increases in recidivists can be accounted for by the failures of the programs provided by the correctional facilities to rehabilitate the inmates, while they serve the imposed sentence. It is the career training program that can function as a means to attack the issue of recidivism, because having chances to work in the community will prevent criminals from their inclination to engage in illegal activities. Based on this understanding, this study aims to find ways to provide best career training programs within the facilities. In order to do this, the historical development of the prison career training programs is first introduced. At the same time, current career training programs for the inmates are reviewed. And finally it gives constructive insights to maximize the efficiency of the programs for the career development of the inmates.

In the real environment, it is very limited for the trainees to participate the effective training using actual training equipments by themselves and also to simulate several hazard situations for safety because of the direct exposure to the hazards of the actual system. But the virtual environment(VE) can help the trainees to get the effective training participating by themselves and to simulate all kind of possible situation without the exposure to the hazards of the actual system. In this paper, the new developed VE system for safety training is introduced. The system is more effective and economic one than the other system developed in Japan.

본 연구에서는 제주대학교 실습선 아라호(G/T : 990tons)의 조종 성능을 파악하기 위하여 2000년 8월과 2001년 5월에 2회에 걸쳐 제주항 북방 3마일 해상에서 조타에 의한 선회성과 추종성 등의 조종성능을 실시한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 부표 방위반법으로 측정한 선회권의 크기에서 선회종거는 우현선회시가 198m, 좌현선회시가 192m로서 좌현선회시가 우현선회시보다 6m 작았으며, 또한, 선회경의 크기는 우현선회시가 194m, 좌현선회시가 188m로서 좌현선회시가 우현선회시 보다 6m 작았다. 2. DGPS 측위에 의한 선회권의 크기에서 선회종거는 우현선회시가 196m, 좌현선회시가 194m로서 좌현선회시가 우현선회시보다 2m 작았다. 또한, 선회경의 크기는 우현선회시가 194m, 좌현선회시 190m로서 좌현선회시가 우현선회시보다 4m 작았다. 3. 신조 시운전시 부표 방위반법에 의해 측정한 선회권의 크기와 2001년 5월에 DGPS 측위에 의하여 측정한 선회권의 크기를 비교해 본 결과, 선회종거는 DGPS 측위에 의한 선회권이 신조시운전시 선회종거보다 우현선회시가 1m 컸으며, 좌현선회시가 21m 작았다. 또한, 선회경의 크기는 우현선회시 16m, 좌현선회시 23m 작았다. 4. 선속 13k't로 전속 전진중 타각 35˚로 좌현 또는 우현으로 전타 했을 때 선회각 180˚에서 선속이 7.8k't이고 360˚선회시는 6.0k't가 되었으며, 소요 시간은 좌현선회시가 150초, 우현선회시가 156sec로 좌현선회시가 우현선회시보다 6초 짧았으며, 선회평균 각속도는 좌현선회시가 2.4˚/sec, 우현선회시가 2.3˚/sec였다. 5. 타각 10˚, 20˚, 30˚ Z시험에서 선회성지수 K와 추종성지수 T는 각 각 선회성지수는 1.24, 1.45, 1.65였으며, 추종성지수는 각 각 0.33, 0.20, 0.14가 되어 30˚인 경우가 10˚, 20˚ Z시험에서 보다 선회성지수 K는 크고, 추종성지수 T는 작아서 대각도 조타일 때가 소각도 조타일 때 보다 조종성능이 양호하였다.

In the real environment, it is very limited for the trainees to participate the effective training using actual training equipments by themselves and also to simulate several hazard situations for safety because of the direct exposure to the hazards of the actual system. But the virtual environment(VE) can help the trainees to get the effective training participating by themselves and to simulate all kind of possible situation without the exposure to the hazards of the actual system. In this paper, the nor· developed VE system for safety training is introduced. The system is more effective and economic one than the other system developed in Japan.

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of transfer of training approach on cognitive function and functional recovery and the difference in the stroke patterns of adult stroke patients with affected cognitive function. Twenty stroke patients were participated ; 8 males and 12 females, the age ranged from 34 to 73. By the classification of diagnosis, 10 subjects were cerebral infarction and 10 subjects were cerebral hemorrhage, by the classification of affected side, 11 Rt hemiplegic patients, 9 Lt hemiplegic patients who were above at least post onset 2 month to a year. It was evaluated and analyzed pre and post treatment with MMSE and FIM, and the method of transfer of training approach was practiced every 30 min a day for a month. The data were analyzed by t-test and one way ANOVA. The results of this study were as follows: 1. There was significant in the effect of transfer of training approach on cognitive function of stroke patinets. 2. There was significant in the effect of transfer of training approach on functional recovery of stroke patients. 3. There was a significant difference in the effect of treatment in the group of cerebral infarction.

This study addresses the effects of treadmill training on hyperextended knee and cadence in patients with hemiplegia. A single subject research design with multiple baselines across individuals was used for the study. Two patients with hemiplegia participated in the experiment. The experiment consisted of interventions where the patients were asked to ambulate for 15 minutes at a comfortable walking speed on the treadmill with 11% slope grade and were allowed to rest for 10 minutes. Patients, then, were asked to ambulated 20 meters at walkway. The number of occurrences of knee hyperextension and the total number of steps were recorded. The results showed that the occurrence of knee hyperextension decreased by approximately 30% after the first session of the treadmill training and continued to gradually decrease during the following sets of treadmill training. Meanwhile, there was a slight increase in the cadence to a negligible extent. These results suggest that the gait training on the sloped treadmill may be helpful for correcting the knee hyperextension in patients with hemiplegia.

북한인들에게 현시점에서 통일이 되었을 경우, 효율적인 시장경제 · 경영/교육을 통하여 시장경제에 적응할 뿐만 아니라 그 원리를 적용하여 창조적이고 혁신적인 기업가 정신을 발휘, "기업이 고객을 만족시킴으로써 얻은 이윤은 정당한 것이며 그것은 또한 기업의 사회적 책임이다"라는 사실을 터득케하는 방안을 모색하는 것이 본 논문의 목적이다. 따라서 먼저 사상 · 정치 우선의 북한사회구조의 고유 특성과 "주체형" 인간개조사업으로 특이한 인간상을 갖게 된 북한인들에게 맞는 교육/훈련방안 모형을 만들기 위해, 사회주의 경영특성을 파악하고, 나아가 시장경제 · 경영교육사례연구로 미국의 對 알바니아 사례, 통일 독일의 동독기업지원사례, 일본의 對러시아 사례, 조총련계 조선대학교수에 의한 김일성대학의 사례 등 5개 사례를 현지 조사 및 면접을 통하여 심층적으로 분석, 가칭 「북한 시장경제 · 경영교육/훈련 지원단」 과 「북한 기업지원센터」 를 설립하고 두 기관을 중심으로 북한에서의 시장경제 · 경영교육/훈련에 필요한 교과과정 및 기업 지원을 할 수 있는 방안의 모형을 제시하고자 하였다.

With the advent of the internet era, web-based virtual training system is gaining its importance in recent years. Because of the fact that the training can take place in any place and at any time, the virtual system is now replacing many of the conventional off-line classes. Hardware environments such as communication bandwidth and computer performance gets fast enough to accommodate the virtual education. Based on the observations on current virtual training system, this paper proposes three critical design rules required when developing a new virtual training system: i) With conceptual mapping, the menu hierarchy can be organized in a clear-cut manner, ii) Extensive use of multimedia tools can help students keep their attention to the lecture materials, and iii) Provision of interaction mechanisms helps students to gain their identity and motivation.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of ‘knowledge of results’ on wrist proprioceptive training in three persons with poststroke hemiplegia who had no unilateral spatial neglect on MVPT and had adequate cognition on MMSE-K. A single subject design with multiple baseline across individuals was employed. Each subject participated daily in the 10-15 minutes' wrist proprioceptive training for the affected wrist with ‘knowledge of results’ which informed the subjects of their wrist position verbally or visually as feedback. The proprioception was measured as average frequency and percentage of the correct responses on the wrist proprioceptive test in the affected side using apparatus of researcher’s own design and SoloSystem. The measurements were repeated three times; baseline, immediately, and 30 minutes after the training. The results were as follow: 1.　During the baseline period, the number of average correct responses in three subjects were: S1 7.20(36.00%), S2 7.25(36.25%), and S3 10.58(52.92%) respectively. 2.　Immediately after the training, the number of average correct responses in three subjects were: S1 14.07(69.67%), S2 12.83(64.17%), and S3 15.63 (78.13%) respectively. 3. Thirty minutes after the training, the number of average correct responses in three subjects were: S1 15.53(77.67%), S2 14.25(71.25%), S3 6.38(81.88%) respectively. 4. All the three subjects showed more correct responses in wrist proprioceptive tests at wrist flexion 60°and extension 60°during both the baseline and the training period. They also showed the highest improvement of correct response at neutral wrist position. These results indicated that ‘knowledge of results’ had positive effects on improving and maintaining the wrist proprioception of affected wrists in persons with poststroke hemiplegia. Effect of such improvement on the functional aspect of stroke-affected upper extremity remains to be evaluated in the later study.

The purpose of this study was to find a more effective balance training method. The subjects of this study were 14 children with cerebral palsy (7 males, 7 females) being treated at Seran Pediatric Developmental Research Center in Taegu. Two groups of children with cerebral palsy (everyday trained group, every-other-day trained group) were evaluated with visual & auditory feedback. Evaluation and training device was Balance Performance Monitor (BPM) Dataprint Software Version 5.3. There was statistically significant difference of the balance score between the pre-and the post-training in both group (p<.05), but there was no difference of the balance score between two groups (p<.05). In conclusion, it is likely that the visual and auditory feedback in children with cerebral palsy was effective in improving standing balance, but there was no difference between everyday trained group and every-other-day trained group.

The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of exercise training on the strength and balance ability of the elderly. The results of this study are: 1) After 8 weeks exercise training, knee muscle strength showed a significant increment. 2) After exercise training, forward functional reach and balance index of KAT 2000 showed a significant increment. Results indicate that strengthening exercise can result in improved muscle strength and balance in the elderly. Further studies are required to show long-term effects of exercise training on the elderly.