We focus on the improvement of accuracy of sea surface wind over complex coastal area during the warm season. Local Analysis Prediction System (LAPS) was used to improve the initial values in Mesoscale Meteorological model (MM5). During the clear summer days with weak wind speed, sea surface wind simulated with LAPS was compared with the case without LAPS. The results of modeling with LAPS has a good agreement mesoscale circulation such as mountain and valley winds on land and in case of modeling without LAPS, wind speed overestimated over the sea in the daytime. And the results of simulation with LAPS indicated similar wind speed values to observational data over the sea under influence of data assimilation using BUOY, QuikSCAT, and AMEDAS. The present study suggests that MM5 modelling with LAPS showed more improved results than that of without LAPS to simulate sea surface wind over the complex coastal area.

The southeastern coastal area of the Korean peninsula has a complex terrain including an irregular coastline and moderately high mountains. This implies that mesoscale circulations such as mountain-valley breeze and land-sea breeze can play an important role in wind field and ocean forcing. In this study, to improve the accuracy of complex coastal wind field(surface wind and sea surface wind), we carried out the sensitivity experiments based on PBL schemes in PSU/NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5), which is being used in the operational system at Korea Meteorological Administration. Four widely used PBL parameterization schemes in sensitivity experiments were chosen: Medium-Range Forecast (MRF), High-resolution Blackadar, Eta, and Gayno-Seaman scheme. Thereafter, case(2004. 8. 26 - 8. 27) of weak-gradient flows was simulated, and the time series and the vertical profiles of the simulated wind speed and wind direction were compared with those of hourly surface observations (AWS, BUOY) and QuikSCAT data. In the simulated results, the strength of wind speed of all schemes was overestimated in complex coastal regions, while that of about four different schemes was underestimated in islands and over the sea. Sea surface wind using the Eta scheme showed the highest wind speed over the sea and its distribution was similar to the observational data. Horizontal distribution of the simulated wind direction was very similar to that of real observational data in case of all schemes. Simulated and observed vertical distribution of wind field was also similar under boundary layer(about 1 km), however the simulated wind speed was underestimated in upper layer.

In this study, we focused on the improvements in the simulation of sea surface wind over the complex coastal area. MM5 model being currently used to predict sea surface wind at Korea Meteorological Administration, was used to verify the accuracy to estimate the local wind field. A case study was performed on clear days with weak wind speed(4 m/s), chosen by the analysis of observations. The model simulations were conducted in the southeastern area of Korea during the selected periods, and observational data such as AWS, buoy and QuikSCAT were used to compare with the calculated wind components to investigate if simulated wind field could follow the tendency of the real atmospheric wind field. Results showed that current operational model, MM5, does not estimate accurately sea surface wind and the wind over the coastal area. The calculated wind speed was overestimated along the complex coastal regions but it was underestimated in islands and over the sea. The calculated diurnal changes of wind direction could not follow well the tendency of the observed wind, especially at nighttime. In order to exceed the limitations, data assimilation with high resolution data and more specificated geographical information is expected as a next best policy to estimate accurately the environment of local marine wind field.

국내산 벤토나이트의 유변학적 특성과 그 규제 요인을 파악하기 위해서 각종 응용광물학적분석과 체표면적, 입도분포, 팽윤도 및 점성도를 측정하였다. 비교적 저품위(몬모릴로나이트 함량:30∼75 wt%)를 이루는 국내산 Ca-형 벤토나이트들은 2∼4 μm의 입도를 갖고 대부분 반자형의 엽상 결정체를 이룬다. 현탁액 상에서 벤토나이트 광물성분들의 입도 분포는 대체로 10∼100 μm 범위에서 높은 빈도를 보이고 전체적으로는 다소 복잡한 이중적인 분포양상을 나타낸다. 이 같은 양상은 제올라이트질 벤토나이트에서 보다 심하게 나타난다. 이 벤토나이트들의 EGME 체표면적은 269∼735 m2/g의 값의 범위를 갖는 것으로 측정되었다 이 체표면적 값은 몬모릴로나이트의 함량, 수분함량 및 CEC 수치와 대체로 정비례하는 관계를 나타낸다. 제올라이트질 벤토나이트가 제올라이트를 함유하지 않는 것보다 전반적으로 약간 높은 체표면적 갈을 갖는다. 국내산 벤토나이트들은 전반적으로 낮은 팽윤도와 점성도를 나타낸다. 2∼5 wt%의 Na2CO3첨가에 의해서 유발된 국내산 벤토나이트들의 팽윤도 향상 최대치는 몬모릴로나이트의 함량과 불순물, 특히 제올라이트의 함유정도에 따라 250∼500%수준인 것으로 측정되었다. Na치환능력이 강한 제올라이트를 함유하는 벤토나이트의 팽윤도 향상에는 좀더 많은 양의 Na2CO3가 소요된다 점성도에 있어서는 장석의 함량이 높고 상대적으로 낮은 입도와 결정도를 갖는 벤토나이트들이 비교적 높은 수치를 보이는 경향이 있다. 또한 현탁액의 pH가 상대적으로 높은 수치를 보이는 시료들이 대체로 점성도가 높은 것으로 나타난다. 그렇지만 벤토나이트의 주요한 유변학적 특성들인 팽윤도와 점성도는 몬모릴로나이트의 함량이나 평균 분산입도와는 뚜렷한 일률적인 상관관계를 보이지 않는 것으로 나타난다. 이에 비해서 팽윤도는 벤토나이트의 광물조성, 표면전하 특성, 입도 및 형상 등의 물리화학적 성향을 포괄하는 체표면적 수치와 대략적으로 반비례적인 관계를 보인다 따라서 벤토나이트 현탁액에서의 유변학적 특성은 몬모릴로나이트의 표면전하 특성, 형태, 입도 및 조직 등의 차이에 의해서 달라지는 점토 입자들의 응집특성 및 취합결정체의 형상에 주로 규제되고, 제올라이트와 같은 미세한 불순 광물성분들의 영향도 부수적으로 관여되는 복합적인 성향인 것으로 해석된다.

Photochemical-Trajectory model was used to understand the production of ozone in the atmospheric boundary layer. This model was composed of the trajectory and the photochemical models. To calculate trajectories of air parcels, winds were obtained from the three-dimensional nonhydrostatic mesoscale model (PSU/NCAR MM5V2), and the results were interpolated into constant height surfaces. Numerical integration in the trajectory model was performed by the Runge-Kutta method. The photochemical model consisted of chemical reactions and photodissociation processes. Chemical equations were integrated by the semi-implicit Bulirsch-Stoer method. We performed our experiments from 21 July to 23 July 1994 during the summer time for Seoul area. During the time of maximum ozone concentration in Seoul, four trajectories of air parcels which traveled from Inchon to Seoul were selected. Ozone concentrations estimated by two models are compared with observed one in Seoul area and the photochemical-trajectory model is better fitted than pure photochemical model. During the selected period, high ozone concentrations in Seoul area were more influenced by transferred pollutants from Inchon than emitted pollutants in Seoul.

The vertical structure of atmosphere was observed to investigate the variation of surface ozone concentration by vertical downward mixing of residual ozone in the atmospheric boundary layer at the Busan coastal area. Airsonde and pilot balloon measurements were made at Gamcheondong and the Kimhae airport for April 26∼27, 1996. The vertical profile of potential temperature showed a residual layer between 510m and 1800m from 2100LST April 26 to 0900LST April 27. The downward mixing of ozone in the residual layer of the atmospheric boundary layer was confirmed from vertical profile of mixing ratio near 600m in the morning. The thickness of the sea breeze layer was 900m at 1500LST April 26. Thereafter, it become to be lowered with time. A low level jet was measured near 900m at 0300LST on April 27 from a pibal measurement. Early morning sharp increase of surface ozone concentration at the Busan coastal area was caused by vertical downward mixing of ozone concentration rather than by photochemical reaction in the atmospheric boundary layer.

This study is on the purpose that the influence caused by noise and shaking through construction works shall be ranged to the fishing species of fishing area of the surface of sea. This study have been performed through analysis of physical effect by the value of noise and shaking test. The resulted purpose of this study has been carried out regarding whether influence factor of the fishing species and others are related or not as per the noise and shaking. For the purpose of the survey of noise and shaking, observances have been performed regarding the direct water surface of fishing area are as well as undersea. As for this result, the influence area for the injury at the fishing area caused by the noise and shaking have been stretched out to the distance of 10km from the source of sound. In this conclusion, this study is regarded as the reference basis of the compensation of injury for the species of fish and others in fishing area.

This study was conducted to investigate the characteristics of surface ozone concentration and occurrence of high ozone concentration using hourly ozone, nitrogen dioxide and meteorological data for 1997∼1998 in Pusan coastal area. Monthly mean ozone concentration was the highest at Dongsamdong in Spring(35.4ppb), at Kwangbokdong in Fall(25.lppb) and the lowest Dongsamdong(22.2ppb) and Kwangbokdong(16.0ppb) in Winter. Relative standard deviation indicating clearness of observation site was 0.42 at Dongsamdong and 0.49 at Kwangbokdong that is similar to urban area. The diurnal variation of ozone concentration of Dongsamdong and Kwangbokdong showed maximum at 1500∼1600LST and minimum 0700∼0800LST that typical pattern of ozone concentration. In ozone episode period(Sept. 10∼15, 1998), diurnal change of ozone concentration was very high, and ozone concentration was related to meteorological parameters such as temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, cloud amount and radiation on a horizontal surface. During the episode days peak ozone concentrations are much higher than the normal values, wind speeds are always lower, and solar radiation is high with the exception of the September episode.

벼의 유효생육기간이 짧은 남부 산간고냉지에서 직파재배를 위한 기초자료를 얻고자, 경남 함양(해발 430m)에서 조생종인 금오벼를 공시하여 1994년 4월 25일부터 5월 15일까지 담수표면 직파 시기를 달리하여 생육특성과 수량반응을 검토한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 직파시기가 빠를수록 벼의 초기생육은 더디었으나, 생육이 진전됨에 따라 초장이 크고, 최고분얼수가 많았다. 2. 파종후 30일간의 적산온도는 파종기가 늦어질수록 높아졌고, 파종에서 최고분얼기까지 의적산온도는 1,010~l,052℃ , 출수기까지는 1,785~l,846℃ 로 파종시기간에 비슷하였으며 ,출수 소요일수는 파종기가 늦으질수록 짧았다. 3. 파종시기에 따른 간장 및 단위면적당 수수는 4월 25일부터 5월 5일까지 직파는 이앙재배와 비슷하였으며, 등숙율은 이앙재배의 86.8%보다 직파재배구에서 낮았는데, 그 중에서 5월 1일 파종구가 76.3%로 가장 높았다. 4. 파종후 30일간 적산온도와 수수, 이삭수, 수량간에는 부의 상관이 이루어졌다. 5. 파종기(X)와 쌀수량(Y)간에는 ~hatY(MT/ha)=3.80990＋0.06207X-0.00174 X2 (R2 =0.704) 의 관계가 성립하였는데, 적정 파종기는 4월 25일부터 5월 1일까지로 추정되었다.

담수직파와 건답직파의 절충형 직파양식인 벼 요철골 담수직파방법에서 적정 파종량을 구명하고자 영남농업시험장 영덕출장소에서 1994년과 1995년 2년가 파종량 3, 4, 5, 6, 7kg/10a으로 실시한 시험결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. m2 당 입모수는 97~161개로 파종량이 증가할수록 입모수가 많았으나 파종량 3kg /10a에서도 요철골 담수직파재배시 안전 입모수 확보는 가능하였다. 2. 도복관연형질중 분얼결당 생중, 간벽두께 중심고비율 등은 파종량간에 큰 차이가 없었다. 파종량이 많을수록 좌절중이 떨어져 도복지수가 컸고, 포장도복은 파종량 5kg /10a이상에서 1~3정도 발생하였다. 3. 출수기는 10a당 파종량 5~7kg이 3~4kg보다 1일이 빨랐다. 4. 수량 구성요소는 파종량이 증가할수록 수수는 많았으나 등숙비율은 떨어졌고 수당 입수 및 천립중은 파종량간에 뚜렷한 차이가 없었다. 5. 건물중은 파종량 증가에 따라 증가했으나 수확지수는 떨어졌고, 2개년 평균 쌀 수량은 518~552kg /10a당 파종량 5kg /10a에서 가장 높았다. 6. 2차 회귀곡선식으로 추정한 최고수량을 나타낸 파종량은 4.3~4.8kg /10a이었고 이때 m2 당 입모수는 126~135개였다.

Air pollution characteristics and the influence of sea breeze on surface ozone concentration were studied using the data measured at 7 air quality continuous monitoring stations from June to September using 3 years (1990, 1993, 1994) in Pusan coastal area. Among the 246 sea breeze days for research period, there were approximately 89 sea breeze days (36%) from June to September. And there were 120 the episode days (68%) of ozone greater than or equal to 60 ppb in summer season. In 89 sea breeze days, the episode day was highly marked as 56 days (63%). So, we knew that the sea breeze greatly affects the occurence of ozone episode day. the ozone concentration under the condition of the sea breeze increase about 40% in the daytime. Frequencies distribution of O3 concentration for sea breeze moved toward high concentration class. The characteristics of ozone concentration in relation to meteorological conditions of sea breeze is significant because we can discover major weather factors for eastablishing an air pollutionweather forecast system. For further study about meterological approach method for photochemical air pollution, it is necessary to explain the characteristics of atmosphere below 1,000 m, especially concerning the formation mechanism of inversion layers. And finally, we will study the relationships to synoptic weather conditions and vertical structure and diurnal variation of local wind systems including sea breeze, and the vertical movements of atmosphere in the city.

두께가 서로 다른 C3 식물의 잎은 단위엽면적당 광합성 능력에 있어서도 차이가 나는 바 잎의 내부구조와 기체교환 사이의 관계를 바탕으로 그 원인을 구명하였다. 광합성의 2대 제한요인으로 기체확산과 생화학적 과정의 상대적인 중요도를 결정하기 위해 중엽세포의 표면은 기체확산 저항의, 그리고 세포의 체적은 탄소고정 능력의 지표로 가정하였다. 즉 세포의 표면적이 증가하면 이산화탄소의 액상확산 저항이 감소하며 체적이 증대되면 carboxylation, oxygenation, 그리고 dark respiration 반응속도가 증가한다고 간주하였다. 이러한 개념을 함축하는 광합성 모형을 작성하고 이 가설의 검증을 위해 대두 품종 Amsoy잎을 이용한 실험을 수행하였다. 생장조절실내에서 200, 400, 600u mol photons m2 s1 PAR을 공급하여 서로 다른 두께의 잎을 준비하였으며 제3 및 4본엽에 대해 1,000 u mol photons m2 s1 PAR 및 28 기온 환경하에서 이산화탄소 흡수속도를 측정한 결과 세포의 체적과 표면적의 영향을 동시에 고려한 광합성 모형이 세포 표면적만을 고려한 경우 보다 실측치에 가까운 예측치를 산출하였다. 이로 미루어 세포의 표면적과 체적은 잎의 두께 및 그에 따른 광합성 능력의 예측에 적절한 변수로 간주된다.