All measurements include uncertain factors affecting the result in accordance with environment and conditions. In order to guarantee right decision making and quality improvement, these factors must be found and appropriate actions should be taken. This paper aims to estimate and analyze variabilities found in set-up and as well as measurement uncertainty when using CMM(Coordinate Measuring Machine). Two skilled operators were selected to individually measure a product which was a kind of main part of an engine called connecting rod cap. The results showed that at the least, 10 % was stable while at the most, 30 % was somewhat unstable regarding P, percentage of measuring errors. There was little difference between the two operators on measurement uncertainty expecially considering their degree of freedom based on their objective and subjective judgement of type B uncertainty despite the significant difference between them. Through this research, I have come to a conclusion that a much more detailed analysis on variation factors can be identified in general measurement by using CMM and the result of set-up variability demands specific investigation and efforts to improve operators’ skill or thorough examination on the method of setting product to minimize set-up variability later.

섬진강 하구역에서 염분경사에 따른 유색용존유기물(CDOM)의 농도와 특성을 시공간적으로 이해하기 위해 2012년 건기(3월과 6월)와 우기(7월)에 분포특성을 조사하고, 환경요인(수온, 염분)과 영양염, 엽록소와의 상관관계를 고찰하였다. 유색용존유기물의 평균농도는 각각 1.0 ± 0.3 m-1(3월), 1.3 ± 0.4 m-1(6월), 1.4 ± 0.3 m-1(7월)로 측정되었다. 섬진강 상류의 높은 유색용존유기물 농도(> 1.5 m-1)는 하류로 갈수록 감소(< 0.5 m-1)하였고, 우기에 건기의 평균값에 비해 증가하였다. 또한 유색용존유기물의 화학적 특성과 공급원에 대한 지시자로 사용되는 평균값 S300-500은 0.013 ~ 0.018 nm-1로, 건기에 비해 우기에 높은 값을 나타내었다. 유색용존유기물과 염분은 역상관계를 보였고(R2 >0.8), 우기와 건기 모두 보존성 혼합의 양상을 보였다. 유색용존유기물은 강 하류로 갈수록 해수와 혼합되는 과정에 의해 희석되고, 그 특성 또한 뚜렷한 변화를 보이는 것을 확인하였다. 환경 조건 중 유색용존유기물의 변동에 영향을 주는 주요한 요인은 염분 (혼합)과 온도로 확인되었으며, 전자는 낮은 유색용존유기물 농도의 해수와의 혼합에 의한 희석으로 주로 공간적인 변동을 조절하는 것으로 보였고, 온도의 증가는 유색용존유기물의 생산에 영향을 주는 미생물학적 활동과 광분해에 통한 작용으로 유추된다.

Active galactic nuclei (AGN) are known for irregular variability on all time scales, down to intra-day variability with relative variations of a few percent within minutes to hours. On such short timescales, unexplored territory, such as the possible existence of a shortest characteristic time scale of activity and the shape of the high frequency end of AGN power spectra, still exists. We present the results of AGN single-dish fast photometry performed with the Korean VLBI Network (KVN). Observations were done in a “anti-correlated” mode using two antennas, with always at least one antenna pointing at the target. This results in an effective time resolution of less than three minutes. We used all four KVN frequencies, 22, 43, 86, and 129 GHz, in order to trace spectral variability, if any. We were able to derive high-quality light curves for 3C 111, 3C 454.3, and BL Lacertae at 22 and 43 GHz, and for 3C 279 at 86 GHz, between May 2012 and April 2013. We performed a detailed statistical analysis in order to assess the levels of variability and the corresponding upper limits. We found upper limits on flux variability ranging from ∼1.6% to ∼7.6%. The upper limits on the derived brightness temperatures exceed the inverse Compton limit by three to six orders of magnitude. From our results, plus comparison with data obtained by the University of Michigan Radio Astronomy Observatory, we conclude that we have not detected source-intrinsic variability which would have to occur at sub-per cent levels.

The JpL species is one of the 31 species belonging to the Bemisia tabaci complex and is distributed in two countries, Korea and Japan. To clarify genetic relationships among different populations of the JpL species in Korea, 83 cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences generated from 83 individuals collected from eight Korean provinces were analyzed together with published 16 Korean COI sequences. A total of eight haplotypes were detected from the 99 COI sequences, and 82 COI sequences shared one haplotype, hap-2. The remaining 17 COI sequences were assigned to seven haplotypes, hap-1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8. The median-joining networks of the eight haplotypes revealed that the Korean JpL species has undergone genetic variations separately according to two groups, Korean Peninsula and Jeju Island. In addition, the phylogenetic trees constructed based on the 99 COI sequences and published seven Japanese COI sequences were divided into two clades: clade(A) consisted of 97 COI sequences from the Korean Peninsula group, and clade(B) consisted of 19 COI sequences from the Jeju Island and Japan groups. Our study suggests that the Korean populations of the JpL species might have spread and be undergoing genetic variations separately according to the two groups, Korean Peninsula and Jeju Island.

LMC X-4 is an eclipsing high-mass X-ray binary exhibiting a superorbital modulation with a period of ~ 30.5 days. We present a detailed study of the variations of the superorbital modulation period with a time baseline of ~ 18 years. The period determined in the light curve collected by the Monitor of All-sky X-ray Image (MAXI) significantly deviates from that observed by the All Sky Monitor (ASM) onboard the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE). Using the data collected by RXTE/ASM, MAXI, and the Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) onboard Swift, we found a significant period derivative, _P = (2.08±0.12) X 10-5. Furthermore, the O{C residual shows complex short-term variations indicating that the superorbital modulation of LMC X-4 exhibits complicated unstable behaviors. In addition, we used archive data collected by the Proportional Counter Array (PCA) on RXTE to estimate the orbital and spin parameters. The detected pulse frequencies obtained in small time segments were fitted with a circular orbital Doppler shift model. In addition to orbital parameters and spin frequency for each observation, we found a spin frequency derivative of v = (6.482 ± 0.011) X 10-13 Hz · s-1. More precise orbital and spin parameters will be evaluated by the pulse arrival time delay technique in the future.

We have investigated the long term variability of the intensities of the broad-line region emission lines in the UV spectra of Seyfert I galaxy NGC 5548 from 1973-1996. We have obtained the following results: 1) a high level correlation between the intensities of emission lines as well as between intensities of emission lines and continuum uxes was discovered. With increasing wavelength the correlation in both cases becomes weaker, 2) the relationship between the intensity of emission lines and the ux radiation in the continuum can be expressed by a power law function with coefficients of α ≈ 0:8 - 1:1 for different lines. When the difference between the wavelengths of spectral lines and the continuum is increased, the value of the power function decreases, and 3) it was found that the magnitude of the variability of the line intensities are weaker than the range of variability of the continuum uxes. The magnitude of the variability of the line intensities and the continuum uxes increase at longer wavelengths.

We show the results of a time series analysis of the long-term light curves of four blazars: 3C 279, 3C 345, 3C 446, and BL Lacertae. We used densely sampled light curves spanning 32 years at three frequency bands (4.8, 8, 14.5 GHz), provided by the University of Michigan Radio Astronomy Observatory monitoring program. The spectral indices of our sources are mostly at or inverted (-0:5 < α < 0), which is consistent with optically thick emission. Strong variability was seen in all light curves on various time scales. From the analyses of time lags between the light curves from different frequency bands and the evolution of the spectral indices with time, we find that we can distinguish high-peaking ares and lowpeaking ares according to the Valtaoja et al. classification. The periodograms (temporal power spectra) of the light curves are in good agreement with random-walk power-law noise without any indication of (quasi-)periodic variability. We note that random-walk noise light curves can originate from multiple shocks in jets. The fact that all our sources are in agreement with being random-walk noise emitters at radio wavelengths suggests that such behavior is a general property of blazars. We are going to generalize our approach by applying our methodology to a much larger blazar sample in the near future.

The results of spectral studies of the CTTS type young star RY Tau with spectrograms of the ultraviolet and the visual ranges are presented. We show the first detection of periodic variability of the emission line intensities in UV and visual ranges with a period of 23 days.

해수 중 광학적 특성 때문에 유색 용존유기물은 위성자료에 기반한 해양의 엽록소와 일차생산력의 정확한 측정에 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 2009과 2011년 여름철을 대상으로 서로 특이하게 다른 결과를 보고하고자 하였다. 이 두 시기의 여름철 차이는 것은 용존유기물에 영향을 주는 주요 공급원이 다른 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 현장 측정치와 위성자료로 부터 얻어진 엽록소 농도를 비교하여 위성자료로부터 구한 엽록소 농도 측정에 대한 용존유기물의 영향을 보았다. 그 결과, 2009년 MODIS를 이용한 엽록소 농도와 현장 측정된 엽록소 a 농도는 서로 유사하였으나, 2011년과 같이 유색용존유기물의 농도가 높았던 시기에는 이 두 농도간에 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 2011년 여름 MODIS 자료와 비교하였을 때, GOCI 자료는 엽록소와 유색용존유기물 모두 현장 측정치 자료와 잘 일치하였다. 수직 혼합에 의해 공급된 표층 해수 중 높은 유색용존유기물의 존재는 위성자료에 의한 엽록소 농도의 과대평가에 영향을 주는 것으로 보인다.

북대서양 자오면 순환(AMOC)은 그린란드 부근에서 고밀도 해수의 침강으로 유도되는데, 이것은 열과 물질을 수송시키기 때문에 기후 시스템의 중요한 요소이다. 이 연구는 전 지구 기후모델 중 하나인 HadGEM2-AO 모델에서 모의된 AMOC의 특징과 장기변동 메커니즘을 분석하였다. AMOC 지수를 이용한 지연 상관 분석을 통해 AMOC의 수십 년 변화는 해양 자체유지 변동으로 간주할 수 있었다. 즉 AMOC의 장기 변화는 남북 수온 경도와 해양 순환의 위상차로 인해 발생하는 불안정성에 의한 것으로 분석되었다. AMOC가 강해지면서 열의 북향 수송에 의해 남북 수온 경도가 작아지고, 따라서 해수의 순환과 열 수송이 줄어드는데, 이와 함께 고위도에서는 냉각이 유도되어 결과적으로 다시 AMOC가 강해지게 된다. 이 메커니즘은 저위도로부터 이류되는 열의 양에 따라 고위도 지역의 밀도 변화가 결정되기 때문에 AMOC의 변동을 염분 유도가 아닌 열적 유도 과정으로 이해할 수 있다.

This study investigated the effect of a load of 15% body weight on trunk, pelvis and hip joint coordination and angle variability in subjects with and without chronic low back pain (CLBP) during an anterior load carriage task. Thirty volunteers participated in the study (15 without CLBP, 15 with CLBP). All participants were asked to perform an anterior carriage task with a load of 15% body weight. The outcome measures included the means and standard deviations for measurements of three-dimensional coordination and angle variability of the trunk, pelvis and hip joint. As CLBP patient group .06, control group .70, the correlation coefficient between the groups showed a significant difference only in trunk-pelvic in the sagittal plane (p<.05). Angle variability of CLBP patient group increased significantly in the trunk in frontal plane, the pelvis in all sagittal plane, frontal plane, transverse plane, and the hip in sagittal plane, the hip in frontal plane than angle variability of control group (p<.05). This results mean that the CLBP patient group showed a disconnected coordination pattern in the trunk-pelvis in the sagittal plane, an increased pelvic angle variability in all three planes, and hip angle variability in the sagittal, and frontal planes. The CLBP patient group may have developed a compensatory movement of the pelvis and hip joint arising from the changed stability due to the abnormal coordination patterns of the trunk-pelvic in the sagittal plane. Therefore, CLBP symptoms can potentially worsen in the pelvis and adjacent hip joint in CLBP patients who perform weight-related behaviors in their daily lives. Further research is needed to determine the three-dimensional characteristics of the electromyography and neuromuscular aspects of subjects with CLBP.

This study investigated the influence of probabilistic variability in stiffness and nonlinearity of soil on response of nuclear power plant (NPP) structure subjected to seismic loads considering the soil-structure interaction (SSI). Both deterministic and probabilistic methods have been employed to evaluate the dynamic responses of the structure. For the deterministic method, SRPmin method given in USNRC SRP 3.7.2(2013) (envelope of responses using three shear modulus profiles of lower bound(GLB), best estimate(GBE) and upper bound(GUB)) and SRPmax method (envelope of responses by more than three ground profiles within range of GLB≤G≤GUB) have been considered. The probabilistic method uses the Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS) that can capture probabilistic feature of soil stiffness defined by the median and the standard deviation. These analysis results indicated that 1) number of samples shall be larger than 60 to apply the probabilistic approach in SSI analysis and 2) in-structure response spectra using equivalent linear soil profiles considering the nonlinear behavior of soil medium can be larger than those based on low-strain soil profiles.

연안환경의 영양염 순환에서 저층에서의 영양염 재생산(regeneration)은 주요한 영양염 공급원 중 하나이다. 진해만 저층 영양염의 거동을 살펴보기 위해 2004년부터 2012년까지 9년간 진해만 내 14개 정점의 수질자료를 분석하였다. 저층의 용존무기질소, 인산염인, 규산염규소는 계절적 변동성을 나타내었고, 하계에 가장 높은 농도를 보였다. 특히, 빈산소 수괴(hypoxia) 형성 시기의 평균 영양염 농도는 정상산소상태(normoxia) 시기에 비해 약 2배 더 높게 나타났다. 하계 진해만의 저층 용존무기질소, 인산염인, 규산염규소의 농도는 재생산에 의해 모두 높은 경향을 보였으나, 공간적 농도 분포는 차이를 나타내었다. 용존무기질소와 인산염인은 마산만에서 가장 높은 농도를 보이는 반면 규산염규소는 마산만 뿐만 아니라 진해만 중심부에서도 높은 농도를 나타내었다. 또한 다른 영양염에 비해 규산염규소는 전 계절 동안 저층에서의 재생산이 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 시계열 분석 결과 9년간 용존무기질소의 농도는 약 14 μM에서 6 μM로 뚜렷한 감소를 나타내었다. 용존무기질소의 감소로 인해 진해만 저층의 Si/N 비는 약 1에서 3으로 증가된 것으로 나타났다.

불확실성을 가지는 콘크리트의 특성으로 인해 철근 콘크리트 부재의 처짐에는 높은 변동성이 발생할 수 있다. 그러나 현행 설계규준은 이를 고려하지 않고 경험적인 데이터에 바탕을 두고 있으며, 부재의 최소 두께 또는 최대 허용 처짐만을 제시하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 철근 콘크리트 플랫 플레이트의 처짐 예측이 가능한 유한요소해석 모델에 확률해석 모델을 적용하여 철근 콘크리트 플랫 플레이트 처짐의 변동성을 평가하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 콘크리트, 철근, 부재치수, 인장강성에 관련된 8개 요소를 변수로 한 몬테카를로 시뮬레이션을 수행하였다. 해석결과, 스팬의 크기가 증가할수록 하중으로 인한 처짐에 더 민감하게 반응하는 것으로 나타났으며, 재하되는 활하중의 크기가 클수록, 슬래브의 두께가 작을수록 처짐의 변동성이 큰 것으로 나타났다.