The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of mixed or split-sex feeding on growth performance and behavior of Korean native chickens. Three variants of the sex ratio, FO (female only), MO (male only) and MI (mixed) were tested in Korean native chickens (Hanhyop 3) that were between the ages of 7 and 91 days. Body weight gain was the highest (p<0.05) in the MO treatment and the lowest (p<0.05) in the MI treatment. The feed intake (FI) of birds in the MO treatment was higher (p<0.05) than that of birds in the MI treatment during days 14-21, also MO treatment was higher (p<0.05) than that of birds in the MI treatment during days 21-28. However, the FI of birds in the MI group was higher (p<0.05) than that of birds in FO treatment during days 35-42. The behavioral frequency of walking, drinking, and aggressive pecking were not affected by sex ratio treatment. The behavioral frequency of feeding was higher in the FO treatment than that of birds in the other treatments. The comfort time of birds in the MI treatment was longer (p<0.05) than that of birds in the other treatments. The behavioral frequency of pecking was higher in the MO treatment than that of birds in the other treatments. The study suggests that when male and female Korean native chickens are reared together, sex ratio can influence growth performance and behavior frequency.

본 연구는 지난 50년간 (1969~2018년) 우리나라 연안 - 하구에서 수행된 어류먹이원 분석과 관련된 논문을 수집하여 현황을 파악하였다. 확인된 연구논문은 총 101편 이었으며, 이 중 국내 학회지에 발표된 논문은 81편, 보고서는 6편 그리고 국제 학회지에 발표된 논문은 14편 이었다. 발표된 연구 논문을 10년 단위로 나누어 보면, 1990~1999년에 21편 (19.4%; 2.1편±3.0/년 [평균±표준 편차]), 2000~2009년에 26편 (24.1%; 2.6편±2.3/년) 이후 크게 증가하여 2010~2018년에는 52편 (48.1%; 5.8편±2.3/ 년)의 논문이 출판되었다. 국내 연안 - 하구에서 어류먹이원 분석을 수행한 조사수역의 해역을 방위 (남해, 남 - 동해, 동해, 서해)로 나누어보면, 남해에서 65편 (69.1%)으로 가장 많은 연구가 이루어졌다. 그 뒤를 동해가 13편 (13.8%), 서해와 남 - 동해에서 각각 8편씩 (8.5%) 연구가 수행되었다. 조사 지역의 분포를 보면 광양만에서 18편 (24.3%)으로 가장 많은 연구가 수행되었으며, 가덕도에서 8편 (10.8%)으로 그 뒤를 이었다. 출간된 논문의 방법론적 특성을 보면, 먹이원 중요도나 생태적 지위의 범위를 나타내주는 지표 를 계산하는 방법은 총 14가지가 사용되었으며, 이 중 가장 많이 사용된 지수는 IRI (Index of relative importance) 와 Pi (Prey-specific abundance)였으며, E (electivity index) 와 Bi (dietary breadth index)가 그 뒤를 이었다. 총 11가지 통계적 방법을 사용하였으며 이 중 correlation analysis와 Bray-Curtis similarity matrix를 가장 많이 적용하였다. 생태학적 연구 주제 변화를 살펴보면 초기 논문들은 계절적 또는 조사 지점별 차이에 초점을 맞추고 있었으나, 2000년도 이후부터는 국제 학회지에 출판되기 시작한 논문들은 종간 경쟁 (competition), 동소성 (sympatric), 생태직위중첩 (niche overlap) 등과 같은 세부적인 생태학적 연구가 이루어졌다. 국내 학회지에 출판된 논문들의 경우 다소 정형화 된 형태로 연구가 수행되고 있었으며 조사되지 않은 종에 대한 기초자료 제공 형태가 주류를 이루고 있었는데, 향후 국내 학회지에 발표되는 연구논문에서도 종간 경쟁, 먹이 망 구조 파악 등과 같은 생태학적 주제를 반증할 수 있는 연구 방향이 지향되어야 할 것이다.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of whole crop rice (WCR) based TMR on growth performance and carcass characteristics of Hanwoo steers. WCR “Yeongwoo”was harvested at yellow ripen stage and ensiled for 60 days. The crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and total digestible nutrient (TDN) content was 8.4 %, 28.0 %, 53.8 %, 72.4 % and 66.8 %, respectively. For silage quality, pH was 4.37 and lactic and butyric acid content were 2.84 and 0.04 % in DM. Sixteen Hanwoo steers (8-mon-old) were allocated into either a control (commercial TMR) and WCR-TMR (WCR-based TMR) group. The TMR were fed according to the feeding stage phase: growing (Initiate∼14 month), early fattening (15 month∼21 month) and late fattening (22 month∼30 month). The body weight of control group increased (P<0.05) until early fattening stage, but late growing stage of WCR-TMR group was higher than that of control (P<0.05). Average daily gain (ADG) was significantly greater (P<0.05) in WCR-TMR group (total 0.78 kg/head) compared to control (total 0.66 kg/head) except for late fattening stage. The marketing weight and carcass weight were higher in WCR-TMR group (726 vs 765 kg; 417.8 vs 450.4 kg). The back fat thickness (11.75 vs 13.00 mm), Longissimus dorsi area (88.00 vs 89.88 ㎠) and yield index (65.87 vs 64.30) were not different between the two groups (P>0.05) and also no difference in meat yield grade (A : B : C = 2 : 4 : 2). Marbling score (4.00 vs 4.13), meat color (4.75 vs 4.75), fat color (3.13 vs 2.88), texture (1.25 vs 1.50) and maturity (2.00 vs 2.00) were not significant difference between the two groups and meat quality grade (1++:1+:1:2:3=0:2:4:2:0) was also not different. In conclusion, TMR feeding based on WCR silage showed superiority in carcass yield and ADG compared to control TMR. It is considered that the use of WCR for feed is a necessary option for the substitution of the imported forages and the government's policy for rice production adjustment.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of supplementary feeding levels on livestck and forage productivity and grazing intensity in Elk stags (Cervus canadensis). A fifteen 2-year-old Elk stags about 195 kg were randomly assigned to one of three dietary treatments (five animals per treatment). The dietary treatments consisted of a feeding concentrate of 1.0% of body weight (T1), 1.5% of body weight (T2) and 2.0% of body weight. Total dry matter intake (TDMI) was increased with increased with an increasing supplementary feeding levels. Average daily gain (ADG) were significantly increased with an increasing supplementary feeding levels (p<0.05) and reached a maximum on July and was lower in spring than autumn. The velvet antler production was no differences among treatment groups. Forage productivity of pasture and crude protein content were highest on May and decreased thereafter, however, crude fiber content was the reversed. The grazing intensity of Elk stags was increased in spring (38 to 59 head per ha) than summer and autumn (13 to 32 head per ha). The average grazing intensity of Elk stags ranged from 21 to 34 head per ha, which is affected by supplementary feeding levels. This result suggests that feeding supplementary diet at 1.5 % of body weight was needed to maintain the stable wight gain in antler growing periods and control the proper grazing intensity of Elk deer stags.

본 연구는 번식기에 논을 이용하는 저어새의 섭식행동에 논의 다양한 환경요소가 어떤 영향을 주는지 알아보고자 실시되었다. 2017년 4월부터 6월, 2018년 4월부터 6월까지 한 달에 3회씩 강화도 논을 대상으로 저어새의 개체수를 조사하였다. 저어새가 영향을 받을 것으로 예상되는 환경요소로 수심, 경작에 따른 논의 구조적 형태, 잠재먹이원의 생물량을 선정하여 측정하였고, 논의 환경에 따른 저어새의 섭식행동의 차이를 알아보기 위하여 관찰된 섭식행동을 촬영하였다. 조사결과 저어새는 번식기간 중 4월 말부터 5월 말까지 논에 가장 많은 수가 도래했다. 총 308마리의 개체 중 86.4%(n=266)가 섭식행동을 하고 있었고 90.6%(n=279)가 성조였으며, 물이 없는 논에서는 발견되지 않았다. 강화도 논의 생물량은 어류의 산란기가 시작되는 5월부터 크게 증가하였으며 저어새가 관찰된 논과 관찰되지 않은 논의 생물량은 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 저어새의 섭식행동 분석 결과 논에 생물량이 많아지는 시기에 저어새의 섭식효 율과 섭식성공률이 크게 증가하였고, 저어새의 분당 발걸음 수는 모내기를 한 논에서 크게 증가하였다. 분당 부리를 젓는 횟수는 섭식효율 및 섭식성공률과 상관관계가 없었고, 논의 구조적 형태와도 관련이 없었다.

Aedes albopictus is an invasive mosquito that can be found in all continents. This species, considered as secondary vector of Dengue virus, has recently been suggested to play a role in the transmission of Zika virus in several countries bordering Brazil. In this study, We surveyed the distribution, abundance and main micro habitats of Ae. albopictus in Koera. The main bloodmeal source of this mosquito was mammals (71%) followed by birds (26%), and fish (1%). In flavivius detection, no virus was detected in this mosquito, but a total of six Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) positive pools were detected from Culex orientalis and Culex pipiens. To investigate the possibility of using Wolbachia, as one of biological control strategy, we investigated the distribution of Wolbachia infection in Ae. albopicutus according to geographical distribution. Over 99% of the collected this mosquitoes harbored Wolbachia.

The bean bug, Riptortus pedestris, is one of major hemipteran pests against the soybean, Glycine max in Korea. In previous study, it was suggested that water-taking in the first instar nymphal stage of R. pedestris is certainly necessary for successful ecdysis and their survival. To investigate water-taking behavior of the first instar nymphs of R. pedestris on plant, electrical penetration graphic patterns were analysed while R. pedestris fed on the napa cabbage leaf, Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis by using EPG system. In the result, a X-waveform was dominantly observed for average 42.0 min out of total recording time (120 min). There was significant positive correlation (r = 0.457, P = 0.000452, n = 55) between body weight increase and cumulative durations of X-waveform. In addition, histological observation of cross-sections indicated that stylet tip in the plant tissue during X-waveform period is located nearby xylem cells, suggesting that X-waveform is closely related to xylem sap feeding behavior of R. pedestris in plant.

Nysius is one of the most common and widely distributed species in the world. It is one of the emerging pests of perilla crop in the field in Korea. In this study, we investigated the oviposition preference and development of Nysius plebeius and N. hidakai. on five crops seed (Perilla, Sesame, Proso-millet, Sorghum, and Fox-tail millet) using both multiple choice and no-choice tests. Both results found perilla seeds to be the most suitable seeds for oviposition and development. Total developmental period was shortest on perilla seed, and the longest was on rest of crops seeds. The highest of adult emergence, longevity, and adult weight were occurred on the perilla seed. This results suggest that the higher preference and performance of Nysius spp on the perilla seed. The information may facilitate the exploration of resistant genetic materials chemical associated with seeds for successful breeding program in Korea.

LM작물의 개발 이후 확대 이용은 대량생산을 동반하여야 하고, 이는 LM작물의 환경 방출 가능성을 높인다. 특히 LM작물과 종자의 낮은 수준 혼입(Low Level Presence, LLP)은 농생태계를 서서히 변화시킬 수 있어 큰 위협이 된다. 곤충군은 농생태계 먹이사슬의 기저에 위치하며, 지역적, 환경적으로 다양한 변이를 보이는 생물군집이다. 따라서 LM작물을 재배하는 지역과 비 재배지역의 곤충상을 알아보는 것은 대상지역의 지역적, 환경적 변이를 알아볼 수 있는 증거가 될 수 있다. 본 실험은 2018년 7월부터 10월까지 사천 경상대 LMO 격리포장과 두량의 비변형 벼 포장에서 곤충상의 변동양상을 유인계열(유아등 조사 및 끈끈이 트랩)과 직접조사계열(포충망 조사 및 육안 조사)로 나눠 각각 조사하고, 조사된 곤충군을 먹이습성에 따라 분리하여 각각 군집분석으로 비교하였다. 또한 곤충의 주요 먹이 습성을 파악한 후 식습성의 변동 양상을 주차별로 정리하였다.

The Nitidulidae includes 10 subfamilies and over 350 genera and 4500 species and is the largest family in Cucujoidea. We place the enigmatic subfamily Calonecrinae into the internal relationship of Nitidulidae, a comprehensive molecular phylogenetic analysis was performed using five gene regions (COI, 28s, CAD, H3, Wingless) for 80 taxa. We included 73 ingroup taxa representing nine of the ten currently recognized subfamilies of Nitidulidae and 7 outgroups. The phylogenetic results are consistent with prior molecular studies, that include a polyphyletic Nitidulinae with the inclusion of Meligethinae and Cillaeinae and that the Calonecrinae is sister taxon to Epuraeinae. Ancestral state reconstruction of feeding behavior indicates that stem group nitiduilds were most probably sap-feeding with transitions to other feeding types independently derived multiple times.

Frankliniella occidentalis is a major pest in agriculture. Following overuse of insecticides, high resistance has developed due to its high reproduction rate and short generation time. To control the resistant strains of the thrips, the ingestion RNAi- based control was established. A total of 67 genes were selected, and their double-stranded RNAs (dsRNA) were delivered to thrips via the leaf disc-feeding method. Among the genes screened, the dsRNA of Toll-like receptor 6 (TLR6) and coatomer protein subunit epsilon (COPE) resulted in the highest mortality (3.8- and 2.8-fold faster LT50 compared to control, respectively) when ingested by thrips. The dsRNA-fed thrips showed 53% and 83% reduced transcription levels of TLR6 and COPE, respectively. This result demonstrates that the observed mortality of thrips following dsRNA ingestion was due to RNAi, and this lethal genes can be employed as a practical tool to control thrips in the field.

Age-stage two sex life table was constructed for a predatory lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea feeding on 3 different canola feeding aphids; mealy cabbage aphids, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.), mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach) and green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer). The experiment was performed under laboratory conditions at 25± 1oC and 65 ± 1% RH. The immature development duration was shortest on M. persicae (17.3 days). While, C. carnea completed its immature developmental period in 21.1 days, which was longest among other, tested aphids. Similarly, survival of C. carnea was higher on feeding M. persicae and lowest on L. erysimi. Female egg laying of predator was also higher on M. persicae, followed by B. brassicae and L. erysimi. These results show that M. persicae favors the quick development and higher reproduction of C. carnea as compared to B. breassicae and L. erysimi. This information is useful in relation to mass rearing of C. carnea and in biological control of canola aphids by using C. carnea.