The genus Eumetoecus Loginova is revised. The genus is considered as Palearctic group and consist of four species in the world. This genus is newly recorded from Korea with a new species Eumetoecus sp. nov. which was collected from Suaeda japonica Makino (Chenopodiaceae). The new species is described, and a key to species and short biological notes are provided.

The Seoul forest of urban forest park is provide places for relaxation and feeling naturally use inside the city. This study was conducted for investigating diversity of soil microarthropods for Bioblitz. Samples were collected from rose of Sharon in soil. This species was identified as N. harrowi (Collyer), described originally from New Zealand and Austrilia. This is the new record of N. harrowi in Korea. The morphological features of these two species are closely related to each other (N. makuwa (Ehara) and N. harrowi (Collyer)). So, we compared features of this species. Dorsal setae of N. harrowi are generally longer than in N. makuwa. Two posterior seta (Z4, Z5) of N. harrowi are much shorter than in the N. makuwa. In addition, there are some differences in the shape of the spermatheca, the forked atrium is larger in N. makuwa than in the N. harrowi.

This study describes the national program of year-round surveillance and monitoring for avian influenza (AI). The validity of the epidemiologically-based surveillance scheme was assessed. Korea’s current surveillance program is aimed at detecting subclinical infection of either the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus or the low pathogenic avian influenza virus, types H5 and H7, both of which carry risk of converting to HPAI. The current AI surveillance program has demonstrated that implementing a surveillance strategy is plausible. Farmer and livestock related professional support is the critical step of specimen collection to discover hidden infection. Early detection of AI virus infection can achieve best by the combined efforts of farmers, animal health authorities, and other related industries.

Nitidulid beetles of the genus Aethina Erichson, 1843 are a well-known group as harmful to agricultural and apicultural industry, especially including A. tumida, an American small hive beetle, which is a beekeeping pest. The world-widespread genus Aethina, within subfamily Nitidulinae and family Nitidulidae, is presented 5 subgenera and 28 species in Palaearctic region. Until now, 2 subgenera, Aethina s. str. and Aethina (Circopes), and 3 species, A. (A.) flavicollis, A. (A.) inconspicua and A. (C.) suturallis, have been recorded in Korea, and we added one more species, A. (A.) maculicollis as a newly recorded species. The larvae of A. (A.) maculicollis have been reported as pests of mulberry fruits in Japan. In this study, we report the taxonomic key to the genus Aethina of Korea, and morphological description of A. (A.) maculicollis.

We newly sequenced mitochondrial genomes of Spodoptera litura and Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Lepidoptera) to obtain further insight into mitochondrial genome evolution and investigated the influence of optimal strategies on phylogenetic reconstruction of Lepidoptera. Estimation of p-distances of each mitochondrial gene for available taxonomic levels has shown the highest value in ND6, whereas the lowest values in COI and COII at the nucleotide level, suggesting different utility of each gene for different hierarchical group when individual genes are utilized for phylogenetic analysis. Phylogenetic analyses mainly yielded the relationships (((((Bombycoidea + Geometroidea) + Noctuoidea) + Pyraloidea) + Papilionoidea) + Tortricoidea), evidencing the polyphyly of Macrolepidoptera. The tests of optimality strategies, such as exclusion of third codon positions, inclusion of rRNA and tRNA genes, data partitioning, RY recoding approach, and recoding nucleotides into amino acids suggested that the majority of the strategies did not substantially alter phylogenetic topologies or nodal supports, except for some familial relationship only in the amino acid dataset.

We present the nearly complete mitogenome sequences of the garden chafer, Polyphylla laticollis manchurica, which is listed as an endangered species in Korea. The P. l. manchurica mitogenome, which includes unfinished whole A+T-rich region and a partial srRNA was 14,473-bp long, possessing typical sets of genes (13 PCGs, 22 tRNA genes, and 2 rRNA genes). Gene arrangement of the P. l. manchurica mitogenome was identical to the common one found in the majority of insects. The 5 bp-long motif sequence (TAGTA) that has been suggested to be the possible binding site for the transcription termination peptide for the major-strand was also found in the P. l. manchurica mitogenome between tRNASer(UCN) and ND1. As has been previously determined, the high A/T content was unanimously observed in P. l. manchurica in terms of A/T bias in the third codon position (73.5%) compared with the first (66.4%) and second codon position (66.2%), and a high frequency of A/T-containing codons (a total of 28.22% for TTA, ATT, TTT, and ATA). The PCGs encoded in major-strands are slightly T-skewed, whereas those of the minor-strand are A-skewed, indicating strand asymmetry in nucleotide composition in the Coleoptera including P. l. manchurica.

Advertisement songs play an important role on species recognition and mate choice in cicadas. Males generate complex species-specific calling songs to attract conspecific females. In central Korea, Cryptotympana atrata, Meimuna mongolica and Hyalessa fuscata are widely distributed, yet their songs have not been described. We analyzed acoustic characteristics of these cicadas’ advertisement songs in temporal and spectral domains. In sum, C. atrata’s songs followed the pulse-echeme pattern, in which each echeme consisted of groups of pulses with the peak frequency of 6423 ± 589 Hz. In M. mongolica, the calling song had the pulse-echeme-combined echeme-phrase structure. A group of three echemes formed one combined echeme, and one full phrase comprised hundreds of combined echemes. Lastly, the calling song of H. fuscata was constructed of the pulseecheme- phrase structure, in which one full phrase included a train of low and high-frequency echemes and the ending echeme at the end of the phrase. The carrier frequency of low frequency echeme was 4576 ± 151 Hz and that of high frequency one was 14089 ± 628 Hz.

Rhyssinae Morley, 1913 is a relatively small group belonging to the family Ichneumonidae and recorded 286 species in eight genera from the world. Most rhyssines are Idiobiont ectoparasitoid of wood boring Symphyta and Coleoptera. South Korean Rhyssinae were poorly known. In the recent study of the Rhyssinae of South Korea, only four species belonging to the genera Megarhyssa and Rhyssa, have been reported: M. gloriosa (Matsumura), M. jezoensis (Matsumura), M. praecellens (Tosquinet) and R. persuasoria (Linnaeus). Five genera of the subfamily Rhyssinae (Epirhyssa, Megarhyssa, Rhyssa, Rhyssella and Triancyra) are recognized in South Korea. Two genera, Megarhyssa and Rhyssa, were previously recorded from South Korea, whereas the other three genera are recorded for the first time in Korea. A key to the five genera of Rhyssinae occurring in South Korea is provided. Genus Epirhyssa is reviewed here, and a key to the four species (E. latimandibularis (Hu & Wang), E. moiwana Matsumura, E. sapporensis Uchida and E. nigrithorax sp. nov.) is provided.

The family Sisyridae is very unique in that their larvae are aquatic and feed on sponges. The family has not been described in Korea until one species, Sisyra nikkoana (Navas), of Sisyridae was reported in the Illustrated Book of Aquatic Invertebrates in Agricultural Ecosystem (Rural Development Administration, 2008). However, this short description includes a misidentified adult image, and here we provide its full description in morphology with its wing pattern and male genitalia, as well as its COI barcoding information. We suggest its Korean name, 해면풀잠자리(해면풀잠자리과) as they feed on sponges.

보광염낭거미(Clubiona zacharovi Mikhailov, 1991)의 암컷을 우리나라에서 최초로 기재한다. 이 종은 식물의 잔사체나 돌 밑 등을 배회하는 희귀종이다.

Lepidoptera is one of the largest insect orders, but the phylogenetic relationships within this order, have yet to be completely described. One of the unresolved relationships includes the monophyly of Papilionoidea in relationship with the monotypic superfamily Hesperioidea. We newly sequenced five hesperid mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes), representing four subfamilies: Pyrginae (Daimio tethys and Lobocla bifasciatus), Coeliadinae (Choaspes benjaminii), and Hesperiinae (Potanthus flavus), and Heteropterinae (Carterocephalus silvicola). Along with these newly sequenced hesperid genomes phylogenetic analysis was conducted with all available lepidopteran mitogenomes including three reported species of Hesperiidae that consisted of ~70 species in ten lepidopteran superfamilies. The test for the effect of optimization schemes, such as exclusion and inclusion of third codon position of 13 PCGs, other genes (22 tRNAs and two rRNAs), and with and without partitions also was performed. Majority of datasets consistently placed the monophyletic Hesperiidae the sister to ((Pieridae + Lycaenidae) + Nymphalidae), placing another true butterfly family Papilionidae as the basal lineage of this group, presenting the relationships (Papilionidae + (Hesperiidae + ((Pieridae + Lycaenidae) + Nymphalidae))). Consistent to previous result, Pyraloidea was placed as the sister to ((Bombycoidea + Geometroidea) + Noctuoidea), placing the Macrolepidoptera as non-monophyletic group.

We observed an area of 10 d e g 2 of the Large Magellanic Cloud using the Infrared Camera (IRC) onboard AKARI. The observations were carried out using five imaging filters (3, 7, 11, 15, and 24 μm ) and the prism disperser ( 2 − 5 μm , λ/Δλ ∼ 20 ) equipped in the IRC. This paper presents an outline of the survey project and also describes very briefly the newly compiled near- to mid-infrared point source catalog. The 10σ limiting magnitudes are 17.9, 13.8, 12.4, 9.9, and 8.6 mag at 3.2, 7, 11, 15 and 24 μm , respectively. The photometric accuracy is estimated to be about 0.1 mag at 3.2 μm and 0.06 - 0.07 mag in the other bands. The position accuracy is 0.3" at 3.2, 7 and 11 μm and 1.0" at 15 and 24 μm . The sensitivities at 3.2, 7, and 24 μm are roughly comparable to those of the Spitzer SAGE LMC point source catalog, while the AKARI catalog provides the data at 11 and 15 μm , covering the near- to mid-infrared spectral range continuously.

Cydia Hübner is a large genus in the family Tortricidae, including over 230 described species worldwide (Brown, 2005) and mainly in the Holarctic region. Nine species of the genus reported from Korea. We found a new species of Cydia feeding on the cones of Picea jezoensis (Siebold et Zucc.) Carrière in Mt. Deogyu. The adults and the early stages of Cydia picicola sp. nov. are described and illustrated from Korea. The life history and larval feeding habits are briefly discussed.

The black-veined white, Aporia crataegi (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea), is nearly extinct in South Korea, although substantial numbers of dried specimens are available. One of the common practices for such species is to launch re-introduction program after proper amount of genetic information are analyzed from donor and donee populations. In this study, we sequenced complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of A. crataegi to design species-specific primers for subsequent population works and to further understand the mitogenome evolution in lepodiopteran Papilionoidea. The 15,140-bp long A. crataegi mitogenome that has typical sets of 37 genes is smallest among true butterfly species with overall slightly smaller size in genes and regions throughout the genome. Arrangement of the genome is identical to those of other lepidopteran mitogenomes, in which tRNA cluster located between the A+T-rich region and ND2 gene is translocated into tRNAMet, tRNAIle, and tRNAGln from ancestral arrangement, tRNAIle, and tRNAGln, tRNAMet. The A/T content of the genome at 81.3% is the highest in Pieridae, but lower than that of lycaenid species (81.7% ~ 82.7%) The high A/T content in the genome is also reflected in codon usage, accounting for 41.69% of A/T-composed codons (TTA, ATT, TTT, and ATA). Unlikely the diversified or modified usage of anticodon for tRNASer(AGN) the species of Pieridae including A. crataegi all unanimously have GCT that has been hypothesized as ancestral for Lepidoptera. A total of 111 bp of non-coding sequences are dispersed in 13 regions, ranging in size from 1–49 bp. Among them relatively longer ones (≥ 16 bp) all have relatively higher sequence identity to other regions of the genome, suggesting partial duplication of the sequences during A. crataegi evolution. As has been reported in some species of Lepidoptera, the A. crataegi A+T-region also has typically found conserved sequences (e.g., poly-T stretch, ATAGA motif, ATTTA element, microsatellite-like A/T sequence, and poly-A stretch) and one tRNA-like sequence, and this feature was commonly found in true butterfly species.

Five erigonine spider species are described with illustrations: a new species, Saitonia pilosus n. sp., and four records new to the Korean spider fauna, Ceratinella brevis (Wider, 1834), Erigone atra Blackwall, 1833, Maso sundevalli (Westring, 1851), and Parasisis amurensis Eskov, 1984. The occurrences of four spider genera, Ceratinella Emerton, 1882, Maso Simon, 1884, Parasisis Eskov, 1984, and Saitonia Eskov, 1992, are also new to Korea.

The subfamily Acaenitinae Foerster, 1869 is a small-sized group belonging to the family Ichneumonidae. It includes 250 species in 26 genera from Ethiopian, Oriental, and Palaearctic region. However, only 14 species of six genera, Arotes, Coleocentrus, Jezarotes, Phaenolobus, Spilopteron and Yamatarotes have been reported from Korea. This subfamily can be easily recognized from other ichneumonids by the combination of the following characters: subgenital plate very elongate; tarsal claws with accessory tooth. Members of Acaenitinae are parasitoids of wood-boring Coleoptera, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera. Among them, some of parasitoids of Cerambycidae are known as intermediate carrier of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Nematoda: Parasitaphelenchidae). In this study of the Korean Acaenitinae, we found the genus Yezoceryx from Korea for the first time, including newly recorded two species, Y. sp.1 and Y. sp.2. We provide description of the genus and two species with a key to the Korean genera of the subfamily Acaenitinae.

This study is based on specimens which had been collected from Jeollabuk-do, Chungcheonbuk-do and Gyeonsangnam-do provinces in July 1994 through September 2009. As a result of this study, Cunaxa potchensis and C. mageei were identified and newly recorded from Korea.

The purposes of this study is to investigate the attitudes and value of fashion product description and consumer replies used in online shopping malls, and to examine the differences in the perceived reliability(objectivity, expertise, trustworthiness) preference and purchase intention toward the product as determined by the appeal type (evaluation-sentimental vs. factual-information) of the product description, the direction(negative vs. positive) and type(factual vs. evaluative) of consumer replies for the product in online shopping malls. Data was collected from female college students with fashion products purchase experience at online shopping malls by questionnaire survey (N=424) and analyzed by using frequency analysis, t-test and ANOVA. Results showed that consumers respondents tended to read product description and other consumer replies before purchasing, when shopping for fashion products through an on-line shopping mall. They thought that sellers' product description and the consumers' replies were helpful in making their decision; but, they were also skeptical about product description. Respondents showed higher perceived reliability, preference and purchase intention to the factual-information type product description than the evaluation-sentimental type. Positive consumer replies were more effective in yielding higher preferences and purchase intentions. Factual replies tend to yield higher reliability than evaluative replies.

Rotylenchus arsenjevi are reported for the first time in Korea. The Korean species differs slightly by having a hemispherical lip region and a slightly shorter tail than the original description (c=38.2-68.7 vs 36-41). Male was founded firstly from Korea and described. Geocenamus adakensis were collected a second time from Korea at a different locality and habitat. The measurements were compared with original description and the firstly collected specimen in Korea.

Two complete mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) of the endangered, lycaenid butterflies, Spindasis takanonis and Protantigius superans (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae), were sequenced. Each 15,349 bp and 15,248 bp-long genome contained both the lepidopteran specific gene arrangement that differ from the most common arrangement of insects by the movement of tRNAMet to a position 5’-upstream of tRNAIle. Neither of the species have typical COI start codon. Instead, the CGA (arginine) sequence that is commonly present in all other lepidopterans was also found in both lycaenids. The possible binding site for the transcription termination peptide, TACTA sequence, also was well retained in both species. The high A+T-content, which is a characteristic of insect mitogenomes was well reflected in the genomes in the form of higher frequency of codons with A/T nucleotides, severe A/T bias in 3rd codon position, and extremely high A/T content in the A+T-rich region. The 19 bp-long poly-T stretch and the downstream conserved motif ATAG, which were suggested previously to function as a structural signal for minor-strand mtDNA replication, was also well conserved in the A+T-rich region of both lycaenids. Phylogenetic analysis among lepidopteran superfamilies supported the relationships of either (((((Bombycoidea + Geometroidea) + Noctuoidea) + Papilionoidea) + Pyraloidea) + Tortricoidea) by concatenated amino acid sequence or (((((Bombycoidea + Geometroidea) + Noctuoidea) + Pyraloidea) + Papilionoidea) + Tortricoidea) by concatenated nucleotide sequences of 1st and 2nd codon positions of 13 protein-coding genes, two rRNA genes, and 22 tRNA genes, revealing fluctuating positions of Papilionoidea and Pyraloidea between the two data sets.