Variant Hán characters (hereinafter referred to as variants) are a common phenomenon in various types of Hán-Nôm cultural materials, including Confucian documents. This article studies the variants in Confucian works through the case of the book Hồ thượng thư gia lễ/胡尚書家禮/Family rituals by Minister Hồ (printed in 1739). The author chooses this text because of the following factors: First, the content of this work, which might be described as Confucian in nature, is about Confucian rituals; Second, the text printed in 1739 is associated with clearly identified dates of production and chief commissioner, so variants found in this text have historical value; Third, this is a printed text, so its variants must have attained a degree of common usage. On that basis, the objectives of this article are: First, to provide statistics on variants, to classify their structures and to analyze some variation rules of this type of characters; Second, to provide preliminary comments (relying upon the above-mentioned data and analysis) on the flexible use of Hán characters by Vietnamese Confucian scholars in the 18th century.

광전기화학 성능을 향상시키기 위해 각 ZnO, ZnSe과 g-C3N4 소재의 장점을 살리도록 3성분계 적층 구조를 디자 인했다. 용액공정으로 FTO 기판위에서 ZnO 나노로드 어레이가 성장하도록 한 후 ZnO표면에 Se을 부착시켜 ZnO표면에 서 ZnSe층이 형성 되도록 이온 치환법을 도입하였다. ZnO/ZnSe 나노로드 위에 g-C3N4 층을 스핀코팅 한 후 각 층이 화 학적 접합이 되도록 질소 분위기 하에서 열처리를 하였다. AM 1.5G, 0.5 V 외부전압하에서 각 적층구조별로 광전기화학 적 전류밀도를 측정하였고 비교 결과 ZnO/ZnSe/g-C3N4 나노로드가 ZnO 및 ZnO/ZnSe 나노로드에 비하여 보다 높은 광 전류 밀도가 측정되었다. 수직 정렬된 ZnO 육각 프리즘형태는 큰 비표면적과 축 방향을 따라 전자 흐름을 원활히 하고, ZnSe 층은 비표면적과 광흡수 범위를 더욱 넗히는 효과를 가져왔다. 이로 인하여 ZnO/ZnSe/g-C3N4 삼원 접합 전극의 향상된 성능은 가시광선 흡수범위 확장, 전하 분리 강화 및 전자 전도도 향상으로 인한 시너지 효과에 기인되는 것으로 판단된다.

오위업(1609-1671)은 명·청 교체기라는 왕조 변혁의 시대에 명 유신의 신분으로, 국가의 패망을 경험하고 청 왕조에 출사하여 역사에 ‘이신(貳臣)’으로 기록되는 수모 를 당한 시인이었다. 본고는 그의 시를 명조에 대한 충절과 이민족인 청조 출사에 대한 참회라는 두 주제로 나누어 살펴보았다. 충절은 유교 사상에서 신하의 정신적 표상이고 변절은 유학자에게는 도덕적인 생명줄의 상실이라고 볼 때, 시인 오위업은 명에 대한 충정이 강한 신하였지만 우유부단한 천성과 청조의 회유와 압박에 굴하여 절개를 지키지 못하고 죽는 날까지 참회의 시간을 보냈다. 이신이라는 오명을 가진 시인의 주체적인 자아의 작동은 진정성을 담은 시로 창작되어 감동을 선사한다. 또 그의 시는 청초 시단에도 큰 영향을 미쳐서 명·청 시사의 중요한 지위를 차지하였다

Fishery products play an important role in Korean food culture, and awareness of the safety of fishery products is increasing in the seafood market. Against this backdrop, Japan has announced a plan to release radioactive water to the sea from 2023. In the case of Korea, it is adjacent to the area to be discharged, so there are concerns about securing the safety of marine products. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the change in perception and impact of marine product consumers due to the discharge of contaminated water and to study appropriate countermeasures when discharging contaminated water from nuclear power plants. In this study, the current status of radioactive contaminated water discharge in Japan was summarized, and a survey was conducted on the change in the consumption perception of marine products according to the discharge of contaminated water to analyze the factors affecting the consumption change of domestic consumers. According to the survey, 85.3% of the respondents said that it will affect the purchase of domestic marine products if Japan starts discharging contaminated water from nuclear power plants. Moreover, 85.5% of the respondents said it will affect the purchase of imported marine products.

The purpose of this study was to estimate the economic values of whale watching. The data used in this study were collected with 1,599 coastal tourists and the questionnaire included contingent valuation method questions. The results show that coastal tourists obtained the benefits of about KRW 15,970 from whale watching. Further analyses were conducted to check the differences of willingness to pay for whale watching based on the three variables as follows: previous experience of whale watching and participation intention in whale watching tourism, and previous experience of cruise trips. The results indicate that the respondents, who already participated or intended to participate in this type of tourism activity, were willing to pay higher than those, who did not participated or had no intention of participation, respectively. These results imply that whale watching could be a feasible alternative to the direct consumption of whale meat. Based on the study results, we provide policy and management-related implications for whale watching programs.

The effect of change in exchange rates on an economy is very important, especially, to a small open economy like South Korea. I explore whether Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) have positive influences on exchange rate-pass through import price of import market for fishery products in South Korea. Competition among FTA partners is enhanced after FTAs are effective. I expect that the extent to which are exchange rate pass-through (hereafter, ERPT) into import price of fishery products (in terms of Korea currency) would be reduced since the import market for fishery products in South Korea is an oligopolistic market. Specifically, I　investigate two research questions with six South Korea’s FTA partners─Norway, Thailand, Peru, U.S., China and Vietnam. First, whether the extent to which are exchange rate pass-through into import price of fishery products from six FTA partners would decrase in the post-FTA era; seconds, the size of reduction has a negative relation with the size of their market share in the import market for fishery products in South Korea if it decreases. The empirical results indicate that the degree of ERPT into import price from other FTA partners than Norway has been reduced after FTA, statistically and significantly; however, I do not find the evidence that the size of reduction is related to their market share. The findings in this study imply that FTAs have negative effects on producers’ economic welfare in South Korea’s fishery industry by reducing the extent to which are exchange rate pass-through as well as reducing tariff barriers.

Electrochemical water splitting is an important process for next generation of eco-friendly energy systems. The oxygen evolution reaction (OER), which occurs at an anode during the process, requires efficient electrocatalysts to reduce activation energies. Although Ru- or Ir-containing materials show excellent electrocatalytic activities, their high cost is a critical drawback. Consequently, the development of efficient electrocatalysts composed of low-cost metal components is a great challenge. In this study, we develop a new route to produce a hybrid material (Fe–NC) containing Fe3C particles dispersed on the surface of N-doped carbon (NC) materials by heat treatment of a mixture of urea and Fe(II)Cl2(H2O)4. Microscopic analyses prove that the Fe3C particles are placed on the surfaces of thin NC materials. Additionally, various characterizations reveal that the particles contain Fe3C structure. Fe–NC shows good electrocatalytic properties with onset and overpotentials of 1.57 V and 545 mV, respectively, for OER in KOH electrolyte. This study suggests the possibility of the use of Fe3C- based composites as OER electrocatalysts.

In this study, N/S co-doped carbon felt (N/S-CF) was prepared and characterized as an electrode material for electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs). A commercial carbon felt (CF) was immersed in an aqueous solution of thiourea and then thermally treated at 800 oC under an inert atmosphere. The prepared N/S-CF showed a large specific surface area with hierarchical pore structures. The electrochemical performance of the N/S-CF-based electrode was evaluated using both 3- electrode and 2-electrode systems. In the 3-electrode system, the N/S-CF-based electrode showed a good specific capacitance of 177 F/g at 1 A/g and a good rate capability of 41% at 20 A/g. In the 2-electrode system (symmetric capacitor), the freestanding N/S-CF-based electrode showed a specific capacitance of 275 mF/cm2 at 2 mA/cm2, a rate capability of 62.5 % at 100 mA/cm2, a specific power density of ~ 25,000 mW/cm2 at an energy density of 23.9 mWh/cm2, and a cycling stability of ~ 100 % at 100 mA/cm2 after 20,000 cycles. These results indicate the N/S co-doped carbon felts can be a promising candidate as a new electrode material in a symmetric capacitor.

본 연구는 GOD 4N 모델을 활용하여 크리스천 부모를 위한 리더십코칭 프로 그램을 구성하고 적용효과를 분석하는 것에 목적이 있다. ‘거룩’을 핵심 개념으 로 크리스천 부모가 영적으로 거룩하게 변화·성장하는 것을 목표로 하였다. 특히, GOD 4N 리더십코칭 모델 중 G-4N 모델로 크리스천 부모의 리더십코칭 프로그램을 구성하였다. 이를 통해 프로그램 매뉴얼, 21일 말씀코칭 다이어리, 인 물사례집이 제작되었다. 연구결과 총 7회기 20시간의 ‘사람낚는 어부처럼, 부모 님(Like Fisher-Parents)' 프로그램이 구성되었다. 프로그램 적용효과를 확인하 는 과정에서 단일 사례분석으로 크리스천 부모 8명의 사례를 살펴보았다. 153말 씀코칭 페이퍼, 포토보이스 방식을 통해 Before-After의 변화를 확인하였다. 새로운 생활을 위해 크리스천 부모로서 거룩해지기 위한 각자의 코칭 목표를 세우고 새로운 생각틀을 위해 성경인물을 본받아 하나님의 시선으로 용기, 긍 정, 감사의 새로운 프레임으로 전환하였다. 새로운 연습을 위해 고난을 이겨낸 크리스천 인물을 살펴보고 21일 말씀코칭을 통해 완벽함을 내려놓고 작은 실천 을 통해 습관화하였다. 결과 하나님과의 친밀함, 자신감, 사랑, 용서, 인내, 순종, 예배문화, 기도, 말씀을 묵상하는 새로운 양육태도가 형성되었다.

The study of Chinese vulgar characters is one of the important contents in the study of modern Chinese characters, and it is also one of the important contents in the study of the dissemination of Chinese characters. Based on the 81 poems and more than 300 folk characters in the Vietnamese Chinese document “Giới Hiên Collected Poems”, this paper explores the nature of Chinese vulgar characters and related issues. The nature of Chinese vulgar characters can be characterized from the perspective of Chinese character shape, structure and function: Vulgar characters are used by the civil community, with different forms of different forms, different components of the composition of the word, often used to record and correspond to the orthography of the Chinese character. Clarifying the nature of “vulgar characters” is of great significance to its ontology research, modern Chinese research, and Chinese character dissemination research.