In our previous studies, the cardiac xenotransplantation from an alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase knockout pig (GT-MCP-MCP) to cynomolgus monkeys showed a mean survival of 38 days. The objective of this study is to genetically upgrade the GT-MCP-MCP pig, to further enhance membrane cofactor protein (MCP) expression and to express an endothelial specific thrombomodulin (TBM). MCP is a complement regulatory protein and TBM is a coagulation inhibitor. As the dicistronic cassette for wild-type-based MCP and TBM concurrent expressions does not show any increase of MCP, we optimized the MCP codon usage (mMCP) and substituted mMCP for MCP. When the mMCP-TBM cassette was transfected to HeLa cells, we were able to find an increased expression of MCP and endothelial cell-specific TBM expression. The cassette was then transfected into ear-skin fibroblasts isolated from one-month-old #23-4 of a GT-MCP-MCP pig, and the cell populations expressing MCP were obtained by MACS cell sorting. We performed a single cell culture of the selected cells, and obtained clones over expressing 90% MCP. The cells of a clone were used as a donor for nuclear transfer and generated GT-MCP/-MCP/mMCP/TBM pig. The transgenic pig was confirmed to be carrying the cells expressing MCP and functioning as an inhibitor against the cytotoxic effect of normal monkey serum, comparable with donor cells. Thus, we believe that the GT-MCP/-MCP/mMCP/TBM transgenic pig would be potential for the prolongation of xenograft survival in the recipients.

To test the muscle cell specific gene expression, we examined the ability of human α-skeletal muscle actin (ACTA) promoter or human myoglobin (hMb) promoter to direct the expression of the GFP gene in both muscle and non-muscle cells, respectively. C2C12 cells, a mouse myoblast cell line, provide a powerful model to study skeletal muscle differentiation in vitro. We intended to use this cell line as a model for skeletal muscle-specific gene expression during myogenic differentiation from myoblast to myotubes. We compared marker gene expression profiles of proliferating and differentiated C2C12 cells using RT-PCR and fluorescent microscopy analysis. Also, we found that the expression of PCK1 gene under the control of ACTA promoter was proportionally increased as C2C12 differentiated into myotube form. PCK1 is involved in the regulation of gluconeogenesis. In previous research, transgenic mice with overexpressing PCK1 in skeletal muscle showed a greatly enhanced level of physical activity, which extends well into old age. This is due, in part, to an increased number of mitochondria and a high concentration of triglyceride in their skeletal muscles. These mice also had very little body fat, despite eating 60% more than controls. We also constructed a mesenchymal stem cell line and fetal fibroblast cell line for the experiments aiming to make transgenic animals in which the PCK1 gene is specifically expressed in muscle tissue. Accumulated knowledge of this approach could be applicable to a variety of related biological areas including transgenic animal research, gene function study, anti-aging study, etc. This work was supported by Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture and Forestry (IPET) through Export Promotion Technology Development Program, funded by Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (MAFRA) (316002-5).

Variance of conceptus interferon tau (IFNT), produced by the embryonic trophectoderm, is known as a major conceptus protein that signals the process of maternal recognition of pregnancy in ruminants, essential for the maintenance of early pregnancy. Similar to other IFN genes such as IFNA and IFNB, multiple IFNT genes are present. However, some kinds of IFNT genes actively transcribed and regulated in bovine conceptuses have not been well characterized. In this study, during the course of bovine IFNT gene transcription through the use of next generation sequencer SOLiD3, revealed that among 38 IFN genes registered, only two transcripts, IFNT1 and IFNTc1, were found in conceptuses during early pregnancy. Also, to identify a transcription factor(s) involved in the regulation of IFNT genes, mRNAs for various known transcription factors were investigated by real-time PCR in conceptus tissues, respectively. Furthermore, compared to the IFNT genes, IFNT1 and IFNTc1 had same active levels, which were previously shown to correlate with the appearance of effective antiviral activity. However, the expression levels of these Luc activities differed. Bovine ear fibroblast (EF) cells were cotransfected with luciferase reporter constructs carrying upstream (–631 to -51) promoter regions of IFNT1 or IFNTc1 and various transcription factor expression plasmids, CDX2, AP1(JUN), ETS2 and/or cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB)-binding protein (CREBBP). CDX2, either alone with the other 2 transcription factors, was found to increase luciferase activity approximately 14- and 11-folds, respectively. The degree of transcriptional activation of the IFNTc1 gene was not similar to that IFNT1 gene by AP1, ETS2 or/and CREBBP, expression plasmid. These results suggest that two isoforms of bovine conceptus IFNT genes are regulated differently in conceptuses during early pregnancy.

Honey bee, Apis mellifera L., have been widely used as a model organism for biological science because of its highly developed sociality, specialized labor division and passive population management. In order to examine the expression patterns of genes putatively involved in social development in honey bee, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) that has been widely used to investigate the expression level of target gene can be used in honey bee study. However, the selection and validation of optimal reference genes is a crucial step prior to running qRT-PCR. In the present study, therefore, the seasonal expression stability of five candidate reference genes in the abdomen of forager and nurse was investigated using three programs (geNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper), and selected reference genes were validated by the normalization of expression level of vg encoding vitellogenin. Although three programs revealed slightly different gene stability values, overall the combination of two genes (rpS18 and gapdh encoding ribosomal protein S18 and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, respectively) was resulted in the most suitable use for normalization of the target gene in forager. However, a single gene, either rpL32 or rpS18 in the nurse or either rpL32, rpS18, or gapdh in the comparison between foragers and nurses, were suggested to be applied for normalization of seasonal and labor-specific gene expression by qRT-PCR.

붉은불개미는 세계 100대 침입외래 해충 중의 하나로 우리나라에서는 관리 해충으로 1996년도에 지정되었다. 2017년 9월28일 부산항 감만 부두에서 국내 최초로 발견된 후, 2018년에 부산항, 평택항 과 인천항에서 발견이 되었고, 9월18일에 대구의 아파트 공사장에서 내륙에서는 처음으로 발견이 되었다. 대구에서 발견된 붉은불개미도 아파트 건설을 위하여 중국에서 수입한 석재에 혼합되어 수입된 토양과 식물체와 같이 혼입된 것으로 추측이 된다. 그러므로, 현재까지 국내에서 붉은불개미가 번식을 하여 토착화되었다는 증거는 없다. 현재까지 붉은불개미에 대한 종 판명은 전문가에 의한 형태적인 분류가 대부분이다. 그래서, 붉은불개미에 대한 확증을 위해서는 채집된 개체를 검역기관으로 이송하여 분자진단을 실시해야 하므로, 최소 이틀의 시간이 필요하다. 현재 항원항체 반응을 이용한 붉은불개미 진단 키트가 해외에서 개발되어 판매되고 있지만, 낮은 민감도로 최소 3~5개의 충체가 필요한 실정이다. 현재 판매되고 있는 진단키트가 가지는 문제점은 이를 대신할 새로운 키트의 개발이 필요함을 보여주고 있다. 신속한 붉은불개미의 검역현장에서 진단을 가능하게하기 위한 노력 중의 하나로 우리는 붉은불개미의 복부에서 발현되는 유전체에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. 본 발표에서는 그에 대한 현재까지의 연구 진행과 결과를 설명하도록 하겠다. (본 연구는 농림축산 검역본부의 연구비 지원으로 이루어졌음).

Introduction: Country of origin has long been of interest to many researchers (e.g. Phao, 1993; Kalicharan, 2014; Yunus and Rashid, 2016). In part, this is because consumers evaluated the quality of a product based on where it was manufactured, and this became an important issue with the majority of fashion product production taking place in developing countries. Consequently, country of origin as a branding tool became an important factor in the fashion industry (Lee et al., 2013). Previously, numerous studies have suggested that consumers’ perception of, and association with, country of origin are influenced by different factors, such as social, environmental and political factors and the workmanship of the country in question (e.g. Insch and McBride, 2004; Jiménez and Martín, 2012; Lee et al., 2013; Mostafa, 2015). For example, Rashid and Barnes (2017) identified the influence the media industry has on the perception of a country’s image, i.e. the influence of a factory collapse in Bangladesh in 2013 (Bolle, 2014). In the same vein, studies on the country of origin effect have also found the influence that the halo and summary effects have on the product evaluation. For example, if consumers were less familiar with fashion products made in Indonesia, they would naturally infer the product attributes using the general image of Indonesian-made products, and thus rate the product based on their perception of the country as a whole (see also Kotabe and Helsen, 2009). In contrast, when consumers are familiar with a country’s products (i.e. fashion designers in Paris), a summary construct model operates in which consumers develop a country’s image from its product information, which then indirectly influences product perception (Han, 1989). In other words, a product naturally receives a positive attitude because of the perception of a country’s products. Moreover, studies have also examined the impact of patriotism and ethnocentric behaviour on association with country image. More recently, authors, e.g. Rashid et al. (2016) and Barnes and Rashid (2017), have also made a contribution towards managerial perspectives and issues relating to the country of origin impact on the fashion industry. However, no research to date has examined the influence of country of origin on purchase intention with specific reference to apparel fitting. Apparel fitting: Over the past two decades, authors have shown increasing interest towards the fit of apparel (e.g. Otieno et al., 2005; Apeagyei et al., 2007; Holmlund et al., 2011). For example, Shim and Bickle (1993) examined women 55 years and older as catalogue shoppers and their differences in satisfaction with the fit of apparel purchased through catalogues and found that the satisfaction level was relatively low for the entire sample of 872 respondents. Some of the key issues identified were that garment fits did not accommodate body proportions for the older market, especially those who did not fit sizes that were tailored for petit or plus sizes. Consequently, it is evident that age is an important factor in apparel fitting. Furthermore, Alexander et al. (2007) pointed out the issue of personal judgement on how a garment looks on the body. Finally, other factors have also been raised, such as fit association with comfort, body-cathexis (feelings about one’s body) and symbolic meanings in social interactions. Adding to this, Rahman et al. (2017) has also added how consumers often evaluate the product on the basis of descriptive, inferential, informational and/or visual cues, and these can be classified as extrinsic or intrinsic cues. “Extrinsic cues” are a product’s physical structure or appearance, such as price, brand name and country of origin, whereas intrinsic cues are inherent to the physical composition of a product such as fabric, fit, colour and style. Moreover, authors have very recently also looked at apparel fitting issues in online fashion retailing (Miell et al., 2017) and technologies linked to fitting, such as 3D body scanners in a retail store (Lewis and Loker, 2016). However, the apparel fit and size association with country of origin remains an under-researched area. Research design: As this study aims to explore country of origin association from an apparel fitting perspective, a qualitative interpretivist approach is adopted (Creswell, 2007; Welch et al., 2011). This is a significant contribution to the country of origin study, as previous country of origin studies from consumer perspectives have prominently been quantitative in nature (e.g. Insch and McBride, 2004; Jiménez and Martín, 2012). Participants for study will be chosen using a judgemental approach, in particular female shoppers who consider fitting an important factor when deciding on the brand from which to purchase a product. To carry out the study, the project will use face-to-face semi-structured interviews. The semi-structured interview questions derive from the country of origin literature and are influenced by theory planned behaviour model (TBP) (Azjan, 1991), taking into account both individual and social factors that may influence customer intention and attitude towards apparel fitting and its association and or perception of a country. Interviews will last between 60 and 90 minutes and will be conducted by the researchers from March 2018 to September 2018. To analyse the data, a thematic analysis approach will be utilised to develop an understanding of the meaning, as interpreted by participants. Discussion and conclusion: The data collection for this study will help address the gap regarding how consumers deem fit as one of the important factors influencing purchasing behaviour, but also their perception of how they associate a fit of a product with the country of origin of different fashion brands. The findings will make a contribution to the literature on country of origin, fashion branding and product management. The study may also introduce practical implications on how to make the service better in a fashion retail setting, where apparel fit is becoming an issue. Thus, the study may also add knowledge to the literature on service marketing.

Brand equity (BE) previously focused on consumers’ perceptions under brand marketing stimuli, they often used financial performance indicators for evaluating brand value (Aaker,1996;Keller,1993). However the primary stakeholders of a service brand are employees (Brexendorf & Kernstock,2007).Thus, the enhancement of employee- based BE could be an important topic for in-depth investigation in the fields of brand and internal marketing. Morhart (2009) was the first to introduce the concepts of brand-specific transformational leadership (TFL) and brand-specific transactional leadership (TRL) based on employees’ brand-building behavior. Theory asserts that leaders should endeavor to influence employees through the internalization of brand values and a brand-based role (Morehart,2001) . In the process of brand internalization, leaders with brand experience and brand knowledge should also uphold and constantly reaffirm brand values because they're more capable than ordinary leaders to clearly convey brand values (Hoffman,1999). For this reason, brand-specific leadership based on employee brand-building behaviors is the focus of this study. This study adopts hierarchical linear modeling for individual and organizational-level analyses. This research to investigate (1)whether TFL and TRL have directly affect employee-based individual-level BE.(2)whether TFL and TRL have indirectly affect employee-based BE as an individual-level mediator.(3)how managers use brand-specific leadership to elicit employees’ perceived brand value congruence for improved employee-based BE.

이 연구의 목적은 서울 지역 소비자들의 베이커리 제품 구매자들의 구매 속성과 형태를 성별과 세대에 따라서 조사하였다. 그 결과는 다음과 같다 : 일반적 사항에서 전체 654명 중에서 남성이 46.6%, 여성이 53.4%로 여성이 남성보다 좀 더 많았다. 베이커리 제품의 구매속성에서 식생활 유형은 ‘미각 관심형’이 35.6%로 가장 많았고, 그 다음으로 ‘건강 관심형’이 35.2%, ‘편리 관심형’이 16.8%순이었다. 베이커리 제품의 구매 기준은 맛이 79.1%로 가장 높게 나타났으며, ‘영양’ 10.2%, ‘가격’ 6.6%, ‘위생’ 5.5% 순이었으며, 성별에 따라서 유의미한 차이를 나타내었다(p<0.01). 베이커리 이용 형태에서 프랜차이즈 베이커리가 71.1%, 윈도우 베이커리 13.3%, 인스토어 베이커리 8.4%순으로 이용하였으며. 성별에서 유의미하였다(p<0.001).

In this study, PAT protein of genetically modified maize was prepared from the recombinant E. coli strain BL21 (DE3), and mice were immunized with the recombinant PAT protein. After cell fusion and cloning, two hybridoma cells (PATmAb-7 and PATmAb-12) were chosen since the monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) produced by them were confirmed to be specific to PAT protein in the indirect enzyme-linked immunsorbent assay (ELISA) and western blot tests. There were no cross-reactions of either Mabs to other GM proteins or to the extracts of non-GM maize. The ELISA based on the PATmAb-7 can sensitively detect 0.3 ng/g PAT protein in corn. These results indicate that the developed Mabs can be used as bio-receptors in the development of immunosensors and biosensors for the rapid and simple detection of GM corn adulterated in foods.

The present study investigates secondary school student athletes’ specific needs for English learning and analyzes correlation and a cause and effect relationship among the needs-related variables. Two hundred forty six student athletes enrolled in physical education. Junior and senior high schools participated in the study. Data were collected through a survey that inquired about the students’ perceived English ability and learning areas of interest, their needs for ESP education, and aspects to be considered for ESP course design. The results show that the students put more emphasis on verbal communication (i.e., on speaking and listening) than on written communication (i.e., on reading and writing) and that they wanted more practical ESP education reflecting their needs and interests. Additionally, there was significant correlation (p<.01) among the subjects’ learning areas of interest, needs for ESP education, and aspects to be considered for ESP course design; a cause and effect relationship among the above three variables was discovered by goodness of fit test for structure equation model. Based on these findings, it is concluded that secondary school student athletes’ perceived English ability and areas of interest for English learning influence both their needs for ESP education and aspects to be considered for ESP course design.

국가 사이의 문화거리가 다국적 기업의 성과에 영향을 미친다는 기존 연구에 기초 하여 본 연구에서는 문화거리로 야기되는 기업의 어려움이 최고경영진의 현지 대응 역량에 의해서 어떻게 완화되는지에 대한 연구 주제에 대해서 탐구하였다. 본 연구에서는 중국 시장에서의 현지 대응 역량은 1) 귀환자 여부 2) 교육 배경 3) 정치적인 연관성과 관련이 있음을 밝혔으며 이를 102개의 다국적 기업 데이터를 활용하여 실증적으로 분석하였다. 즉 이 연구는 다국적 기업 최고 경영진의 해외경험, 교육 수준, 그리고 정부 접근성이 중국이라는 시장에서 문화거리로 야기되는 단점을 상쇄하는 요소라는 사실을 검증하였다. 본 연구는 중국 시장을 넘어 다른 개발도상국에 진출한 외국계 기업의 현지 전략에도 실무적인 함의를 가질 것으로 기대한다.

고추는 한국에서 매우 중요한 양념 중 하나이다. 하지만 수입 고춧가루와 다진 양념(다대기)에 부과되는 관세율(45%/270%)의 차이로 인해, 다진 양념이 수입된 후, 건 조 및 분쇄 과정을 거쳐 고춧가루로 제작되고 있는 실정 이다. 본 연구에서는 종 특이 PCR 기술과 whole-genome amplification 방법을 접목하여 고춧가루(N=45) 및 다진 양 념(N=5) 제품의 사용원료(고추, 마늘, 양파, 파, 생강)를 분 석하였다. 모니터링 결과, 39개 고춧가루 제품은 표시사항 을 준수하였으며, 6개 고춧가루 및 5개 다진 양념 제품은 제조 기준을 충족시키지 못했다. 따라서 분석 제품의 22% 가 표시사항을 준수하지 못한 것으로 밝혀졌으며, 본 연구에 사용한 분석 방법은 고춧가루 제품에 사용된 원료 분석에 적합한 방법임을 입증하였다.

환경부 지정 보호지역인 특정도서는 현재 249개소로 이들을 대상으로 지형․경관, 지질, 식생, 동･식물상 및 해안무척 추동물, 해조류 분류군 대상으로 1차 특정도서기본계획(‘05~’14) 이후 2차 특정기본계획(‘15~’24)에 따라 매년 10~15개 씩 정밀조사가 수행되고 있다. 특정도서의 곤충조사는 2006~2008년 3년간 39개 도서를 제외하고 전무하였다. 특정도서 의 지정사유 중 자연경관․지질의 우수성이 가장 높고 식생이 우수가 다음으로 높아 시간이 지남에 따라 식생과 관련된 해충 및 외래종의 기착지로도 이용될 수 있는 특성을 가지고 있어 2015년부터 곤충에 대한 조사가 이루어지고 있다. 본 연구는 2016년 인천광역시 옹진군 일대 소초지도, 신도, 어평도, 항도, 뭉퉁도, 서만도, 할미염 7개 특정도서에 대한 곤충상 및 군집분석 결과와 각 도서별 과거 2007년 보고된 곤충상을 비교한 결과를 보고하는 바이다.

밤 재배단지에서 갈색날개매미충은 밤바구미, 복숭아명나방, 붉은매미나방과 함께 경제적 피해를 야기하고 있는 해충으로 2017년 부여 남면 일대에서는 이들 해충에 의해 밤의 상업적 수확을 전혀 할 수 없었던 농가들도 발생하였다. 이에 밤 재배단지에서 갈색날개매미충의 방제 전략 중 하나의 정밀방제 가능 여부를 판단하기 위해 실험을 수행하였다. 실험은 부여에 위치한 한 밤 재배단지에서 대략 30m 간격으로 무작위로 밤나무를 선정, 표지한 후 GPS를 이용 좌표를 구하고 나무당 50cm 가지 2개에 존재하는 갈색날개매미충 알, 약충, 성충의 밀도를 육안 조사하였다. 조사된 결과를 SADIE를 이용해 공간적 상호관계를 분석한 결과 알, 약충, 성충 모두 90% 유의수준에서 공간적 상호관계를 보였다. 이는 넓은 밤 재배단지에서 갈색날개매미충이 발육단계에 상관없이 특정 지역에서만 집중적으로 발생하고 있다는 것을 의미하며 정밀방제가 가능할 것이라고 생각된다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 연구된 밤 재배단지에서 갈색날개매미충의 방제 전략이 논의되었다.

With the development of industrial technology and science, production and manufacturing facilities have been enhanced and improved, and the importance of the safety of workers has also been regulated and limited by various safety management methods. As a way to secure the safety of the workers from the production facility, the fail-safe and fool-proof methods are now being applied. Any possible insecure behavior and unsafe conditions can be removed by adopting the standards and specifications that are now secure the safety of workers and equipment. This research analyzes EN ISO 13849-1 international and European standards during CE certification. In order to secure acceptable reduced risks, the risk assessment process of ISO 12100 and the processes for reducing its risk are applied. In the current ISO 13849-1 standard, the criteria for the required performance level PLr (Required Performance Level) for the applicable risk and safety functions through the risk assessment are subjective and not subdivided. Therefore, the evaluation criteria are likely to cause judge’s judgement error due to qualitative judgement. This research focuses on evaluation and acceptable performance level setting for the safety circuit of the equipment. We propose an objective and specific evaluation criteria to secure safety, and the proposed evaluation criteria are applied to the case study of the safety circuit for the equipment. In order to secure the safety of the entire safety circuit, the improvement of the MTTFd and DC level related to the SRP/CS (Safety-Related Parts of Control Systems)’ lifetime is required for the future research.

소나무재선충(pine wood nematode, PWN) 감염 소나무를 현장에서 신속하게 진단을 할 수 있는 방법은 현재 없다. 본 연구에서는 PWN특이적인 항원으로 알려진 PWN-GaLectin을 baculovirus발현체계로 발현시켜서 총 1,464개의 fusion hybridoma 세포 주 라이브러리 를 제작 하는 항원으로 이용하였다. 총 1,464개의 fusion hybridoma 세포 주 중, PWN-GaLectin에 대한 높은 반응을 보이는 62개의 fusion hybridoma 세포 주를 선별했다. 이들 중, 표준 PWN 감염소나무 PBS추출물과 PWN 단백질 추출물에 강한 반응을 보이는 세포 주 12개를 선 별하여 단클론 항체(monoclonal antibody, Mab) 분비세포 주 확립을 위한 limited dilution을 실시하였다. Mab분비세포 주 확립을 위해서 표 준 PWN 감염소나무 추출물에 대한 반응이 표준 정상 소나무 추출물 보다 높은 세포 주들을 선별했다. 그리고 추가로 PWN 단백질 추출물에 대 해서 3종의 비 병원성 선충 단백질 추출물 보다 높은 반응을 보이는 세포 주들도 선별, 확립했다. 본 연구에서 확립된 Mab들을 우리는 현장과 실 험실에서 사용할 수 있는 신속진단키트의 개발에 이용할 수 있을 것이다.