The purpose of this study is to clarify the effect of mountain-valley wind on heat island formed in urban area which is located around valley mouth. The meteorological observations were carried out over the Dalbi-valley under a clear summer pressure patterns, and some consideration were tried from the results. In order to make clear the climatological characteristics and air-mass modification process of the mountain-valley wind over the valley, the meteorological observations were done simultaneously at two points. The observational points were located at the breast and valley mouth parts, respectively. The results were as follows: First, it was found that the valley wind was observed through the daytime, and it was replaced by a mountain wind after sunset. Second, the heat budget is also investigated with observation data. The sensible heat flux over the breast of Dalbi-valley reached to about 200during daytime, which is a little more than one third of net radiation. On the other hand, the sensible heat flux represented negative values during nighttime. But the sensible heat flux over the valley mouth covered by asphalt showed plus value(about 20～30) during the nighttime.

This study aims to estimate a urban heat island potential distribution based on the land-use types using Landsat TM(1100 LST August 2004) and AWS data in Daegu. The heat island potential is defined as a difference between surface temperature and air-temperature at each place. The study area was selected as about 900㎢ square including Daegu metropolitan area. Land-use data obtained by dividing all of Daegu metropolitan area into 1-km-square three types of maps were prepared in the 1960s, 1970s and 2000s respectively. Land-use types were classified into 5 categories. Forest and farm lands have been reduced at a wide range during 40 years. Most of those changed into urban area. The heat island potential distribution presented a striking contrasts according to land-use types. For example, the heat island potential of urban area was higher than 10℃ in comparison to those of water or paddy rice areas.

Present study was designed to characterize the concentrations of major roadside air pollutants in Daegu and to compare with those of Seoul and Busan. Evaluated were the exceedance frequence of mean concentrations of target compounds(CO, NO2, O3, PM10, SO2) and the relationship for time variation. Two air pollution monitoring stations(one roadside station and one residential station) in Daegu were selected for this study. In addition, one roadside monitoring station from each of Seoul and Busan was chosen for the comparison of Daegu monitoring stations. The data analyzed in the current study were collected from 1998 to 2000 by Daegu Regional Environmental Management Office. The roadside concentrations of NO2 and PM10 and the exceedance frequency of ambient air standard levels in Daegu were higher than those of Seoul and Busan. Except O3, the roadside concentrations of all target compounds showed following three distinguished patterns; first, possibly due to increased traffic density, the concentrations increased from 0500 to 0900(LST), second, the concentrations decreased from 0900 to 1700(LST) possibly due to the increased wind velocity and decreased traffic density, and finally, increased traffic density, the concentrations increased again from 1700 to 2100(LST). An implication was that major air pollution sources shifted from residential area to road-area during rush hours.

The purpose of this study is to clarify the characteristic of urban heat island intensity in urban area formed at a basin. Thermal environments for basin-type cities are influenced by significant topographic relief winds. In this study, we analyzed the diurnal variations of the heat island intensity according to meteorological condition and season using AWS(Automatic Weather observation System) data in Daegu Metropolitan area for 1 year(3/April, 2003 ～ 2/April, 2004). In this study, we defined the urban heat island intensity as the air temperature difference between two points, the downtown and the suburban area. The suburban area is located at valley mouth around the western tip of Daegu. The results are summarized as follows; 1. The maximum heat island intensity was recorded at early morning under the meteorological conditions, calm and clear 2. The heat island intensity was strong in the order of winter, fall, spring and summer. 3. The heat island intensity came out minus values in the afternoon. This phenomenon is known as a common for basin-type cities. 4. The heat island intensity was twice or more in clear and calm than not so.

The purpose of this paper is to suggest practical suggestions to mitigate Urban Heat Island(UHI) problems in Daegu regarding urban surface temperature. Urban street trees's size and the relations between urban land use types and surface temperature are analysed using aerial photos, the numerical value map and Landsat TM image with special reference to Jung-gu. Total urban street tree's crown size is 156,217.6㎡ and it is equal to 2.24% of study area. In addition, the size of 'city and residential area' is 6,681,870㎡(95.7% of study area), which causes UHI and the total size of 'river' shows the lowest surface temperature area and 'road' and 'business and service area' are the highest surface temperature zones. Therefore, it is probable that the network between urban street trees and the lowest surface temperature areas mitigate UHI effects.

대구지역 대형식품접객업소 한식, 양식, 일식, 중식 각 3곳씩 12개 업소를 대상으로 조리기기 및 용기(칼, 도마, 행주, 집게, 바구니 등),조리종사자 손 및 조리 작업환경에 대한 미생물학적 위해를 분석하였다. 일부 한식당 조리수와 음용수의 일반세균 및 대장군균수가 범위로 검출되어 기준치에 부적합하였다. 특히 끓여서 식힌 보리차를 제공할 경우 음용수에 대한 미생물적 수치가 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 일부 양식당과 일식당의 음용수도 기준치에 부적합

This design proposal was made for the school forest plan of Samdeok Primary School and which goals were to realize the programs of making the school forest and removing the school wall. The results of developing programs could enhance the existing conditions of the school from the primary educational state to the sustain-able and friendly nature state.The site is located at 361 Samdeok-3ga, Jung-gu, Daegu and which is about 15,150㎡ and divided into 2 parts of design site of 150m in length, 15m in width respectively. The client suggested some guidelines to develop spaces of environmentally and educationally-friendliness without reducing athletic area. The design concepts are divided into 4 thematic activities such as Open Education, Outdoor Music Activity, Ecological Educational Activity and Social Interrelated Activity. The master plan has two seperated areas which are the main gate area and the back side of the school. The basic plan of the main gate area is characterized by the school forest which has Pine Tree Forest, Rock Shelter, Forest with Pictures and Books, Wild Flower Bed, Gravel Road, Outdoor Music Theater, Forest with Poets and Music, Monumental Sculptures. The back side area has also many various design components such as Decorated Seating Wall with Tree Shades and Bird Nests, Street Mini Park, Small Pond, Shaded Trees and Hedges. This project was constructed from May to June, 2005 as the first year budget of the school. But the limited budget cut down and reduced many parts of the whole design and that is the main problem of this project. The school could solve this problem gaining many kinds of funds from the various sources such as Deagu Metropolitan Office of Education and The P.T.A etc.

The aim of this study was to analyze the local distribution of the heavy metal concentration in Daegu and Ulsan which were divided into the residual areas, the traffic dense areas and the industrial areas. The Inductively Coupled Plasma(ICP) was used to analyze heavy metals, such as As, Cr, Hg, Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu and minor metals, such as Fe, Si, Mg, Ca, Al, Na, K. The results of this analysis showed that the content of heavy metals which was classified by districts in Daegu and Ulsan was the highest in the industrial areas followed by the traffic dense areas and the residual areas. Compared to the level of heavy metals of national and local soil survey network in 2003, contamination of heavy metals in Daegu was lower than national average. However, the content of Cd, As, Zn in Ulsan was respectively 13.38 times, 472 times and 2.65 times higher than national average contamination. In addition, compared to the soil pollution level of the environmental protection law, contamination of all areas in Daegu was lower. But the content of As at the industrial areas in Ulsan was 10.71 times higher than standard of soil pollution and 4.28 times higher than standard of measures against soil contamination.

In recent days, photochemical smog due to the rapid industry development and vehicle increasement has become a critical pollutant in the metropolitan area and the number of ozone alarm signal has increased every year. This research was performed to evaluate VOCs emission source characteristics and concentration of VOCs in Daegu. The site average concentration was observed in the following order : industrial area > commercial area > residential area. Most of the VOCs species except toluene showed variations with higher concentration during nighttime, and lower concentration during the daytime. The major VOCs of stationary emission source were BTEX(benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene) and methylene chloride, trichloroethene and styrene. Also, those of automobile exhaust were toluene and benzene. Also, the major VOCs concentration emited by the vehicle fuel was observed in the following order : gasoline > light oil > liquefied petroleum gas (L.P.G). Correlation coefficients values were estimated between major VOCs such as toluene, ethylbenzene, m,p-xylene, o-xylene. Results showed that correlation coefficient values were significant magnitude above 0.76. Also, there showed highly significant correlations among ethylbenzene, m,p-xylene, and o-xylene concentration(Pearson correlation coefficients, r= 0.868～0.982). Calculated correlation coefficients among commercial area, industrial area and residential area were 0.934～0.981, they showed high correlation. There showed highly correlation between stationary emission source and industrial area, compared with commercial area and residential area. Also, calculated correlation coefficients among commercial area, industrial area, residential area and automobile exhaust were 0.732, 0.725, 0.777, respectively.

The importance of atmospheric conditions for the assessment of an air pollution situation has been demonstrated by their influence on the various compartments of an air pollution system, comprising all stages from emission to effects. Especially, air pollutants dispersion phenomenon are very sensitive according to wind data. But the discussions of how to apply representative meteorological data in air pollution dispersion model are not frequent in Korean environmental assessment processes. In this study, we investigated the difference of air pollutants dispersion phenomenon using U.S EPA ISCLT3 model according to applying the different meteorological data observed at two points for Seongseo industrial complex of Daegu. Two points are the spot site of Seongseo industrial complex and Daegu meteorological observatory. The winds speed of the spot site were smaller than those of Daegu meteorological observatory. In the winter season, the differences came to about 64% for the period(1 February 2001～31 January 2002). Wind directions were also fairly different at two points. The air pollutants dispersion phenomenon estimated from our numerical experiments were also fairly different owing to the meteorological conditions at two points.

The main objectives of this research are to analyse and evaluate the demolishing walls initiative in Daegu city as the collaborative urban environment improvement initiative in South Korea using the actor network theory concept. Local authorities are unable to effectively and efficiently improve urban environment because of their limited statutory and financial powers. This inability crucially led to the formation of the demolishing walls initiative in Daegu city with building a coalition of the local people, interest groups and public and non-governmental organisations in the operational processes in order to improve the physical and social urban environments. Furthermore, co-ordination between local authorities and landscape architecture specialists not only to change the way in which they tackle urban environmental problems but also to make the local people aware of their potential ability in positively improving the urban environment.

As urbanization has been expanded in Korea, open spaces, such as urban parks and public sites, have been utilized for other uses, and then this bring out environmental changes for the worse. It is expected that these changes become more serious problems due to overpopulation, increasing individualism, and development of transportation. This research base on the consideration of connecting between decreasing urban green spaces and distributed green sites so as to build the substantial plan for the Green Network construction for urban heat island mitigation in Dalseo district, Daegu Metropolitan City. The result were as follow; 1)Connecting existing natural sites to the remained parks green zone made an Ideal form of Green-Network system. 2)Some school sites were selected for usable open spaces in order to build Green-Network system, and the plan connecting together with exist natural sites was suggested. 3)Moreover, the scheme of planting on the road spaces for connecting green spaces was proposed. 4)The devices of planting on the urban riverside for enhancing the role of urban stream to form green network was conceived.

Air pollution from the Daegu industrial complex (DIC) in Korea has been a common nuisance and cause of complaints for nearby residents. The current study measured the indoor and outdoor levels of six VOC (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and three isomeric xylenes) at two residential areas with a different proximity to the DDIC, plus the ambient levels at two industrial areas within the boundary of the DDIC. The QA/QC program included the range of correlation coefficient (0.94～0.99) for calibration curves, within the permissible range. Toluene was the most abundant VOC in the ambient air both in residential and industrial areas. Both indoor and outdoor air concentrations of all target VOC except benzene were higher in residential area near the DIC compared to that further away from the DIC. Moreover, the ambient air concentrations of all target VOC except benzene for two industrial sites (A and B) were significantly higher than the outdoor or indoor air concentrations in the two residential areas. The findings further suggested that VOC ambient levels measured in a residential area near the DIC be used as a potential indicator of odor-causing unidentified air pollutants transported from the DIC. Moreover, it was found that the elevated ambient toluene levels outweighed the indoor sources with respect to the environmental exposure of residents nearby the DIC. However, in the residential area further away from the DIC, the toluene indoor sources outweighed the outdoor sources.

In urban area, thermal pollution associated with heat island phenomena is generally regarded to make urban life uncomfortable. To overcome this urban thermal pollution problem, urban planning with consideration of urban climate, represented by the concept of urban ventilation lane, is widely practiced in many countries. In this study, the prevailing wind ventilation lane of a local winds in Daegu during the warm climate season was investigated by using surface wind data and RAMS(Reasonal Atmospheric Model System) simulation. The domain of interest is the vicinity of Daegu metropolitan city(about 900) and its horizontal scale is about 30km. The simulations were conducted under the synoptic condition of late spring with the weak gradient wind and mostly clear sky. From the numerical simulations, the following two major conclusions were obtained: (1)The major wind passages of the local circulation wind generated by radiative cooling over the mountains(Mt. Palgong and Mt. Ap) are found. The winds blow down along the valley axis over the eastern part of the Daegu area as a gravity flow during nighttime. (2)After that time, the winds blow toward the western part of Daegu through the city center. As the result, the higher temperature region appears over the western part of Daegu metropolitan area.

체계적으로 분석된 대구지역의 PM10 오염도의 시간적 및 공간적 특성과 대조지역에서 측정된 PM10 오염도에 근거하여 대구지역의 PM10 오염에 대한 저감 방안이 다음과 같이 제시된다. 대구시의 지역특성에 따른 PM10 관리의 관점에서 볼 때 대구지역의 PM10 관리는 다른 지역보다는 도로변 또는 도로변 인근지역, 그리고 공업지역에서 우선적으로 이루어져야 하고 지역적으로 PM10 관리 전략을 달리하여야 함을 제시하고 있다. 남산동, 삼덕동 및 대명동을 포함하여 도로변 또는 도로변 인근의 주택에 거주하는 주민의 PM10으로부터 건강 위해성을 줄이기 위해서는 자동차 교통 관리가 가장 우선적으로 수행되어야 한다. 한편, 노원동과 중리동을 포함한 공업지역 또는 인근에 거주하는 주민의 PM10으로부터 건강 위해성을 줄이기 위해서는 자동차 교통 관리 보다는 공단 배출 PM10 관리가 가장 우선적으로 수행되어야 한다. 나아가, 본 연구결과에 기초할 때, 비록 만성영향과 밀접한 관련이 있는 평균농도는 모든 지역에서 PM10 대기환경 기준치 이하로 나타났지만, 급성영향과 밀접한 관련이 있는 최대 농도와 결코 낮지 않은 PM10 대기환경 기준치를 초과하는 빈도수를 고려할 때, 대구지역의 PM10 관리는 지속적으로 수행되어야 함이 강조된다. 대구지역의 시간대 별 PM10 관리 관점에서 볼 때, 대구의 일반 주거지역의 PM10 관리는 오전 10시에서 오후 1 3시에 집중되어야 효율적인 PM10 관리가 될 수 있음을 의미한다. 공업지역인 중리동과 노원동의 경우, 다소 이른 오전 7시부터 오후 1 2시 사이에 PM10 관리가 집중되어야 효율적인 PM10 관리가 될 수 있을 것이다. 반면에 상업/주거 지역인 삼덕동과 대명동 그리고 도로변 지역인 남산동의 경우, 특정 시간대가 아닌 거의 전 시간대에 걸쳐 PM10 관리해야 하고 특히 자동차 배출 PM10 관리대책 수립이 시급하다. 대구지역의 요일 별 PM10 관리 관점에서 볼 때, 모든 지역에 대하여 일요일과 월요일의 PM10 농도가 낮게 나타났으므로 화요일에서 토요일까지 집중되는 것이 PM10관리가 효율적으로 수행될 수 있음을 의미한다. 대구지역의 월 별 PM10 관리 관점에서 볼 때, 모든 지역에서 하절기인 7월, 8월 및 9월에 낮은 농도를 나타내었고, 동절기인 11월 2월 보다는 오히려 이른 봄인 3월에 최대 농도를 나타내고 있으므로 모든 지역에서 3월에는 특별한 PM10 관리가 이루어져야 하고, 특히 근본적인 문제점인 중국의 황사현상을 저감하기 위한 중국과의 외교적인 노력이 요구된다. 대구지역의 계절 별 PM10 관리 관점에서 볼 때, 계절적으로는 모든 지역에서 봄철에 가장 PM10 농도, 그 다음이 겨울, 가을 그리고 여름의 순으로 나타났다. 봄철의 가장 높은 PM10 농도와 여름철의 가장 낮은 PM10 농도는 앞의 월별 PM10 농도 변화에서도 설명된 바와 같이 각각 황사와 장마의 영향 때문인 것으로 사료된다. 여름과 가을 보다 높은 PM10 농도를 나타내는 겨울철의 경우, 난방 연료 사용의 증가로 인한 영향을 받는 것으로 사료되므로 청정연료 사용의 확대가 권장된다. 대부분의 경우, 대조지역에서 측정된 PM10 농도가 대구의 여섯 개 대기오염측정 지점에서 측정된 PM10 농도 보다 낮게 나타났고, 일부는 일반주거지역인 만촌동과 유사하게 나타났다. 따라서, 대구의 PM10 측정망 중에서 만촌동이 주위 PM10 오염원의 영향을 가장 적게 받는 주거지역임을 함께 고려할 때 대구시의 PM10 관리목표는 만촌동의 PM10 수준으로 유지함이 바람직한 것으로 제안된다.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the characteristics of urban ecotopes and to classify ecotopes systematically from them. Total of 15 characteristics for classification of ecotopes were selected, and there were categorized 3 factors, that is abiotic, biotic and anthropological factors. The ecotope types in the study area were classified into 67. The classification of ecotope was made with SPSS for Windows Version 10.0 on the basis of the 15 characteristics. As the results of cluster analysis using the average linkage method between groups, groups of ecotope type were divided into 15 clusters. It was known that there was not a great difference in an affinity as the result of overlapping the maps of ecotope type and land use type. This research suggested characteristics for classification of ecotopes, but there was a limit to get the objective method for grade classification because of lacking in the basic data, the research of characteristics will be accomplished continuously.

We studied the relationship between a civil affair occurrence of bad smell and meteorological conditions around Seongseo district for recent 2 years. The results were as follows; (1) The civil affair occurrence days of bad smell were concentrated from May to August. (2) Daily mean temperatures were mostly 20～28℃ and daily mean relative humidities were 60～80%. (3) Wind speeds were mostly less than 2m/s(75%), and wind directions were southerly winds(50%). It was hardly occurred for relatively well-ventilated conditions in cases of wind speeds 2m/s over. And the Lagrangian particle dispersion model were used to figure out the transport route in a civil affair occurrence days of bad smell. It was found that the south-western winds transported the bad smelling materials from Jungni-dong(the place of source) to the housing complex located along a piedmont district.

In this study, we alalyzed the relationship between the time-variation trend of air pollution concentration index and the meteorological conditions with CO(carbon monoxide) concentration and meteorological observation data in high-CO episode days. CO is a representative automobil air pollutant. The results are as follows; 1. Most of the high-CO episode days within 30 classes appeared in winter season. 2.Most of them appeared under the surface weather conditions with east-west high-pressure system. The surface winds in this high-pressure area were very light. 3. The high-CO episode days were due to unusual accumulation within urban atmosphere in the morning. 4.The Atmospheric stabilities were more stable, and then the wind-ventilation conditions were worse than yearly mean atmospheric condition in Daegu.

Through data analysis using the meteorological data during 40 years(1961～2000) for 2 stations(Daegu and Chupungnyong), we studied the present condition and long-term trends in urban climatic environments of Daegu. It was found that there was about 1.5℃ rise in annual mean temperature of Daegu from 1961 to 2000. On the other hand, that of Chupungnyung was not more than 0.4℃ for the same period. The regional disparity in temperature changes has been caused by the difference of urban effects on climate between two regions. In particular, the urban warming appears more significant in winter season. There was about 3℃ rise in annual mean daily minimum temperature of winter season(Dec.～Feb.) in Daegu. As the result, the number of winter days continuously decreased from 115 days(1961) to 75 days(2000). The long-term trends of relative humidity were also studied to exame the effects of urbanization on climate in Daegu. It was found that there was about 7% decrease in relative humidity of Daegu during past 40 years(1961～2000). On the other side, the decrease of Chupungnyung was not more than 2% for the same period. The ong-term trends of the other climatic factors(fog days, tropical night days, etc) were also studied in this study.

This study was conducted to provide the basic information to know reasonable method for the removal and treatment of municipal solid wastes(MSWs). MSWs four different sources(apartment, residence, commerce, office/industry) in Daegu city were collected, and bulk density, physical composition, moisture, combustible, ash, elements and heating values were investigated. The values of bulk density were at range of 0.30～0.41ton/m3. The percentages of foods, papers, vinyls/plastics, textiles, rubbers/leathers, metals and glasses/ceramics of wet muncipal solid wastes from three sources except office/industry were at range of 27.3～46.4%, 21.2～38.4%, 10.3～11.9%, 3.8～5.2%, 0.5～1.7%, 6.9～8.7% and 1.9～2.6% respectively. The percentages of papers, foods, vinyls/plastics, textiles, rubbers/leathers, metals and glasses/ceramics of dry muncipal solid wastes from three sources except office/industry were at range of 21.1～40.4%, 14.2～30.1%, 15.2～17.8%, 4.0～6.0%, 0.9～2.8%, 12.2～14.1% and 3.1～3.7% respectively. The moisture contents of foods, woods, textiles and papers in wastes were at range of 65.7～76.2%, 34.6～50.0%, 22.2～44.8 and 30.6～44.4% respectively. The carbon contents of vinyls/plastics, rubbers/leathers, textiles, woods, papers and foods in wastes were at range of 75.88～79.87%, 58.24～70.74%, 45.23～51.63%, 42.29～45.58%, 40.19～48.4% and 25.86～36.25% respectively. The low heating values of foods, papers, woods, textiles, rubbers/leathers and vinyls/plastics by Dulong's law were at range of 178～1,353kcal/kg, 770～1,660kcal/kg, 995～1,629kcal/kg, 2,133～2,432kcal/kg, 4,200～7,275 kcal/kg and 6,384～8,722kcal/kg respectively, and the high heating values of them were at range of 782～2,056 kcal/kg, 2,459～3,314kcal/kg, 3,056～3,592kcal/kg, 4,381～5,087kcal/kg, 5,005～8,066kcal/kg and 10,032～10,739 kcal/kg respectively.