Dual-color fluorescence in situ hybridization karyotype analysis was created using repetitive sequences including two types of rDNA repeats (45S and 5S rDNAs) and Arabidopsis-type telomere sequence repeats. The somatic metaphase cells of Carthamus tinctorius were observed as diploids (2n=2x=24). A symmetrical or slightly asymmetrical karyotype with seven pairs of metacentric and five pairs of submetacentric chromosomes was observed. The lengths of the somatic metaphase chromosomes ranged from 4.18 to 6.53 ㎛, with a total length of 60.71 ㎛. One locus of 45S rDNA was located on the pericentromeric regions of three pairs of chromosomes and the other pair was situated on the terminal regions of the short arms of a single pair of chromosomes. One locus of 5S rDNA was detected on the interstitial regions of the short arms of two pairs of chromosomes. Arabidopsis-type telomeric repeats were detected on the terminal regions of all pairs of chromosomes. Co-localization of loci between telomeric repeats and 45S rDNA was observed in a single pair of chromosomes. The results provide additional information for the existing physical mapping project of C. tinctorius and will also serve as a benchmark to a more intricate cytogenetic investigation of C. tinctorius and its related species.

The germline stem cells of the Drosophila ovary continuously produce eggs throughout the life- span. Intricate regulation of stemness and differentiation is critical to this continuous production. The translational regulator Nos is an intrinsic factor that is required for maintenance of stemness in germline stem cells. Nos expression is reduced in differentiating cells at the post-transcriptional level by diverse translational regulators. However, molecular mechanisms underlying Nos repression are not completely understood. Through three distinct protein-protein interaction experiments, we identified specific molecular interactions between translational regulators involved in Nos repression. Our findings suggest a model in which protein complexes assemble on the 3’ untranslated region of Nos mRNA in order to regulate Nos expression at the posttranscriptional level.

The internal displacement of the corrugated steel plate structure reduces structural stability. In this study, we developed a smart checking system to evaluate the stability of the corrugated steel plate culvert structure by laser scanning and image mapping. It is expected that output data can be used in inspecting deformation rates between designs and measured 3D shapes. Also, it can solve the problems in current visual inspection and systemize the inspection tasks scientifically.

The internal displacement of the corrugated steel plate structure reduces structural stability. In this study, we developed a smart checking system to evaluate the stability of the corrugated steel plate culvert structure by laser scanning and image mapping. It is expected that output data can be used in inspecting deformation rates between designs and measured 3D shapes. Also, it can solve the problems in current visual inspection and systemize the inspection tasks scientifically.

The amylose contents of rice determine eating quality which is one of the major traits in rice breeding program. To identify the low-amylose gene of the japonica rice cultivar Baegjinju, genetic analysis was conducted using 200 F2 population derived from a cross between the japonica cultivars, Saeilmi and Baegjinju. Individual F2 plants were classified as wild type (translucent grain) and mutant type (dull grain) based on the grain appearance of brown rice. Two hundred F2 plants were segregated into 155 wild type plants and 45 mutant type plants, which fit the 3:1 ratio (x2 = 0.667, df = 1, p = 0.414) and this result indicated the low-amylose gene of Baegjinju is a single recessive gene which controls the amylose contents. Linkage analysis was conducted to localize the low-amylose gene of Baegjinju and fine mapped within an 800-kb interval between 17.5 to 18.8Mb on short arm of chromosome 10. Co-segregated SSR marker, RM25648 was developed and it could be useful for marker-assisted selection and determination of the genetic resource related with amylose contents in rice breeding.

The accuracy of digital elevation models (DEMs) is crucial for properly estimating flood inundation area. DEM pixel size is especially important when generating flood inundation maps of small streams with a channel width of less than 50 m. In Korea, DEMs with large spatial resolutions of 30 m have been widely applied to generate flood inundation maps, even for small streams. Additionally, when making river master plans, field observations of stream cross-sections, as well as reference points in the middle of the river, have not previously been used to enhance the DEM. In this study, it was graphically demonstrated that high-resolution DEMs can increase the accuracy of flood inundation mapping, especially for small streams. Also, a methodology was proposed to modify the existing low-resolution DEMs by adding additional survey reference points, including river cross-sections, and interpolating them into a high spatial resolution DEM using the inverse distance weighting method. For verification purposes, the modified DEM was applied to Han stream on Jeju Island. The modified DEM showed much better accuracy when describing morphological features near the stream. Moreover, the flood inundation maps were formulated with the original 30 m pixel DEM and the modified 0.1 m pixel DEM using HEC-RAS modeling of the actual flood event of Typhoon Nari, and then compared with the flood history map of Nari. The results clearly indicated that the modified DEM generated a similar inundation area, but a very poor estimate of inundation area was derived from the original low-resolution DEM.

3D 게임에서 오브젝트의 위치를 파악하거나 사실감을 높이기 위하여 광원의 시점에서 정점 의 깊이 값을 계산하는 그림자 매핑 기법이 많이 사용된다. 그림자 맵의 깊이 값은 월드 좌표 를 통해 계산되기 때문에 월드 좌표가 변하지 않는 정적 오브젝트는 깊이 값을 갱신할 필요가 없다. 본 논문에서는, (1) 렌더링 속도를 향상시키기 위하여 한번만 저장하는 정적 오브젝트 깊 이 값과 매번 갱신하는 동적 오브젝트의 깊이 값을 다중 렌더 타겟을 이용하여 따로 관리한다. 또한 (2) 쿼터 뷰 기반 3D 게임에서 동적 오브젝트 그림자 품질을 높이기 위하여 광원의 위치 가 카메라를 따라다니며 동적 오브젝트에 가깝게 변동한다. 제안하는 방법의 효율성을 3D 게임 의 다양한 정적 및 동적 오브젝트 구성에 따른 실험을 통하여 검증하였다.

In recent years, the efficiency and accuracy of QTL analysis for identification of useful traits have been increased by high-throughput genotyping. In a previous study, the genome variation of significant DNA polymorphism was observed in early maturing type rice mutant (EMT) by comparing with that of wild type (WT). For detection of major QTL for flowering time, we constructed a linkage map of 36 InDel- and 6 SNP- markers. In the linkage analysis of F2 plants derived from the cross “WT x EMT”, we have detected one potential QTL region on chromosome 6 by M6-3 marker. Also, the Hd1, which contained the target fragment of M6-3 marker, exhibited the relatively high nonsynonymous substitutions in genes located on chromosomal region from M6-2 to M6-4. To evaluate the reliable allele segregation related to expected Mendelian ratio between M6-3 and its flanking markers, M6-3 marker developed in Hd1 gene exhibited the 1:2:1 ratio as clear monogenic segregation in heterozygous F3 plant. Additionally, we further analyzed the different transcript regulations of OsGI and Hd3a gene related to Hd1 involved in photoperiodic flowering pathway. Although the mRNA levels of Hd1 had no difference between WT and EMT, the Hd3a as downstream effector of Hd1 significantly upregulated in EMT, suggesting that Hd1 gene may become nonfunctional.

Brown planthopper (BPH) is a phloem sap-sucking insect pest of rice, which causes severe yield loss annually. Gayabyeo, a Tongil type rice variety, is known to have broad spectrum resistance to BPH. Before, it was estimated that Gayabyeo has at least two BPH resistance genes. We started a research for mapping resistance genes of Gayabyeo. We did a cross between Taebaekbyeo, a BPH susceptible Tongil type rice variety, and Gayabyeo, We grew F1 plants in winter season of 2014-2015, and planted F2 population in this year. About 100 DNA markers (SSR and InDel markers) showing polymorphism between Gayabyeo and Tabaekbyeo were selected. In addition, we are going to do resequencing Gayabyeo and Taebaekbyeo using Illumina Hiseq2000 to find much more DNA polymorphisms between the two varieties and develop new markers for mapping. The BPH response data will be acquired using F3 plants from the cross between Gayabyeo and Taebaekbyeo next year. In a while, crosses between Gayabyeo and high quality japonica rice varieties are being carried out to introduce BPH resistance genes of Gayabyeo into japonica high quality rice varieties. We expect to develop new DNA markers for BPH resistance genes of Gayabyeo through mapping and produce several japonica high quality rice lines harboring those genes at the end of this project.

고추의 적색소는 고추의 상품성을 가늠하는 중요한 척도이면서 식재료 뿐 아니라 상업적으로도 다양하게 활용되고 있다. 본 연구는 적색소 성분의 함량과 관계하는 QTL 마커를 개발하기 위하여 적색소 성분 분석을 위한 mapping 집단을 육성하였고, 적색소 성분에 대한 QTL mapping을 수행하였다. 적색소 분석을 위한 mapping 집단인 ‘만다린’과 ‘블랙클러스터’를 양친으로 하는 F7 RIL 집단에서의 색도(ASTA value) 분포는 1.64에서 117.26의 범주에 있으며 그 분포 양상은 정규분포를 보여 QTL분석에 적합한 것으로 확인되었다.Mapping 집단의 양친들에 대해서 454 GS-FLX pyrosequencing을 이용한 NGS를 수행하였고, 그 결과 ‘만다린’과 ‘블랙클러스터’각각 120.44Mb와 142.54Mb의 염기서열 데이터를 확보할 수 있었으며, ‘만다린’에서 1,025개, ‘블랙클러스터’에서 1,059개의 SNP들을 확보하게 되었다. 이 SNP들을 HRM 분석에 용이하도록 프라이머를 제작하여 유전자 지도 작성을 수행한 결과 총 246개의 SNP 마커를 이용하여 약 512cM을 설명할 수 있는 21개 연관군의 유전자 지도가 작성되었다. 분석 집단 93계통들에서 측정된 ASTA 값을 이용하여 수행한 QTL 분석 결과 총 6개의 QTL 을 확인하였다. 이들 QTL과 근접한 마커들은 향후 고추의 적색소 함량 연구에 매우 유용한 정보로 활용될 것이며, 아직까지 개발된 바 없는 적색소 함량 연관 마커 개발에 가능성을 열어줄 것으로 기대한다.

Powdery mildew disease caused by Leveillula taurica is a serious fungal threat to greenhouse pepper production. In contrast to most epiphytic powdery mildew species, L. taurica is an endophytic fungus which colonizes in the mesophyll tissues of the leaf. In the genus Capsicum, several studies have been conducted to identify resistance sources to L. taurica. In previous studies, five quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for powdery mildew resistance have been identified. An F2 population derived from self-pollination of the commercial cultivar Capsicum annuum ‘PM Singang’ was used for genetic analysis of powdery mildew resistance. Resistance of the F2 plants was tested under the natural environmental conditions. Sporulation intensity on infected leaves was used as a disease scale to assign resistance levels to plants, where 0-5% is Resistant, 6-15% Moderate resistant and 16-100% Susceptible. A total of 83 F2 plants were evaluated for resistance. The results showed that 59 plants were resistant, 10 susceptible and 14 moderately resistant. If we consider MR as S, segregation ratio fitted to a single dominant resistance gene model. In the future study, closely linked molecular marker will be developed and tested to locate this gene. The developed marker will be used to identify the powdery mildew resistance gene.

To understand the molecular mechanism of leaf morphogenesis in rice, ethylmethane sulfonate (EMS) treated Ilpoom mutant line with semi-narrow and adaxially rolled leaf phenotype was identified. The leaf rolling character is said to be more advantageous under high temperature and heat stress, and play as one of the defensive mechanisms. The F1 plants, generated from a cross of Ilpoom and mutant, showed normal phenotype. Genetic analysis of its F2 population suggested that the mutation was controlled by a single recessive gene with segregation ratio of 3:1. Using F2 mapping population derived from a cross of Ilpoom mutant and Milyang23, each chromosomes were screened with STS markers by the bulked segregant analysis (BSA) method. The candidate region was detected to a long arm of chromosome 1 near the centromeric region. Fine mapping of the locus is currently conducted. Moreover, other morphological characterizations of the mutant plants were identified. Cytological analysis of the leaf suggested that deformation of the bulliform cells led to the smaller size and less number of the bulliform cells, and caused leaf rolling trait.

Root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita is a virulent pest of solanaceaous crops worldwide. The M. incognita resistance gene Me7 derived from Capsicum annuum CM334, is located on chromosome 9. In the present study, an F2 population derived from a cross between ECW03R and CM334 was used to locate the Me7 gene. An F2 population was inoculated using approximately 1,000 second-stage juveniles per individual plant. Phenotype screening was done 45 days after inoculation by using gall index system. The phenotype study of 503 F2 individual showed 391 resistant and 112 susceptible plants. The 3:1 phenotypic ratio confirmed that resistance phenotype is controlled by a single dominant gene. Previously reported two markers were tested to reveal the linkage of markers to phenotype. Two markers, CAPS_F4R4 and SCAR_PM6a were located at 4.3 and 2.7 cM from the resistance gene, respectively. Additional SNP markers were developed using CM334 reference genome information to narrow down the position of the gene, but no closer markers could be developed due to errors of DNA sequence assembly. The closest marker was positioned on telomere of the chromosome 9 long arm, where tens of other NB-LRR genes are clustered. NB-LRR genes are being used as candidates to identify the Me7 gene.

In here, we screened drought tolerant varieties with modified leaf water loss rate assay and visual drought tolerant phenotype in the greenhouse conditions with more than 800 varieties. Among these varieties, Samgang, Gumei4 and Apo showed the lowest of leaf water loss rate and strong drought tolerant phenotype. To identify drought QTLs with Samgang variety, we developed the doubled-haploid (DH) population consist of 101 lines derived from a cross the drought tolerant cultivar Samgang and the drought sensitive cultivar Nagdong. To score the drought phenotype degrees of this population, we withheld water for 6 weeks and treated the watering for 7 days. After watering, visual phenotype was observed 1 to 9 degree according to the standard evaluation system for rice, IRRI. Drought sensitive parent Nagdong was almost died and was scored as 9 degree, while tolerant parent Samgang showed slightly leaf tip drying phenotype and was scored as 3 degree in our experimental conditions. Three main QTLs were detected on chromosome 2, 6, and 11 with this visual phenotype. We also measured relative water contend of these population under drought stress conditions, and got one main QTL on chromosome 11. The QTL loci on chromosome 11 with flanking markers RM26755-RM287 has a function for visual phenotype and relative water content under drought conditions.

Cabbage head splitting can greatly affect both the quality and commercial value of cabbage (Brassica oleracea). To detect the genetic basis of head-splitting resistance, a genetic map was constructed using an F2 population derived by crossing “748” (head-splitting-resistant inbred line) and “747” (head-splitting-susceptible inbred line). The map spans 830.9cM and comprises 270 markers distributed in nine linkage groups, which correspond to the nine chromosomes of B. oleracea. The average distance between adjacent markers was 3.6cM. A total of six quantitative trait loci (QTLs) conferring resistance to head splittingwere detected in chromosome 2, 4, and 6. Two QTLs, SPL-2-1 and SPL-4-1, on chromosomes 2 and 4, respectively, were detected in the experiments over 2 years, suggesting that these two potential loci were important for governing the head-splitting resistance trait. Markers BRPGM0676 and BRMS137, which were tightly linked with head-splitting resistance, were detected in the conserved QTL SPL-2-1 region using bulked segregant analysis. Synteny analysis showed that SPL-2-1 was anchored to a 3.18Mb genomic region of the B. oleracea genome, homologous to crucifer ancestral karyotype E block in chromosome 1 of Arabidopsis thaliana. Moreover, using a field emission scanning electron microscope, significant differences were observed between the two parental lines in terms of cell structures. Line “747” had thinner cell wall, lower cell density, larger cell size, and anomalous cell wall structure compared with the resistant line “748”. The different cell structures can provide a cytological base for assessing cabbage head splitting.

The next-generation sequencing(NGS) technology is being used for more effective genetic mapping. In previous study, we obtained 60x coverage of sequence from Milyang23 and Gihobyeo on average comparing with Nipponbare reference genome. Also, we developed new derived cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence(dCAPS) markers based on the single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) in coding region sequence(CDS) between these varieties. Totally, 1,726,798 SNPs between Milyang23 and Gihobyeo were detected. Among them, 146 SNP were selected for making dCAPS markers and located on genetic map with previously reported 219 PCR-based DNA markers. The map was applied to the detection of quantitative trait loci(QTLs) for stem internode diameters, culm length and panicle length within MGRIL population, and six QTLs with relatively high LOD score were found at three chromosomes; culm length and stem diameter including the first internode diameter, third and fourth internode diameter. This study showed that the NGS allowed the rapid discovery of a large number of SNPs for dCAPS marker. So, we tried to find out more single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) which were located on the whole genome sequence, such as un-translated region(UTR), intron, Inter-region and coding region sequence(CDS) between Milyang23 and Gihobyeo varieties. And we collected phenotypic information about culm length, panicle length, four stem internode diameters and panicle number in rice MGRIL population for QTLs. Furthermore, results of QTL analysis described above will shows relevance of molecular markers in mapping genes for useful breeding.

Rice is a staple food crop for more than half of the world population. Severe losses of rice production was caused by various environmental conditions such as cold, heat and flooding annually. Rice is a highly sensitive to low temperature below 15-20 ℃ because of originating from tropical or subtropical climates. Especially, seedling of rice is easily damaged to low temperature and result in seedling yellowing, growth retardation, reduced tillering and yield losses at last. We used a recombinant inbreeding lines (RIL) population of 384 individuals derived from a cross between Hanareum 2, a highly cold sensitive variety and Unkwang, a cold tolerant variety for molecular mapping of QTLs related to cold tolerance. Seedling discoloration of each lines and parents caused by cold response were investigated in field condition after transplanting. And leaf samples of RIL population were collected for evaluation of chlorophyll content using 80% acetone extraction. The seedling of each lines and parents was subjected to low temperate by 5~13 ℃ during 14 days. The cold recovery score (CRS) of RILs was recorded after 4 days recovery period according to standard evaluation system (SES, IRRI). Total of eight QTLs were detected on chromosome 1, 7, 8, 10, 11 and 12 using cold tolerance traits, chlorophyll content, seedling discoloration and cold recovery score in 384 RILs. The qCRS12, which detected on chromosome 12 between two flanking markers id12002113, id12002563 (1.1 Mbp) showed 25 LOD score with 26% of phenotypic variation of cold recovery score in RILs population. The positive allele contributing to cold tolerance came from the cold tolerant parent Unkwang. The result may provide useful information for a marker-assisted breeding program to improve cold tolerant in rice.

In the rice inflorescence development, timing of inflorescent meristem abortion, conversion of the rachis branch meristem to the terminal spikelet meristem and shift to lateral meristem identity determine the overall architecture of the rice panicle (keda-Kawakatsu et al. 2009). Cheng et al. (2011) reported that quantitative trait loci (QTLs) have major effects on panicle apical abortion in rice. However, there have been very few reports about panicle tip mutants. Therefore, this research is conducted to fine map mutant gene and perform functional analysis of mutant gen. Hwacheongbyeo (japonica rice) seed was treated with ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) for inducing mutation. Two F2 population (Japanica mutant crossed with wild type and Japanica mutant crossed with Milyang 23, Indica type) were established for Phenotyping and genomic analysis. STS markers in crop molecular Breeding laboratory. Additional STS markers for fine mapping were developed based on the Nipponbare genome sequence (http://rgp.dna.affrc.go.jp/blast/runblast.html). All F2 generations showed the segregation of normal plants and mutant following a ratio of 3:1 suggesting the mutant phenotype is caused by a single recessive gene. Initial BSA test made using STS markers confirmed the mutant gene is found in the long arm of chromosome 8. Panicle tip mutant gene, pnt has pleotropic effect which has been manifested in significant reduction of tiller development starting from late stage of vegetative growth and pronounced effect on possession of stay green nature of the rice during the vegetative stage of development. The only significant difference observed within panicle traits is the number of spikelet on primary branch and spikelet fertility. The first primary branch which contain aborted spikelet and elongated distance between spikelet is the most affected structure in the panicle.

Assessing genetic diversity, population structure, and linkage disequilibrium is important in identifying potential parental lines for breeding programs. In this study, we assessed the genetic and phenotypic variation of 174 normal maize (Zea mays) inbred lines and made association analyses with respect to nine agronomical traits, using 150 simple sequence repeats (SSR). From population structure analysis, the lines were divided into three groups. Association analysis was done with a mixed linear model and a general linear model. Twenty one marker-trait associations involving 19 SSR markers were observed using the mixed model, with a significance level of P<0.01. All of these associations, as well as 120 additional marker-trait associations involving 77 SSR markers, were observed with the general model. Two significant marker-trait associations (SMTAs) were detected at P ≤ 0.0001. In the mixed linear model, one locus was associated with water content, two loci were associated with 100-kernel weight, setted ear length, ear thickness and stem thickness; three loci were associated with ear height, four loci were associated with total kernel weight and five loci were associated with plant height. These results should prove useful to breeders in the selection of parental lines and markers.