In this study, we investigate the potential use of persimmon peels (PP) in mushroom culture medium for the production of functional mushrooms. Pleurotus eryngii was cultivated in medium supplemented with PP (SMPP) at the following concentrations: 0% SMPP (control), 5% SMPP, 10% SMPP, 15% SMPP, 20% SMPP, or 30% SMPP. The total polyphenol content, DPPH radical scavenging ability, ABTS cation scavenging ability, and reducing power of P. eryngii cultivated in SMPP were investigated. P. eryngii cultured in 20% SMPP produced the highest values for all four measurements. Total polyphenol content, DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS cation scavenging ability, and reducing power all increased upon the addition of PP. Based on our results, we can conclude that persimmon peels are a highly valuable supplement for functional mushroom culture medium.

절화용 수국 4품종(‘Magical Amethyst’, ‘Magical Emerald’, ‘Magical Pearl’, ‘Magical Sneeuwbal’)의 상자재배시 배지의 종 류 및 배양액의 EC 농도가 개화에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 본 실험을 수행하였다. 분홍색 계열인 수국 ‘Magical Amethyst’의 경우, 개화는 7월 4일에서 7월 17일 사이에 이루어 졌다. 식물체당 개화율은 코코피트:원예용상토(1:1, v/v), 원예 용상토 그리고 펄라이트에서 75% 이상으로 나타났으며 분지수 당 개화율은 펄라이트의 EC 0.8dS·m-1에서 85%로 가장 높게 나타났다. 절화장은 코코피트의 EC 0.8dS·m-1에서 77.3cm로 가장 길게 나타났으며 화폭은 펄라이트의 EC 0.8dS·m-1에서 19.4cm로 가장 컸다. 또 다른 분홍색 계열인 수국 ‘Magical Emerald’에 있어서 개화는 5월 18일에서 6월 12일 사이에 이루 어졌다. 식물체당 개화율은 모든 처리에서 거의 100%로 높게 나타났으며 분지수당 개화율은 코코피트:원예용상토(1:1, v/v) 와 암면의 EC 0.8dS·m-1에서 100%를 보였다. 절화장과 화폭은 각각 원예용상토의 EC 1.4dS·m-1에서 62.1cm 그리고 25.8cm 로 가장 크게 나타났다. 흰색 계열인 수국 ‘Magical Pearl’의 경 우, 개화시기는 5월 30일에서 6월 8일이었으며 식물체당 개화율 은 대부분의 처리에서 75%를 보였으며 암면과 펄라이트의 EC 0.8dS·m-1에서 분지수당 개화율이 95.8%로 가장 높게 나타났 다. 절화장은 원예용상토의 EC 1.6dS·m-1에서 53.7cm로 가장 길었으며 화폭은 암면의 EC 0.8dS·m-1에서 24.7cm로 가장 컸 다. 흰색 계열인 수국 ‘Magical Sneeuwbal’에 있어서 개화는 5월 20일에서 6월 25일 사이에 이루어졌다. 식물체당 개화율은 일반 적으로 코코피트와 원예용상토에서 양호하게 나타났다. 절화장 과 화폭은 원예용상토의 EC 1.6dS·m-1과 EC 1.4dS·m-1에서 각각 71.7cm 그리고 24cm로 가장 높았다.

As the competitiveness of SMEs (small and medium enterprises) is getting more and more improved and globalized, the government provides various consulting services to secure the competitiveness of small and medium firms and support stable growth. However, the assessment of the result from the government’s support is generally focused on non-financial factors, such as customer satisfaction and analysis of improvement effect. This paper is in regards to the statistical analysis of how much the government’s support in the form of providing consulting services contributes to financial outcomes in terms of profitability and growth. ROA (return on asset) and ROS (return on sales), which are investment profitability and sales profitability respectively, are chosen as an indicator of profitability. For analysis of growth, sales revenue and total asset growth are used. The samples are 44 corporations which are supported by government, and 150 corporations which are selected for comparison, with corporate growth support center program by the Ministry of Trade, Industry, and Energy chosen as the consulting model. After gathering the yearly balance sheets and income statements of the samples from CRETOP, Korea Enterprise Data, the analysis is conducted in the way of identifying the statistical significance of financial difference in the same period between corporates taking consulting services and corporates which have not, and the difference of financial outcomes from the corporates taking consulting services before and after consulting services. As a result, in terms of business growth, it is turned out to have positive difference both in growth ratio and profitability compared to the compared corporations at the significant level. Therefore, it is obvious that the consulting program which government provides to SMEs have direct influence practically to the corporates’ management performance.

내건성이 우수하다고 판명되어진 비수리(Lespedeza cuneata), 새(Arundinella hirta), 소리쟁이 (Rumex crispus), 장구채(Silene firma), 매듭풀(Kummerowia striata) 5수종의 기내대량증식 조건을 구명하였다. 5종의 선발종 중 비수리는 WPM배지에서 길이생장이 가장 좋았으며, 새는 MS배지, 소리쟁 이는 LP배지에서 장구채는 LP배지, 매듭풀은 SH배지에서 좋은 길이생장을 보였다. 뿌리발생도 수종에 따라 배양배지에 따라 다르게 나타났다. 비수리의 경우 기내발근은 모든 배지에서 뿌리가 발생하지 않 았으며, 새는 MS배지, 소리쟁이는 WPM배지, 장구채는 MS배지, 매듭풀은 1/2MS배지에서 가장 좋은 뿌리생장을 보였다. 잎 갈변은 비수리는 B5배지, 새는 WPM배지, 소리쟁이는 B5배지, 매듭풀은 LP배 지에서 가장 심한 갈변을 보였다. 생존율은 비수리, 소리쟁이, 장구채는 모든배지에서 100% 생존율을 보였으며, 새는 WPM배지에서 25% 생존율을, 매듭풀은 LP배지에서 25%의 낮은 생존율을 나타냈다. 선 발종의 다경줄기를 유도하기 위해 cytokinin을 처리한 결과 비수리의 경우 TDZ 0.5mg/L 처리구, 새는 BA 0.5mg/L, 소리쟁이는 TDZ 0.1mg/L, 장구채는 BA 0.5mg/L, 매듭풀은 BA 0.5mg/L 처리구에서 가장 많은 다경줄기를 형성하였다. cytokinin 처리는 줄기생장, 기내발근 및 다경줄기 유도에 영향을 미쳤다. 기내에서 배양된 식물체는 4종의 인공상토에서 성공적으로 순화되었다. 본 연구 결과들은 내건 성을 가진 5종의 유용식물의 품종개발 및 대량증식에 크게 기여할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

본 연구는 ICT 분야 중소기업의 외부환경 민감도와 혁신활동에 대한 조직성향 이 기업성과에 미치는 영향요인에 대해 실증분석하였다. 분석방법으로는 첫째, 탐색적 요인 분석(Exploratory Factor Analysis)을 통해 투입된 변수간의 관계성과 패턴을 파악하였고 둘 째, 요인분석에 의해 축약된 영향 요인들을 유형화하는 군집분석(Cluster Analysis)을 실시 하였다. 마지막으로 유형화된 군집들의 혁신활동과 기업성과간 구조적 관계를 규명하고자 구조방정식모형(Structural Equation Modeling)을 이용하여 분석을 실시하였다. 본 연구는 국내 ICT분야 중소기업을 대상으로 실시한 E-연구원의 수요조사 결과 1,022부에 대해 실증 분석에 활용했다. 내⋅외부 환경에 대한 40개 투입변수에 대해 탐색적 요인분석을 실시한 결과, 총 7개의 요 인이 추출되었으며 7개의 요인을 기반으로 총 4개의 군집(n=1,022)이 형성되었다. 군집 4개 의 대해 구조방정식 모형을 활용하여 실증분석을 한 결과, 기술⋅경쟁 환경에 민감하며, 혁 신적인 조직 성향을 가진 군집1은 자체기술개발만이 기업성과에 긍정적 영향을 미치는 것으 로 나타났다. 시장 환경에 민감하며, 내부 협력적 조직 성향을 가진 군집2는 자체기술개발과 공동연구를 통해서만 기업성과에 긍정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 경쟁적인 환경에 민감하며, 혁신적이고 정부/관련기관과의 협력적 조직 성향을 가진 군집3은 공동연구 그리고 매개변수인 정부 지원 프로그램 활용을 통해 기업성과에 긍정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타 났으며, 기술도입은 기업성과에 부정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 개방적인 조직 성향 이 강한 군집4는 자체기술개발과 매개변수인 네트워크 활용 및 정부 지원 프로그램 활용이 기업성과에 긍정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과는 중소기업 혁신을 위한 전략 및 정책 수립에 유용하게 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

As the competitiveness of small and medium businesses is getting more and more improved and globalized, the government provides various consulting services to secure the competitiveness of small and medium firms and support stable growth. However, the assessment of the result from the government’s support is generally focused on non-financial factors, such as customer satisfaction afterwards and analysis of improvement effect. This paper is in regards to the analysis of how much the government’s support in the form of providing consulting services contributes to financial outcomes and to the analysis of the gap of performances among the types of consulting services. We verified the statistical significance of our hypothesis through SAS9.4 and SPSS 22, conducting comparative analysis of the business growth and profitability based on the yearly balance sheets and income statements of 44 corporations which government supports and 150 corporations which are for comparison. The data is gained from CRETOP, Korea Enterprise Data, and the testing model is chosen as the business of support center for corporate growth, which is a customized supporting business of the Ministry of Trade, Industry, and Energy. As a result, in terms of business growth, it turned out to have positive difference in growth ratio compared to the industrial average and compared corporations and to have significant difference in terms of profitability as well. Since, this paper shows that the different supporting ways have significant difference, we would say that this paper is meaningful in that it may propose a guidance for government to set strategies of government-supporting businesses.

At present, oak sawdust and rice bran are mainly used as the medium materials for bag cultivation of Lentinula edodes. This experiment was conducted to develop the optimum medium of ‘Nongjingo’, a new variety of Lentinula edodes. We investigated oak sawdust, oak fermented sawdust, poplar sawdust, and douglas fir sawdust as main materials, and rice bran and wheat bran as nutrient resources, respectively. The medium composition was consisted of main material 80%+nutrient 20% based on the volume ratio. Eight treatments of medium composition were tested. The period of mycelial incubation in ‘oak sawdust 40%+douglas fir sawdust 40%+rice bran 20% was 86 days (39 days in dark incubation and 47 days in browning) shortened up to 18 days compared to the control. The 1st yield of commercial fruiting bodies in this treatment was 48.1 g/bag which was 44.8% higher than that in control. We expect that the cultivation period of ‘Nongjingo’ will be shortened, and the yield increased in the medium replaced half of oak sawdust by douglas fir sawdust.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of alpha-lipoic acid (aLA) as an antioxidant that decrease the reactive oxygen species (ROS) in bovine embryonic development. Slaughterhouse derived bovine immature oocytes were collected and 4 different concentrations (0, 5, 10 and 20 mM) of aLA was supplemented in bovine in Vitro maturation (IVM) medium. After 20 hrs of IVM, maturation rates, levels of ROS and glutathione (GSH), and further embryonic development after parthenogenetic activation (PA) and in Vitro fertilization (IVF) was investigated according to aLA concentrations. Maturation rate was significantly higher in 10 mM group than other groups (80.5% vs. 62.9, 73.9, 64.2%; P<0.05). In the levels of ROS and GSH in matured oocytes as an indicator of oocyte quality, significantly better results were shown in 5 and 10 mM groups compared with other 2 groups. After IVM, significantly higher rates of blastocyst formation were shown in 10 mM groups in both of PA (27.9% vs. 18.8, 22.3, 14.2%; P<0.05) and IVF (32.6% vs. 23.9, 27.3, 16.2%; P<0.05) embryos. In addition, significantly more cell total cell number and higher inner cell mass ratio in 10 mM PA and IVP blastocysts showed developmental competence in 10 uM groups. Therefore, based on the entire data from this study, using 10 μM of aLA confirmed to be the optimal concentration for bovine oocyte maturation and embryonic development.

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of fructose that was supplemented to a chemically defined in Vitro maturation (IVM) medium on oocyte maturation and embryonic development after parthenogenesis in pigs. The base medium for in Vitro maturation (IVM) was porcine zygote medium (PZM) that was supplemented with 0.05% (w/v) polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) or 10% (v/v) porcine follicular fluid (pFF). In the first experiment, when immature pig oocytes were matured in a chemically defined medium that was supplemented with 5.5 mM glucose or with 1.5, 3.0 and 5.5 mM fructose, 3.0 mM fructose resulted in a higher nuclear maturation (91.5%) than 1.5 and 5.5 mM fructose (81.9 and 81.9%, respectively) but showed a similar result with 5.5 mM glucose (94.2%). However, there was no significant differences among groups in the embryo cleavage (89.4-92.4%), blastocyst formation (37.5-41.1%), and mean cell number of blastocyst (30.8-34.2 cells). Fructose at the concentration of 3.0 mM (1.08 pixels/oocyte) resulted in a higher intra-oocyte glutathione (GSH) content than 1.5 and 5.5 mM fructose (1.00 and 0.87 pixels/oocytes, respectively) while the cumulus cell expansion was not influenced. In the second experiment, effect of individual and combined supplementation of a chemically defined maturation medium with 5.5 mM glucose or 3.0 mM fructose was examined. No significant effect was found in the nuclear maturation (86.3-92.6%). Embryo cleavage was significantly increased by the combined supplementation with glucose and fructose (95.2%) compared to that with 3.0 mM fructose only (85.7%) while blastocyst formation (37.3-42.8%) and embryonic cell number (33.3-34.1 cells) were not altered. Effect of supplementation of pFF-containing medium with glucose and fructose + glucose was examined in the third experiment. No significant effect by the supplementation with glucose and fructose or glucose alone was observed in the nuclear maturation of oocytes (90.7-94.1%) and blastocyst formation (51.0-56.5%). Our results demonstrate that 3.0 mM fructose was comparable to 5.5 mM glucose in supporting in Vitro oocyte maturation and embryonic development after parthenogenesis and could be used as an alternative energy source to glucose for in Vitro maturation of pig oocytes.

Competitiveness of small and medium companies often rely on the competency of their employees. Many employees however try to move to better environments if possible, which results in high uncertainty in maintaining solid human resources. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the influencing factors of turnover intention and organizational loyalty of the early experienced, especially three to five years experienced, employees in the small and medium enterprises. A survey had been conducted using both LMX (Leader Member eXchange) and TMX (Team Member eXchange) as an effort to test the impact of strategic human resource management factors on turnover intension and organizational loyalty. It has been observed that the level of LMX is critical on the turnover intension, while the levels of LMX and TMX are positively related to the organizational loyalty. Especially significant mediation effect affects on the organizational loyalty for TMX via LMX in the serial structure. The human resource management factors become effective under the circumstances where leader and team members exchange activities are activated. These findings can be used in reducing turnover intention and increasing organizational loyalty of early experienced employees by enhancing the leadership training of middle level managers of the small and medium enterprises organizations. Besides, a set of active communication channels should be provided for the young employees so that they can share their work experiences and difficulties within the organization. The key results of this study may help the practitioners set up a management plan to maintain a low turnover rate for their organizations.

In January 2016, Korea began rice exporting to China from six domestic Rice Processing Complexes (RPC). The appearance characteristics and quality of medium-short grain milled rice between the exported Korean rice was compared with Wuchang rice, which is known as high quality in Heilongjiang province in China, and the imported rice from Japan and Taiwan in Chinese circulating marketing. The 1000-grain weight of exported rice is 22.4g, which is similar to that of Chinese Wuchang rice, but it tended to be heavier than that of Japanese and Taiwanese. The rice type is round in exporting Korean, Japanese, and Taiwanese rice while Chinese Wuchang rice is thin and long with 2.5. The head rice rate of export rice was 93.3 ~ 98.4%, which was 95.8% on average, which was higher than that of Chinese Wuchang rice, and similar to that of Japanese, and Taiwanese. The protein content of the export rice was 5.2 ~ 6.2%, which was 5.8% on average, similar to that of Chinese Wuchang rice, Japanese and Taiwanese. Amylose content was 18.5% of the exported rice, which was lower than that of Chinese Wuchang rice and slightly higher than that of Japanese and Taiwanese. The whiteness of the exported Korean rice was 35.6 on the average, lower than 41.8 of Chinese Wuchang rice, and lower than that of Japanese and Taiwanese. The purity of rice variety being exported ranged from 87.5 to 100.0%, which was 96.5% on average. This was much higher than that of Chinese Wuchang rice, while the Japanese and Taiwan rices were similar. The sensory test of rice by the experts, cooked rice of the exported was evaluated to be good for all items such as taste, sticky glutinous, and texture compared to Chinese Wuchang rice.

Shiitake culture in sawdust is a widely applied method, which can supplement the disadvantages of costly and time consuming oak log cultivation. In sawdust cultivation, browning of surface mycelia is an important stage for the productivity and longevity of sawdust media. Surface browning forms protection coat for the substrate, which can block the invasion of outer pathogens and suppress water evaporation in the substrate. We controlled different light source (red LED, white LED, blue LED, and fluorescent light) with different intensity of illumination (1.5, 10.5, 20.5 μmol/m2s for LEDs and 10, 100, 300 lux for fluorescent light) to induce browning. Lights were treated with 1 hour on/ 1 hour off cycle maintained in a controlled room with 20℃ temperature, 60% humidity, and 1200 ppm CO2 atmosphere concentration for 60 days. Browning effect differed from the source and intensity of illumination. Browning was most effective in 1.5 μmol/m2s for red and blue LED. All light sources showed less browning in highest intensity of illumination, which indicates that higher than 20.5 μmol/m2s for LEDs or 300 lux for fluorescent light are not effective. After harvesting fruit bodies, we measured their weight, length and width of pileus and stipe, chromaticity, and hardness. Treatment with 1.5 μmol/m2s blue LED produced the best harvest with highest average individual weight (21.2g), stipe length (30.8 mm), and hardness (377.9 g) with fine length and width of pileus, and chromaticity. This results indicate that 1.5 μmol/m2s blue LED showed the best browning effect which resulted in the best harvest yield.