This study identifies the complementarity or substitutability among apple production technology bundles. To identify the production technology bundle relationships, this paper focuses on the 8 most commonly used technology groups, including a high density plant, normal density plant, M9, M26, more than 70% adoption ratio of a medium-maturing variety, the adoption of a new variety, artificial pollination, and low-temperature storage. The results show that M9 has a complementary relationship with a high density plant, yet a substitute relationship with a normal density plant. Meanwhile, M26 has a complementary relationship with both a high and normal density plant. No substitute relationship is found between M9 and M26, yet a complementary relationship is identified between the adoption of artificial pollination and low-temperature storage and M9 or M26.

바다목장해역의 해수 유동모델과 저차생태계 모델을 이용하여 저차생태계의 환경요인의 시공간적으로 변화를 파악하였다. 울진 주변해역에서 POM 모델을 이용하여 4대 분조(M₂, S₂, K₁, O₁)의 조석효과, 바람효과, 수온·염분의 효과, 해류를 고려하여 유동을 계산하였다. 대·소조기의 조류는 평해 남동쪽에서 가장 강한흐름이 나타났다. 잔차류의 크기는 표층, 중층 및, 저층에서 유사한 방향으로 유속 차이는 미약했다. 잔차류의 공간적인 분포를 보면 연안역을 따라 북동향류가 우세하고, 외양에서 흐름보다 연안에서 흐름이 우세하다. 이러한 유동 환경에서의 울진 바다목장 해역에서 저차생태계 모델을 이용하여 NH₄, NO₃, Chl-a, 동물플랑크톤 및 Detitus의 저차생태계의 시공간적인 변화를 파악하였다.

We developed an age-based spawner-recruit model incorporating environmental variables to forecast stock biomass and recruits of pelagic fish in this study. We applied the model to the Tsushima stock of jack mackerel, which is shared by Korea and Japan. The stock biomass of jack mackerel (Trachurus japonicus) around Korean waters ranged from 141 thousand metric tons (mt) and 728 thousand mt and recruits ranged from 27 thousand mt to 283 thousand mt. We hind-casted the stock biomass to evaluate the model performance and robustness for the period of 1987~2009. It was found that the model has been useful to forecast stock biomass and recruits for the period of the lifespan of fish species. The model is also capable of forecasting the long-term period, assuming a certain climatic regime.

Sequential passes through columns were used to select phages that displays ligands for dextran (-1,6 linked linear chains) from a phage antibody library. Those phages that bound to the in each iteration were replicated in E. coli. A phage preparation isolated on the third round selection produced 5.4 nephelos turbidity units (NTU) in a dextran specific immunonephelometric assay, a 2.2 fold higher value than the phage preparation from the first round selection. This phage gave normalized intensity (N.I.) in a dip-stick assay against high molecular size dextran (T2000, 30\;{\pm}\;610^4\beta-galactosidase linked assay and polymerase chain reaction.