The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of fermented Kalopanax pictus (KP-F) on macrophage activation and its effect as a competitive inhibitor of LPS and inhibitory effect on endotoxemia. The results showed that KP-F could activate macrophage in a dose-dependent manner, and KP-F was confirmed to act as a ligand for TLR4. Also, it was found that KP-F did not exhibit the same biotoxicity as LPS in intraperitoneal injection, and that it could suppress the neutrophil migration induced by LPS administration. In normal mice, the body weight, tissue weight, and amount of nitrite and pro-inflammatory cytokines in serum showed no significant changes with KP-F diet for 2 weeks, confirming that administration of KP-F in normal mice did not lead to over activation of immune response and biotoxicity. In the mouse model of endotoxemia induced by LPS and D-galactosamine(D-GalN) in sub-lethal dose, the diet of KP-F effectively inhibited the amount of nitrite and cytokines in the blood, and thus was found to be able to relieve the hepatic and kidney injury. In addition, in the endotoxemia mouse model induced by LPS and D-GalN of lethal dose, the survival rate was increased by KP-F diet in a dose-dependent manner.

This study was conducted to analyze dust mite allergen and bacterial endotoxin concentrations in the subwaycabins. For this aim, we sampled dust using a vacuum cleaner on cabin seats of subway trains operating in threeSeoul Metro Lines from April to May in 2011. The concentration of dust mite allergen and endotoxin were1,137.51±806.26ng/g and 5,742.1(4.68)EU/g, respectively. While, the concentration of dust mite allergen washigher on cabin seats of subway trains in Line B(1,487.61±930.59ng/g) than on those of trains in Lines A andC(641.9±398.3 and 1,344.9±822.4ng/g). All measurements did not exceed the National Workshop Guidelineof 2,000ng/g. While, bacterial endotoxin concentration [GM (GSD)] was higher on cabin seats of subway trainsin Line A [12,373.21(4.97EU/g)] than on those of trains in Line B and C8,520.77(3.98) and 1,631.43(1.88)EU/g. Dust mite allergen concentrations were strongly influenced by the portion of underground (on the subway line)and endotoxin concentrations were significantly correlated with the number of passengers using the subway lines.Seats for seniors and the week showed relatively higher concentrations compared to seats for general passengers.But, no significant difference of dust mite allergen and endotoxin concentrations in the subway cabins was foundrelating to seat type (p=0.451, p=0.564). There was no correlation between the dust mite allergen levels andendotoxin levels in the subway cabins (p=0.439).

Modern people have begun to have the nationwide interest in the rice wine called Makgeolri which is one of the traditional Korean alcoholic liquors. This study was performed to investigate the effects of Sansung Makgeolri extract (SM) on antioxidation together with the determination of pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) in the progress of fermentation in the lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-treated rats. We examined the levels of SOD (superoxide dismutase),CAT (catalase), GPx (glutathione peroxidase) in liver homogenates and the histopathological observations in liver tissue. LPS-treated group markedly decreased the levels of SOD, CAT and GPx. But SM + LPS-treated group significantly increased the levels of them. Furthermore, the antioxidative effects of SM were supported by the histopathological observations in liver tissue which showed severe inflammation and necrosis in LPS-treated group,compared to the attenuated inflammation and necrosis in SM + LPS-treated group. This results suggested that SM could be a candidate of antioxidative material in spite of alcoholic liquors.

To investigate the effects of bacterial endotoxin on lipids and cytokines, and to explain the relationships between their changes, we carried out this study using experimentally Escherichia coli (E. coli) endotoxin-induced septicemic rabbits. The triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations in endotoxin groups were generally high (p$lt;0.01 or 0.05) at all sampling time points (from 3hr to 24 hr), while phospholipid concentrations in endotoxin groups elevated in dose-dependent fashion at 3hr and 6hr after endotoxin injection compared to control group (p$lt;0.05). There were significant negative correlations between lipids changes and cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β) each other (p$lt;0.05), and endotoxic rabbits having higher triglyceride of cholesterol levels shown relatively better conditions compared with others. As a result, the alterations in the lipid compositions caused by endotoxin may imply an active exhibition of the host defense mechanism rather than the disturbances of lipid metabolism.

남부지방에서 분리한 곤충병원성곰팡이 Beauveria bassiana GY1-17균주를 이용하여 산림해충인 오리나무잎벌레(Agelastica coerulea), 밤나무혹나방(Meganola melancholica), 회양목명나방(Glyphodes perspectalis), 잔디해충인 등얼룩풍뎅이(Blitopertha orientalis), 채소해충인 배추좀나방(Plutella xylostella) 및 거세미나방(Agrotis segetum)의 생물적 방제 가능성을 알아보기 위하여 실험한 결과, 오리나무잎벌레와 배추좀나방유충은 7.0~2.0 conidia/ml 농도에서 처리 7일과 5일후 100%의 치사율을 나타내었다. 밤나무혹나방유충은 0.03875~3.1 conidia/ml 처리에서 66.7~100%의 높은 치사율을 보였으나 회양목명나방유충은 2.0~2.0conidia/ml 처리에서도 전혀 치사되지 않았다. 등얼룩풍뎅이유충은 3.7 conidia/ml 농도에서 46.7%의 치사율을 보였고, 거세미나방유충은 2.5 conidia/ml 농도에서 63.3% 치사율을 나타내었다.

국내에서 분리된 Bacillus thuringiensis NT0423은 나비목과 파리목 곤충에 독성을 보이는 130 kDa의 전형적인 다이아몬드형 내독소 단백질을 생성한다. 이 균주의 파리목에 대한 독성을 강화하기 위하여, B. thuringeinsis NT0423에 모기 유충에 강한 독성을 보이는 B. thuringiensis subsp. morrisoni PG-14의 cryVID유전자를 가지고 있는 pCG10 플라스미드를 electroporation 방법을 이용하여 형질전환하였다. 형질전환체인 B. thuringiensis PT1227내에서 cryIVD와 숙주가 생성하는 원래의 다이아몬드형 130kDa 내독소 단백질 유전자는 그 자신의 형태로 잘 발현되었다. 형질전환체의 모기 유충에 대한 독성은 원래 숙주의 내 독소 단백질과ㅏ 도입된 CryIVD의 상승효과에 의해 현저히 증가하였다.

Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki와 aizawai의 내독소단백질을 알카리용액 또는 트립신, 곤충소화액 드응ㄹ 처리하여 전기영동한 후 단백질팬턴을 비교하였다. 두 균주의 주요 결정단백질은 130kd와 64kd의 단백질이었으며, 소화액이나 효소로 처리한 경우 공통적으로 62kd의 활성독소가 생성되었다. 그러나, aizawai는 kurstaki에 비해 현저히 적은 양의 62kd 단백질을 생성하였다. 흰불나방의 유충이 Bacillus thuringiensis 독소를 섭식하였을 때 지방체를 비롯한 몇 가지 조직에서 45kd의 스트레스 단백질이 유발되었는데 이 단백질은 열충격이나 저온 충격시에도 마찬가지로 생성되었다.

경기도 일원의 양잠 농가의 먼지에서 채취한 45개의 샘플중에서 내독소 단백질 결정체를 생산하는 13개의 Bacillus thuringiensis를 분리하였다. 이 중 2개 균주는 파리목에 독성을 나타냈으며, 특히 독성검정에서 NT0423균주의 수치는 나비목의 배추좀나방이 최소 1.30 CFU/ml이며, 파리목인 빨간 집모기에는 2.88 CFU/ml로 나타났다. 새로 분리된 NT0423균주가 생산하는 내독소 단백질 결정체는 주사 전자현미경사진에서 전형적인 이중 피라미드모양을 보였다. 그리고 이 내독소 단백질 결정체의 SDS-PAGE 분석에서는 주요한 130kDa의 polypeptide을 나타내었다. 또한 NT0423균주의 총 플라스미드 DNA분석에서는 9개의 플라스미드를 갖고 있어 기존의 유사한 독성을 나타내는 균주들과 다른 패턴을 보였다.

Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki HD-1으로부터 생산된 살충성 내독소 단백질을 coding하는 CryIIA 유전자를 클로닝하고 염기서열을 조사하였다. HD-1 균주의 12개 plasmid 중 225kb plasmid를 분리하여 CryIIA 유전자를 포함하는 5kb HindIII 절편을 hybridization하여 찾아냈다. 이 절편을 plasmid pUC19에 ligation하여 E. coli에 형질 전환하였다. 이 독소 유전자를 포함하는 4kb BamHI-HindIII 절편은 vector pT7-5에 ligation하여 pSKIIA라하였다. pSKIIA는 3개의 open reading frames(orf1, orf2, orf3)로 구성되어 있으며 염기서열은 3,952base로 되어 있었다. 이러한 3개의 orf 각각의 발현 여부를 확인하기 위하여 생물검정을 하였다. 그러나 orf1 또는 orf2에 의한 형질 전환체는 독성이 없는 것으로 나타났다. orf3를 포함하는 형질 전환체는 3종의 나비목 곤충(배추점나방, 담배거세미나방, 담배나방) 및 1종의 파리목 곤충(집모기) 유충에 대하여 독성을 나타내었다.

Bacillus thuringiensis var. thuringiensis H1균을 4종류의 배지에서 배지 조성 및 pH 조건에 따라서 성장 양상과 아포와 내독소 결정체 생산을 조사했다. 1. 4개의 M-배지중 pH 9인 M-3배지에서 BTT의 증식량과 내독소 결정체 및 아포 생산수가 가장 높았다. 150ml배양에서 BTT의 생산량은 3.218g이었고, 생존 아포수는 ml당 개였고, 내독소 결정체의 회수된 무게비는 20.05%였다. 2. M-1배지에서 BTT의 세대시간은 평균 47.6분이었고, M-2에서는 평균 49.6분, M-3에서는 평균 132.9분, M-4에서는 평균 110.2분이었다. 3. M-배지의 초기 pH는 72시간 배양 후에 pH 로 변화하였으며, 최적 배양 pH는 이었다.

Endotoxin from the cell wall of marine V. vulnificus was extracted using the hot phenol-water method, injected endotoxin into rat, and tested the toxic effect of endotoxin on the blood component in rat blood. The results showed that blood glucose, blood urea nitrogen, white blood cell, and reticulocyte were increased and red blood cell was the same as the number of control group(normal blood), but platelet was decreased. Above results suggested that endotoxin induced a malfunction of liver and that the increase of white blood cell was for the removal of foreign toxic substance.

The toxic substances (endotoxins) from the bacterial cell walls were extracted by using incubator, centrifuge, UV-Vis spectrophotometer, and their fatty acid compositions were analyze by Gas Chromatography. The lethal toxicities and pyrogenic activities of toxic substances were tested and the results were compared each other. The results of fatty acid analyses showed that the major fatty acid of the toxic substance was tetradecanoic acid for Vibrio vulnificus, dodecanoic acid for Escherichia coli and decanoic acid for Salmonella typhimurium. These three fatty acids were the main fatty acids for three toxic substances (more than 70%). The unique points in the fatty acid compositions were that tetradecanoic acid was composed as important one (37.15%) for V. vulnificus and that the amount of hexadecanoic acid was very small (below 2%) for three toxic substances. The lethal toxicity in ICR mice of toxic substance from V. vulnificus (LD_50 was 52.5 ㎎/㎏) was similar to that of E. coli (56.5 ㎎/㎏), but weaker than that of S. typhimurium (37.5 ㎎/㎏). Toxic substance from V. vulnificus was more pyrogenic in rabbit than that from E. coli, but less than that from S. typhimurium.