자기 주도적으로 자신에게 맞는 자료와 정보통신 기술을 활용하는 학습유도 정책인 스마트교육은 현재 한국 교육의 중요한 목표중 하나이다. 스마트교육에 적합한 과학교육을 위한 스마트 콘텐츠의 주요 고려사항은 사용자의 수준과 적성을 고려한 자기 주도적이고 흥미로운 콘텐츠를 만드는 것이다. 특히 실험을 통하여 이론을 배우는 과학교육의 특성상 사용자 스스로 실험을 할 수 있는 내용이 포함되어야 한다. 본 연구는 초중등 과학 교과 과정의 교육목표를 충족시키는 실험을 통하여 이론을 학습할 수 있는 스마트교육 콘텐츠 개발에 대한 것이다. 초, 중등 과학 교과과정 중 물리의 기본이 되는 뉴턴의 운동법칙을 연구 대상으로 선정하였다. 전통적인 과학실에서 교사 한명이 다수의 학생을 상대로 교육하는 과학 실험이 가진 시간, 장소, 경제적 제한 그리고 실험시 안전사고의 가능성과 같은 단점들을 보완하고, 모든 사용자에게 평등한 배움의 기회를 가지도록 하는 것을 목표로 하였다. 본 연구에서 개발한 정규 교과과정을 충족하는 시리어스게임 형태의 뉴턴의 운동법칙 실험 콘텐츠를 통해 스마트교육시대의 교육 현장에서, 새로운 방식의 실험 콘텐츠의 가능성을 보여줄 수 있을 것이다.

Compared to the early 2000s, the number of tourists in Korea has increased significantly. Approximately 40 million tourists visit Korea each year. In line with this trend, various technologies for developing tourism content have reached a very high level. Therefore, adding experience-oriented AR (Augmented Reality) game based on LBS (Location-Based System) to existing tourist contents will create a new tourism content platform that can give new experience to tourists . This paper proposes a tourism contents platform based on Suwon Hwaseong Fortress which can give such a new experience.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the level of ELF-MF emissions from underground cable lines near daycare centers in the metropolitan city of Seoul. We investigated 143 daycare centers from June to September of 2015. In addition, the rate of reduction of ELF-MF levels according to the distance from the line was calculated using simulations. The ELF-MF emission level of 143 daycare centers at boundary point was 1.37 ± 1.75 mG (GM: 0.75 mG) and at direct point was 11.14 ± 17.99 mG (GM:6.05 mG). ELF-MF levels at direct point were 8.13 (arithmetic mean) and 8.06 (geometric mean) times higher, respectively, than that at the boundary point. By analyzing the relationship between ELF-MF and electricity current (A) and operating depth (m), a significant correlation was found between ELF-MF and current (A) and depth (m), at 0.360 (p<0.01) and -0.303 (p<0.05), respectively. The results of the simulation showed that appropriate separation distances showing below 4 mG was 8m and 14m, adjusted mean current (A) and maximum current (A), respectively. The results of the study suggest that a plan should be implemented for the management of ELF-MF in High voltage power-line and Underground cable line areas, through a broad and detailed survey and risk communication.

The objective of this study is to investigate indoor radon concentrations and identify influencing factors for one of the representative house type in South Korea. We surveyed 3,000 detached houses using alpha track (raduet) between November 2013 and March 2014. The Arithmetic mean radon concentration of the houses studied was 147.9 Bq/m3 (GM=106.4 Bq/m3), and the range was 11.8 to 1,936.6 Bq/m3. The Arithmetic mean radon concentration in living rooms was 134.2 Bq/m3 (GM=98.8 Bq/m3), much higher value compar with the Arithmetic mean radon concentration in bedrooms (153.0 Bq/m3). The year of constructon, basement status, ventilation frequency and heating period in a house were identified as major factors influencing indoor radon concentrations. The indoor radon concentrations in houses that were constructed prior to 1990 and that had basements were higher than those in the comparison groups. On the other hand, houses that were frequently ventilated and had a short heating period showed a tendency toward lower indoor radon concentration.

In this study, we investigated the concentrations of PM10 and CO2 in public transportation vehicles (express bus, train, KTX, and subway) reported by previous indoor air quality (IAQ) surveys carried out from 2005 to 2013 in Korea. The number of valid data for PM10 was 566 and for CO2 was 579, and all data were classified according to whether it was collected during rush-hour or non rush-hour. PM10 and CO2 concentrations in subway cabin during the rush-hour were 1.3 and 1.45 times higher, respectively, than those of non rush-hour (p<0.05) in terms of geometric mean value. PM10 and CO2 concentration of express bus and train during the rush-hour also were 1.23 times higher than those of non rush-hour with relatively weak correlations (p=0.246). Among all PM10 concentrations, 16.9% and 3.8% of PM10 concentrations exceeded the IAQ guidelines (200 μg/m3 for non-rush hour and 250 μg/m3 for rush-hour), respectively. In terms of CO2 concentrations, 10.5% and 3.0% of them exceeded the IAQ guidelines (2,500 ppm for non rush-hour and 3,000 ppm for rush-hour), respectively. As a result, concentrations of PM10 and CO2 were estimated to be dominantly influenced by the operation characteristics of public transportation, such as degree of congestion and type of vehicle. In order to improve the IAQ of public transportation vehicles, specific air purification and ventilation systems are needed, depending on the characteristics of public transportation vehicles.

Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) contains a large variety of substances, of which at least 50 are known to or are believed to be carcinogenic. Although the Ministry of Health and Welfare has started to prevent public exposure to ETS by enacting indoor smoking bans, some facilities still allow their customers or users to smoke indoors. In this study, indoor air quality in a pub was investigated by monitoring particulate matters (PM1.0 and PM2.5), heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Pb) and nicotine concentration to figure out the influence force of smoking behavior on indoor air quality. Smoking behaviors are revealed to be a major contributor the contamination of indoor air in pubs. The range of PM2.5 mass concentrations were 82.2~208.0 μg/m3 and the mean concentration of PM2.5 was 135.9 μg/m3. In the case of nicotine, the mean concentration was 12.2 μg/m3 with a range from 2.7 to 24.1 μg/m3. In the results of metal analysis, the levels of heavy metals in particulate matters in a pub were found to be much higher than those of the other public facilities.

Historical Experience Program is a certain type of a field trip for elementary and middle school students, which includes visiting a historical place and having various outdoor activities related to the historical events that actually happend in the area. Usually the students make a group to participate, but the education is only done with the printed handouts and the guidance teacher's verbal explanation. In this research, we would like to make use of both location-based system and gamification theories to advance the educational form. Each students will be given smart devices to perform the tasks that are conducted by gamifying the historical information and materials. Location-based system will be guiding them to find the missions and clues around the area. The guidance teacher will be also using a smart device to figure out each student's location and how well they are performing. We've also run the actual field test, and found out that it was a very effective method for Historical Experience Programs. Students were very motivated by cooperting and competing with other students on gamified educational material, and had been very ammused by having outdoor activities using location-based system, and it lead to a significantly effective education.

Smart Education strives to become one of the goals of current Korean education, and is a prominent core keyword. A major consideration for smart content for science education is creating self-directed, interesting content that considers user level and aptitude. The present paper will examine the development of interactive edutainment content, which meets the education goals of elementary and middle school curriculums. Among various scientific experiments found in both elementary and middle school curriculums, a physics experiment dealing with the law of levers was chosen for investigation. Through this prototype application that meets the standards of current elementary and middle school curriculums, new possibilities of scientific experiments may be uncovered for the smart education age.

In this study, ELF-MF levels of subway trains were measured to understand the status of the intensity of ELFMF. The measurement points for the train are selected in the center of each train compartment(pantagraph compartment, motor-driven compartment and the compartment that is not connected to any other electric equipment) using EMDEX II. ELF-MF levels of trains were measured from the starting to the terminal station in each lines(Seoul line 1-9, Incheon line 1, Incheon international airport line, Gyungui line, Bundang line, Gyeongchun line, Joongang line, Suin line). We found that the mean and range of ELF-MF levels in the DC power subway train are 2.4 and 0.1~125.9 mG, respectively, while the mean and range of ELF-MF levels in the AC power subway train are 10.4and 0.0~156.3 mG, respectively. Furthermore, the maximum ELF-MF level(156.3 mG) was lower than the reference level(ICNIRP 833 mG, 60Hz). The findings of this study in relation to the characteristics of ELF-MF for subway will be useful to derive the ELF-MF exposure coefficient from our living environment in a subsequent study.

An elementary school is a significant facility for educating and cultivating children and it is where they spend most of their days. The purpose of this study is to conduct an analysis on PM10 and TBC concentrations in 110 elementary schools in Suwon. We investigated 110 elementary schools from March 2011 to December in 2012. The mean concentration of PM10 and TBC were 51.3 ± 18.0 μg/m3(GM: 47.9 μg/m3) and 311.0 ± 125.3 CFU/m3 (GM:293.3 CFU/m3), respectively. All measurement concentrations did not exceed the Ministry of Education IAQ guidelines. Also, the concentrations of PM10 and TBC were not affected by various conditions such as Outdoor PM10, school construction year, class student number, temperature(oC) and humidity(%). The results of the study suggest that management of the IAQ plan in elementary schools should be implemented through Daily-Pattern and Activity-Pattern analysis for assessment of IAQ.

Asbestos was a general term applied to certain fibrous minerals long popular for their heat-resistance, tensile strength, acoustic insulation and inexpensive price. Despite its many uses, asbestos is a hazardous material. Inhalation of asbestos fibers can cause serious health problems, such as lung cancer, asbestosis and mesothelioma. According to the compliance regulations for asbestos-related materials in Korea, all kindergartens have to be inspected for asbestos materials before April 2014. The purpose of this study is to investigate the distribution of asbestos containing materials in kindergartens in Gwangju, Korea. We investigated 93 kindergartens between January and May in 2014. Asbestos types and contents were analysed using the polarized light microscopy (PLM). Kindergartens facilities that featured ACM(Asbestos Containing Material) included ceiling textiles that contained chrysolite/amosite in amounts between 2 and 5% and gaskets that contained chrysolite in amounts between 15 and 35%. Also, wall cement flat boards contained chrysolite in amounts between 10 and 15%. In this study, risk assessment of asbestos material showed that all kindergarten materials were classified as Low grade when assessed by the Korea Ministry of Employment and Labor guideline method.

This study was conducted to analyze dust mite allergen and bacterial endotoxin concentrations in the subwaycabins. For this aim, we sampled dust using a vacuum cleaner on cabin seats of subway trains operating in threeSeoul Metro Lines from April to May in 2011. The concentration of dust mite allergen and endotoxin were1,137.51±806.26ng/g and 5,742.1(4.68)EU/g, respectively. While, the concentration of dust mite allergen washigher on cabin seats of subway trains in Line B(1,487.61±930.59ng/g) than on those of trains in Lines A andC(641.9±398.3 and 1,344.9±822.4ng/g). All measurements did not exceed the National Workshop Guidelineof 2,000ng/g. While, bacterial endotoxin concentration [GM (GSD)] was higher on cabin seats of subway trainsin Line A [12,373.21(4.97EU/g)] than on those of trains in Line B and C8,520.77(3.98) and 1,631.43(1.88)EU/g. Dust mite allergen concentrations were strongly influenced by the portion of underground (on the subway line)and endotoxin concentrations were significantly correlated with the number of passengers using the subway lines.Seats for seniors and the week showed relatively higher concentrations compared to seats for general passengers.But, no significant difference of dust mite allergen and endotoxin concentrations in the subway cabins was foundrelating to seat type (p=0.451, p=0.564). There was no correlation between the dust mite allergen levels andendotoxin levels in the subway cabins (p=0.439).

The indoor air quality in public facilities has been well maintained as consciousness of facility owners is improved.However, the risk of PM2.5 and heavy metals in particulate matters have not been highlighted until now. So weinvestigated the particulate matters on major public transportation facilities such as subway, port and bus terminals.And we tried to figure out the characteristics of each facility groups by comparing the mass and metal concentrationbetween PM2.5 and PM10. As a results, the correlation between concentration of indoor particulate matters andthat of outdoor particulate matters shows higher strength in the case of bus terminals and port platforms thansubway platforms. However the total concentration of particulate matters and heavy metals were much higher insubway platforms than that of terminals and port platforms.

In this study, the concentration distribution of radon, we analyzed from 55 house, 37 government office, 54 schoolfrom June 2008-June 2011 in Chungnam area. From the result of surveying indoor radon degree of 146 facilities,the annual average geometric concentration of indoor radon was 69.4Bq/m³, 40.5Bq/m³, 51.4Bq/m³ in house,government office, school respectively. As for distribution of concentration based on seasons, the radonconcentration showed the highest concentration in winter in all facilities. According to the result of the analysisby dividing the construction year, into before 60s, 60-70s, 80-90s and 2000s, the radon concentration was lowerin all the newly constructed facilities. As for difference in radon concentration due to the presence or absence ofbasement, concentration of house, government office and schools having basement was 52.2Bq/m³, 44.5Bq/m³,36.4Bq/m³ that of having no basement was 75.2Bq/m³, 53.6Bq/m³, 67.4Bq/m³ respectively. Place having nobasement tend to show higher concentration.

The light trespass problem still has not been solved for a long time because of the complex influences of the reflection or overlap lights. To solve the light trespass problem, the assessment of the characteristics of the spilt light carry out firstly. In this study, we estimated the light trespass reducing performance of various load lightings using by RELUX lighting simulation program. In the simulation program, we designed the lighting environment according to the streetlight installation guideline by the ministry of land, transport and maritime affairs. And we estimated the light trespass caused by roadway lighting from first floor position to fourth floor position. And we compare the light trespass caused by back light of the roadway lighting with the light trespass caused by forward light. Then we estimated the effect of light trespass by improving the light distribution of roadway lighting from Backlight rating 3 to Backlight rating zero. From the research, we find that the light trespass caused by roadway lighting maximize at the first floor position of the house. And the light trespass contribution rate by backlight and forward light is 66 percentage and 33 percentage respectively. And we estimated that the light trespass can be decreased about 40 % by improving the backlight. The result derived from this research will be helpful to establish the light pollution reduction plan to minimize the adverse effect by the spilt light from the roadway lighting.

This study investigated the effect of smoking on Indoor Air Quality in smoking allowed buildings. Total 26 buildings(Restaurants 3, Billiards 4, Karaokes 6, Golfs 7, Pubs 6) were surveyed for nicotine, PM₁₀, CO₂, CO, NO₂, HCHO, TVOCs, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, styrene and xylene at quiet and busy time, respectively. The concentrations of nicotine, PM₁₀, CO₂ and benzene were significantly higher(p<0.05) at busy time compared to the quiet time. Some buildings exceeded Indoor Air Quality Standards for PM₁₀, CO₂, HCHO and TVOCs. Our results show that smoking-ban legistration should be introduced to improve Indoor Air Quality.

This study is to consider the introduction of the standard practice which test the asbestos stabilizer efficiency for the spray-applied ACBM, because asbestos stabilizer may be one of operation & management (O&M) program to prevent friable asbestos from spray-applied asbestos containing building materials( ACBM) and some countries like U.S and Japan have introduced the evaluation system or standard practice to test the efficiency of asbestos stabilizer which is used for spray-applied ACBM since 2002 and 2006, relatively. Efficiency test of 8 stabilizers which were manufactured from Japan, Australia and Korea was performed by the method of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism of Japan. The contents of test method were consisted adhesive strength, penetration depth, impact resistance and wind affection. The efficiency of impact resistance and wind affection was improved 4.1～37.4% and 75.2～95.7% after asbestos stabilizer applied on the spray-applied ACBM. Although the results of adhesive strength were less than that of non-applied materials but that was satisfied the ASTM standard (2.4kPa).

This study was performed to evaluate the type and concentration of TVOC and formaldehyde emitted from asbestos stabilizers, because the stabilizers can be applied on the surface of asbestos contained building materials(ACBM). The emission test of three organic and synthetic resins(OSBS) and five inorganic based stabilizers(IBS) were tested for 7 days. The amount of emission and concentrations of TVOC were measured using GC/FID and GC/MS. In case of formaldehyde, quantitative analysis was carried out using HPLC. The average concentrations of TVOC and formaldehyde of 8 stabilizers were 1.173 mg/m²․h and 0.007 mg/m²․h, respectively. The maximum TVOC concentration among five OSBS was 5.698 mg/m²․h and exceeded the TVOC emission standard(4.0 mg/m²․h) for general building materials. According to the this study results, the applied stabilizer can be role one of pollutant sources like paints, floor tile etc. The emission test has to be tested one of stabilizers efficiency to manage the indoor air quality of building.

According to a recent government study, development and distribution of functional building materials are increasing in Korea.
In this study, we evaluated reduction performance of formaldehyde and toluene by sorptive building materials using small-scale chamber(20L) test method for 7 days.
According to the results of this study, 18 building materials showed that the effects of formaldehyde reduction among the 23 building materials. And the number of the building materials with respect to its ability to reduce the concentration of toluene was relatively small.
The mean sorption rate and total amount of sorption for formaldehyde were 36.8% and 1,525.4㎍/㎡, respectively. The sorption rate and total amount of sorption for formaldehyde were in the range 1.5∼78.4% and 87.5∼3,086.0㎍/㎡, respectively.
And the mean sorption rate and total amount of sorption for toluene were 11.6% and 1,054.4㎍/㎡, respectively. The sorption rate and total amount of sorption of toluene were in the range 0.1∼62.4% and 29.6∼6,764.0㎍/㎡, respectively.
In most cases, the performance of the building materials with respect to its ability to reduce the concentration of pollutants has steadily decreased within 7 days.