The objective of this study was to compare the feeding effects of imported timothy hay, domestic Italian ryegrass silage (IRGS) and IRG dried by hot-air dry system (IRGHDS) under basic total mixed ration (bTMR) on rumination activity, milk production, and milk composition in lactating dairy cows. Eighteen Holstein dairy cows were divided into three groups: control (bTMR + imported timothy hay), treatment 1 (bTMR + IRGS) and treatment 2 (TMR + IRGHDS) groups. The study was conducted over a total period of 24 days, including a 10 days adaptation period and a 14 days main experimental period. The results indicate body weight was not significantly different between the three groups (p>0.05), and rumination time was significantly higher in the treatment 1 group compared with the control group (p<0.001). Milk fat, protein, and lactose were not significantly different between the three groups (p>0.05), however, somatic cell counts were significantly lower in the treatment 1 group compared with the control group (p<0.001). As a result of the economic feasibility analysis, it is expected that feeding TMR using IRGS and IRGHDS will increase profit by 402.8 won/day and 331.4 won/day per cow compared to imported timothy hay. Therefore, IRGS and IRGHDS can be used as substitutes for imported timothy hay in feeding lactating dairy cows.

The objective of this study was to investigate the comparison of feeding a total mixed ration (TMR) containing imported alfalfa hay and TMR containing hot-air dried domestic alfalfa on rumination activity, milk production, and composition in lactating dairy cows. Ten Holstein dairy cows were divided into two groups: control (imported alfalfa hay + TMR) and treatment (hot-air dried domestic alfalfa + TMR) groups. The study was conducted over a total period of 18 days, including a 13-days adaptation period and a 5-days main experimental period. The results indicated no differences in total digestible nutrient and net energy intake between the imported and hot-air dried alfalfa. Body weight was not significantly different between the two groups (p>0.05), however, total feed intake and rumination time were significantly and tendentially higher in the treatment group compared with control group, respectively (p<0.001; p=0.075). Milk yield was not significantly different between the two groups (p>0.05), however, milk fat (kg) and lactose (%) concentration were significantly higher in the treatment group compared with control group (p=0.016; p=0.02). This study confirms that feeding TMR with hot-air dried domestic alfalfa results in no differences of feed intake, rumination activity, and milk productivity. Therefore, it is considered that hot-air dried domestic alfalfa can be used as a substitute for imported alfalfa on lactating dairy cows.

PURPOSES : This study aimed to predict the number of future COVID-19 confirmed cases more accurately using public and transportation big data and suggested priorities for introducing major policies by region. METHODS : Prediction analysis was performed using a long short-term memory (LSTM) model with excellent prediction accuracy for time-series data. Random forest (RF) classification analysis was used to derive regional priorities and major influencing factors. RESULTS : Based on the daily number of COVID-19 confirmed cases from January 26 to December 12, 2020, as well as the daily number of confirmed cases in Gyeonggi Province, which was expected to occur on December 24 and 25, depending on social distancing, the accuracy of the LSTM artificial neural network was approximately 95.8%. In addition, as a result of deriving the major influencing factors of COVID-19 through random forest classification analysis, according to the number of people, social distancing stages, and masks worn, Bucheon, Yongin, and Pyeongtaek were identified as regions expected to be at high risk in the future. CONCLUSIONS : The results of this study can help predict pandemics such as COVID-19.

본 연구는 정향, 황련 추출물을 혼합하여 Malassezia furfur에 대한 항균 능력을 확인하고 최 적의 혼합물을 만들어 항산화 및 항염증 능력을 평가하기 위해 수행되었다. 정향과 황련을 70% 에탄올, 100% 메탄올, 열수로 추출하여 항균 능력을 평가하여 정향은 100% 메탄올 추출물, 황련은 열수 추출 물이 가장 항균 능력이 높은 것을 확인하였다. 또한 두 추출물을 혼합하여 비율별로 항균 능력을 평가 하였을 때 9:1 비율이 가장 우수한 활성을 보였고 혼합물의 항산화 활성이 뛰어남을 확인하였다. Raw 264.7 세포에서 생존율에 영향을 미치지 않는 1, 10, 50, 100 μg/mL에서 LPS를 이용하여 염증 반응을 유도하고 항염증 활성을 확인한 결과 10, 50, 100 μg/mL에서 No 생성 저해율과 IL-6 발현 저해율 및 COX2, iNOS 단백질 발현 저해 활성이 뛰어남을 확인하였다. 본 연구를 통해 정향 메탄올 추출물 및 황련 열수 추출물의 혼합물은 항균, 항염증 효능이 뛰어나기에 기능성 화장품의 천연 소재로써 사용이 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

This study was performed to investigate immune changes by comparing the proportion and function of immune cells in the blood under high-temperature period and convalescence temperature period in Holstein dairy cows. The experiment was conducted using Holstein dairy cows of five animals per group (60 ± 20 months old, 175 ± 78 non-day) from the National Institute of Animal Science at high-temperature period (THI: 76 ± 1.2) and convalescence temperature period (THI: 66 ± 1.3). Complete blood count results showed no change in the number of immune cells between groups. In the analysis using Flow Cytometry of PBMCs, no significant differences were observed among B cells, Helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, and γδ T cells between groups. However, there was an increase in Th17 cells producing IL-17a, while Th1 cells decreased during the convalescence temperature period. The results of gene expression analysis using qRT-PCR in PBMCs revealed an increase in IL-10 during the convalescence temperature period, while a decrease in HSP70 and HSP90 was observed. In conclusion, the increased expression of IL-10 and the decrease in HSP expression suggest the possibility of a weak recovery from heat stress. However, the lack of observed changes in B cells, T cells, and other immune cells indicates incomplete recovery from heat stress during the convalescence temperature period.

A 63-year-old man with a 2-year history of a slowly growing mass in the chin area was referred to the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dankook University Dental Hospital. Physical examination revealed a 1.2 × 1.0 cm bluish mass in the middle of his chin, which was tentatively diagnosed as a hemangioma. Considering the size and location of the lesion, an excisional biopsy was performed under local anesthesia. Bleeding and other complications were not observed. The results of histopathological examination revealed glomangioma. This study aimed to report a case of solitary glomangioma arising in the chin, which is not the usual location of this tumor. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a solitary glomangioma in the chin area in the oral and maxillofacial surgery literature.

Electrochromic devices (ECDs) have been drawing great attention due to their high color contrast, low power consumption, and memory effect, and can be used in smart windows, automatic dimming mirrors, and information display devices. As with other electronic devices such as LEDs (light emitting diodes), solar cells, and transistors, the mechanical flexibility of ECDs is one of the most important issue for their potential applications. In this paper, we report on flexible ECDs (f-ECDs) fabricated using an all-in-one EC gel, which is a mixture of electrolyte and EC material. The f-ECDs are compared with rigid ECDs (r-ECDs) on ITO glass substrate in terms of color contrast, coloration efficiency, and switching speed. It is confirmed that the f-ECDs embedding all-in-one gel show strong blue absorption and have competitive EC performance. Repetitive bending tests show a degradation of electrochromic performance, which must be improved using an optimized device fabrication process.

The purpose of this study was to provide the basic data of butternut squash (Cucurbita moschata) according to the drying methods. The proximate composition and chromaticity of freeze-dried and hot air-dried Cucurbita moschata powders were evaluated, and the antioxidant effects of these ethanolic extracts were analyzed by DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, reducing power activity, total phenolic, and flavonoid content. As a result, Cucurbita moschata was revealed to have high carbohydrate and crude protein contents, while crude ash and crude fat contents were relatively low. Also, it was confirmed that the hot air-dried Cucurbita moschata had lower L, a, and b values than the freeze-dried Cucurbita moschata. Additionally, as a result of analyzing the antioxidant activity of Cucurbita moschata ethanolic extracts, hot air-dried Cucurbita moschata ethanolic extract showed significantly superior antioxidant activity than freeze-dried Cucurbita moschata ethanolic extract. Also, hot air-dried Cucurbita moschata ethanolic extract was revealed to have a higher polyphenol content, but slightly lower flavonoid content than freeze-dried Cucurbita moschata ethanolic extract. Based on the data from this study, further experiments on Cucurbita moschata material are necessary.

본 연구에서는 감국 꽃 추출물의 항산화 및 항염활성을 검색하고 유효성분을 분리하여 화학구조를 규명하였다. 감국 꽃 에탄올 추출물의 DPPH 및 ABTS+ 라디칼 소거 활성을 측정한 결과 우수한 라디칼 소거 활성이 있음을 확인하였다. 또한 LPS로 유도된 RAW264.7 대식세포에서 세포독성 없이 우수한 nitric oxide (NO) 저해 활성을 나타내었다. 감국 꽃 에탄올 추출물의 유효성분을 찾고자 medium pressure liquid chromatography (MPLC)를 실시하여 2개의 화합물을 분리하였으며 1H 및 13C NMR 데이터 분석 및 문헌 비교를 통하여 화학구조를 동정하였다; Cynaroside (1), Apigetrin (2). 분리된 화합물을 HPLC를 통하여 정량분석을 수행하였으며 감국 꽃 추출물의 주요 성분으로 확인되었다. 화합물 1, 2의 항염활성을 확인한 결과 모두 농도의존적으로 우수한 NO 저해활성을 나타내었다. 이러한 연구 결과를 바탕으로 감국 꽃 추출물은 천연 항산화 및 항염 소재로써 활용 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

억새와 같은 초본계 바이오매스로부터 cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin 등 주요성분을 추출하기 위해서는 알칼리 전처리가 효율적이며, 본 연구에서는 수산화칼륨(KOH)을 이용한 전처리 조건을 최적화하였다. 전처리 변수의 최적화는 반응표면분석법(RSM)을 적용하였다. RSM의 변수는 3개였으며, 변수범위는 각각 KOH 0.2∼0.8M, 반응온도 110∼190℃ 및 반응시간 10∼90min 이었다. 억새의 알칼리 전처리를 위한 최적조건은 KOH 농도 0.47M, 반응온도 134℃ 및 반응시간 65min 이었다. 최적 전 처리 조건에 따라 전처리를 수행한 후 고형물의 cellulose 함량은 66.1±1.1% 이었으며, hemicellulose 및 lignin 함량은 각각 26.4±0.4%, 3.7±0.1% 이었다. RMS 모델식에 따라 계산된 예측값은 실제값 대비 95% 범위 내에서 유효하였다. 최종적으로 전처리물을 동시당화발효를 통해 검증한 결과 에탄올 생산 수율은 96% 이었다.

Pseudolymphoma or benign lymphoid hyperplasia is an uncommon benign lymphoproliferative lesion that occurs very ralely in the oral mucosa, most commonly in the hard palate. It is important to differentiate between malignant lymphoma and pseudolymphoma with similar clinical and morphological symptoms. Clinically, pseudolymphoma is a firm, painless, nonulcerated, nonfluctuant, slowly growing mass or swelling on the one side of the palate. However, lymphoma at hard palate is unilateral, and some are hard, painful, or show evidence of bone destruction. The treatment of pseudolymphoma is local excision.

파프리카 수확량 예측을 위한 목적으로 온실 환경과 작물의 생육 특성 및 수확량 패턴을 조사 분석하였다. 경남 거창 지역(해발고도 667m)의 유리온실에서 적색계 파프리카 ‘Cupra’와 황색계 파프리카 ‘Fiesta’를 2016년 7월 5일 파종하고, 35일 후인 8월 10일 정식하여 2017년 7월 15일까지 재배하였다. 재식밀도는 두 품종 동일하게 3.66plants/m2로 2줄기로 유인하였다. 정식 후 재배기간 동안 시설의 외부 평균 광량은 14.36MJ/m2/day였고, 온실 내부의 관리에서 24시간 평균온도 20~22oC, CO2 400~700ppm, 24시간 평균 습도 60~75% 수준으로 유지하고자 하였다. 정식 42주 후까지 신장속도는 ‘Cupra’가 7.3cm/week, ‘Fiesta’가 6.9cm/week로 ‘Cupra’가 빨랐다. 첫 착과는 ‘Cupra’가 1.0마디, ‘Fiesta’는 2.7마디에서 나타났으며, 첫 수확은 정식 후 ‘Cupra’가 14주, ‘Fiesta’가 11주로 ‘Fiesta’가 빨랐다. 재배 종료 시까지의 10a당 수확량을 비교해 보면, ‘Fiesta’가 18,848kg, ‘Cupra’가 19,307kg로 ‘Fiesta’가 2.4% 높게 나타났으며, L 사이즈인 200g 이상의 과중 비율은 ‘Cupra’가 27.7%로 ‘Fiesta’보다 7.7%로 높았다. 6월까지의 수확량에서, 착과에서 수확까지의 평균 소요일수는 ‘Cupra’가 72.6일, ‘Fiesta’가 63.8일로 ‘Cupra’가 8.8일이 더 소요되었다. 수확소요일수와 그 기간 누적된 광량과의 관계를 보면, 광량이 증가하는 2월 이후 두 품종 모두 누적광이 많을수록 수확소요일수는 짧아지는 부의 관계를 나타냈다. 1월에 가장 긴 소요일수가 요구되었는데, 이는 낮은 광량으로 생육과 착색이 지연되어 소요일수가 늘어난 것으로 판단된다. 수확량과의 관계에서는 ‘Cupra’는 광량이 증가됨에 따라 수확량이 증가되는 반면, ‘Fiesta’는 불규칙적인 패턴을 보여 품종간의 차이를 보였다.