Purpose: This study aimed to develop a web-based video program related to abnormal mental disorder behaviors in standardized patients and verify its effectiveness for nursing students. Methods: This study consisted of pre-test and post-test for a non-equivalent control group design. The participants were 46 nursing students(experimental group: 23, control group: 23). The experimental group was trained in a video program that applied standardized patients, while the control group received traditional training. Data collected from March to June, 2020, were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 25.0, chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, Mann-Whitney U test, and independent t-test. Results: The difference between the experimental and control groups was statistically significant in terms of learning satisfaction (Z=2.08, p=.038), learning self-efficacy(t=2.80, p=.009), motivation for transfer(t=3.45, p=.001), and clinical reasoning competence(t=2.28, p=.028). Conclusion: This study showed that a video program on abnormal mental disorder behaviors in standardized patients is an effective tool for mental health nursing education.

Electrochromic devices (ECDs) have been drawing great attention due to their high color contrast, low power consumption, and memory effect, and can be used in smart windows, automatic dimming mirrors, and information display devices. As with other electronic devices such as LEDs (light emitting diodes), solar cells, and transistors, the mechanical flexibility of ECDs is one of the most important issue for their potential applications. In this paper, we report on flexible ECDs (f-ECDs) fabricated using an all-in-one EC gel, which is a mixture of electrolyte and EC material. The f-ECDs are compared with rigid ECDs (r-ECDs) on ITO glass substrate in terms of color contrast, coloration efficiency, and switching speed. It is confirmed that the f-ECDs embedding all-in-one gel show strong blue absorption and have competitive EC performance. Repetitive bending tests show a degradation of electrochromic performance, which must be improved using an optimized device fabrication process.

중공사막의 일단이 자유롭게 움직여 막 오염 현상을 줄일 수 있도록 고안된 침지형 프리엔드 중 공사막 모듈에 아주 짧은 주기로 역세를 실시하는 역충격을 적용하여 중공사막의 기초 오염 특성을 조사하였다. 본 연구에 사용된 막은 폴리설폰(PS, polysulfone)과 폴리아크릴로니트릴(PAN, polyacrylonitrile) 재질의 내경 0.7mm, 외경 1.3mm, 분획분자량 50,000인 한외 여과막을 사용하여 모듈을 제작 후 MLSS 10,000mg/L의 반응조를 침지하였다. PS 중공사막의 역충격 유무에 따른 투과율과 압력 변화를 측정하였다. 역충격을 가하지 않은 경우, 모듈의 투과율은 초기 3시간 동안 급격히 감소하였고 150시간 이후에 일정한 투과율을 나타내었다. 역충격을 가한 모듈의 투과율 감소율은 현저히 줄어들었다. PS과 PAN 재질 중공사막의 역충격에 대한 영향을 15kPa에서 비교한 결과 초기 투과율은 PS 막이 19lmh, PAN 막이 16lmh이었다. 그러나 PS 막은 급격한 막 오염으로 인하여 압력이 30kPa까지 상승하였고 PAN 막은 15kPa에서 거의 일정하게 유지되었다. 160시간 이후 역충격을 멈추었을 때 PAN 막의 투과율은 역충격이 있을 때보다 더욱 감소하였고 PS 막은 역충격을 주었을 경우와 비슷한 투과율을 나타내었다. PAN 막은 역충격으로 인하여 막의 오염이 지연되고 있는 상태에서 역충격의 영향이 없어지므로 막의 오염이 계속적으로 생기는 것이고, PS 막의 경우는 초기의 급격한 막의 오염 때문에 역충격으로 인한 막오염 지연효과가 적었다.

The MFFn(Mass first flush), EMCs(Event mean concentrations) and runoff loads were analyzed for various rainy events(monitoring data from 2011 to 2012) in transportation area(rail road in station). The pollutant EMCs by volume of stormwater runoff showed the BOD5 9.6 ㎎/L, COD 29.9 ㎎/L, SS 16.7 ㎎/L, T-N 3.271 ㎎/L, T-P 0.269 ㎎/L in the transportation areas(Railroad in station). The average pollutant loading by unit area of stormwater runoff showed the BOD5 27.26 kg/㎢, COD 92.55 kg/㎢, SS 50.35 kg/㎢, T-N 10.13 kg/㎢ and T-P 10.13 kg/㎢ in the transportation areas. Estimated NCL-curve(Normalized cumulated-curve) was evaluated by comparison with observed MFFn. MFFn was estimated by varying n-value from 10% to 90% on the rainy events. The n-value increases, MFFn is closed to '1'. As time passed, the rainfall runoff was getting similar to ratio of pollutants accumulation. The result of a measure of the strength of the linear relationship between observed data and expected data under model was good.

본 연구에서는 시간에 따른 수질 변화를 파악하고 원인에 따른 경향을 분석함으로써 적절한 관리대책을 수립하는 것이 필요 하다고 생각되어 이 같은 연구를 하게 되었다. 현재 수질오염이 심각한 낙동강 수계를 대상으로 2006～2010년까지 수질변화를 분석하였다. 수계의 803개, 국가하천 13개소, 지방1급 하천은 10개소, 하천에 합류하는 하천은 31개 지점에서 측정한 수은, BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand), TN (Total Nitrogen)과 TP (Total Phosphorus) 등의 월평균 자료결과를 바탕으로 하여 통계적분석(상관분석, 회귀분석, 분산분석, 시계열분석)을 통한낙동강유역의 인근 지역의 계절별로 수질항목을 확인하였으며, 평가지표에 따른 변화를 측정하고자 하였다. 유역의 지질 및 지형의 영향이 주로 작용하는데 지역의 기후 조건, 식생, 지형, 토양, 비 포화대 매질의 영향을 받기 때문에 여러 가지의 변수를 가지고 유출했으며, 이는 방류량의 결정문제, 호소의 부영양화 문제 등이 제기될 수 있겠으며, 좋은 개선방안을 만들어 보려고 한다. 따라서 낙동강의 강우기 유량을 증대하는 대책이 병행되는 것이 바람직하며, 물 관리대책에는 하천유지용수 확보를 구성을 해야 하며, 수로 건설사업 완료를 지속적인 관찰이 필요하다. 그러나 지류에는 물이 흐르지 않는 시기가 발생하는 이유는 자연 상태에서 흘러야 하는 하천수 및 공업용수와 농업용수로 취수했기 때문이다. 따라서 이 모든 것을 관찰 및 구성을 하기 위해서는 지속적인 연구가 필요로 하며, 다음과 같은 연구의 목적을 두고 연구조사 하였다.

This study analyzed the characteristics of stormwater runoff by rainfall type in orchard areas and transportation areas for 2 years(2010~2011year). Effluents were monitored to calculate the Event Mean Concentrations(EMCs) and runoff loads of each pollutant. The pollutant EMCs by volume of stormwater runoff showed the ranges of BOD 0.9~13.6 ㎎/L, COD 13.7~45.2 ㎎/L, SS 4.1~236.4 ㎎/L, T-N 2.123~21.111 ㎎/L, T-P 0.495~2.214 ㎎/L in the orchard areas, and was calculated as BOD 2.3~22.5㎎ /L, COD 4.4~91.1 ㎎/L, SS 4.3~138.3 ㎎/L, T-N 0.700~13.500 ㎎/L, T-P 0.082~1.345 ㎎/L in the transportation areas. The correlation coefficient of determination in the orchard area was investigated in the order of Total Rainfall(0.81) > Total Runoff(0.76) > Rainfall Intensity(0.56) > Rainfall Duration(0.46) > Antecedent Dry Days(0.27). Also, in the case of the transportation area was investigated in the order of Total Rainfall (0.55) > Total Runoff(0.54) > Rainfall Intensity(0.53) > Rainfall Duration(0.24) > Antecedent Dry Days(0.14). As the result, comparing valuables relating to runoff of non-pollutant source between orchard areas and transportation areas, orchard area(R2 ≥ 0.5 : X3, X4, X5) was investigated to have more influence of diverse independent valuables compared to the transportation area(R2 ≥ 0.5 : X3, X4) and the difference of discharge influence factor by the land characteristics appeared apparently.

Loading of NPS pollutant was valued through simulation by using BASINS/HSPF model which can simulate runoff volume in rainfall by time. For the verification of the model, it was analyzed the scatter diagram of the simulation value and measure value of water quality and runoff volume in Dongcheon estuary. Using the built model, a study on the time-variant characteristics of runoff and water quality was simulated by being classified into four cases. The result showed the simulation value was nearly same as that of the measured runoff. In the result of fit level test for measured value and simulated value, correlation of runoff volume was computed high by average 0.86 and in the water quality items, fit level of simulation and measurements was high by BOD 0.82, T-N 0.85 and T-P 0.79.

The MFFn(Mass First Flush) was analyzed for various rainy events(monitoring data from 2008 to 2009) in Transportation area(Highway, National road, Trunk road). Estimated MFFn using SWMM was evaluated by comparison with observed MFFn. MFFn was estimated by varying n-value from 10% to 90% on the rainy events. The n-value increases, MFFn is closed to '1'. As time passed, the rainfall runoff was getting similar to ratio of pollutants accumulation. The result of a measure of the strength of the linear relationship between observed data and expected data under model was good (R2=0.89). Pollutants runoff loads by volume showed Highway 26.6%, National road 44.8%, Trunk road 35.0% at the MFF20(20% by total runoff). A case of MFF30, pollutants runoff loads by volume showed Highway 40.2%, National road 54.3%, Trunk road 46.8%. According to the results, Initial precipitation basis were Highway MFF30, National road MFF20, Trunk road MFF30 when the Non-Point source control facilities set up.

In this study, occurrence status of nonpoint pollutants and characteristics of discharge by each nonpoint pollutants were examined through monitoring on nonpoint pollutants caused when raining in vineyard belonging to the agricultural area of various land use patterns. Also, the first flush analysis limited to studies on the existing non-percolation area was applied to percolation area to ascertain availability and criteria of study. Various water quality and sluice of nonpoint pollutants were analyzed, based on which discharge of nonpoint pollutants in agricultural area was ascertained to be influenced greatly by artificial factors such as period, cultivation, management, etc. Meanwhile, the first flush phenomenon at agricultural area was ascertained to occur, and the first flush was quantified through calculation of the first flush ratio. If MFF30 is based, discharge load by each nonpoint pollutants caused when raining was investigated to include 40.8% on the basis of total discharge. In case of SS in pollutants showed the highest first flush phenomenon of 64.8%. Through such a result, calculation possibility of the initial rain criteria was ascertained, and it was determined that reliability-assured criteria were calculated through further monitoring.

This study analyzed the characteristics of stormwater runoff in the orchard areas and quantitatively estimated effluence of nonpoint source pollutants for the volume of runoff. Two target areas under vine cultivation were each 2,000㎡ and 1,800㎡, located in Gyeongju City. Since grape was the only crop on the target area, the characteristics of stormwater runoff at vineyard could be evaluated independently. A total of 51 rainfall events in the vineyard area during two years(2008-2009) was surveyed, and 19 of them became stormwater runoff, with rainfall ranging 16.5 - 79.7 mm and antecedent dry period of 1-13 days. The pollutant runoff loads by volume of stormwater runoff showed BOD ranging 19.5 - 45.3% in 30% of runoff volume. The average pollution discharge rate was 32.4%, indicating small first flush effect of BOD. The range of SS concentrations was 5 –52.0% in 10% of runoff volume, showing the average 28.7% of discharge rate, about 3 times more than rainfall effluent. TOC and TN appeared to be similar to the results of BOD, the average discharge rate of 30.9% and 30.6% for TOC and TN, respectively, for 30% of stormwater runoff volume. Average discharge rate of COD and TP in the same runoff volume was 35.1% and 36%, respectively, showing comparatively high discharge ratio. As the targeted vineyard area was permeable land, the pollution load ratio against rainfall-runoff volume appeared to be 1:1, implying no strong first flush effect for all the survey items.