Conventional flipped learning instructional models are operated in a blended learning environment online and offline. In contrast, this study moved onto fully online systems and explored how a sense of presence worked for students’ learning outcomes at university English writing courses. The two research questions for this study are: 1) What is the relationship between a sense of presence (teaching, cognitive, social presence) and learning outcomes (group cohesion, class satisfaction)? and 2) What are the variables among a sense of presence that affect group cohesion and class satisfaction? For the purposes of this study, 46 university students from English composition courses answered student questionnaires in the spring of 2021. Correlation and multiple-regression analyses were conducted to look into the relationships among the variables. Additionally, focus-group interviews were conducted and teaching journals were analyzed. The major findings were revealed as follows: Firstly, a sense of presence was significantly related to group cohesion and satisfaction. Secondly, social presence and cognitive presence only had a predictive power of group cohesion. Thirdly, cognitive presence and teaching presence were significant predictors of class satisfaction. Pedagogical implications are discussed for those interested in applying flipped learning in a fully online setting.

The purpose of the study is to compare the nature of teacher talk between the native and non-native speaking professors with its focus on language functions and interaction modifications in English-mediated writing instruction. The study analyzed the classroom languages of two professors who were teaching college-level composition courses using the same textbook and syllabus. The classes taught by the two professors were videotaped, transcribed, and analyzed based on the AS-unit. The results showed both professors used all of the five functions in the order of information, suasion, opinion, future plans, and checking. The NS professor, on the other hand, used the information function more often, while the NNS professor relied more on the suasion function. The data also displayed that the NS professor gave more feedback responses, whereas the NNS professor asked more clarification requests and repeated their own utterances. The findings implied that the types and distribution of the teacher talk may be influenced by the subject-matter and the instructional foci of each professor.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the errors concerning V-ing forms in Korean college freshmen’s English essays in order to provide some guidelines for teaching the forms effectively. The data for this study were retrieved from a learner corpus consisting of 815 essays written by Korean college freshmen. A total of 3,843 words were found in the form of V-ing, which were categorized according to their roles as follows: (a) present participles (1,235 tokens), (b) gerunds (2,591 tokens), and (c) unclear cases (17 tokens). Of the 3,843 forms of V-ing, a total of 292 tokens were classified as erroneous, 137 of which were participle-related errors and 138 gerundrelated errors. The most frequently occurring errors under the categories of present participles and gerunds were the use of a present particle without a main verb (64.2%) (e.g. I *looking for the meaning of the building’s name) and to-infinitive related errors (66.7%) (e.g. Therefore, we try to *changing our college’s image), respectively. Pedagogical suggestions based on the findings of the study are also provided at the end.

최근 비대면 의사소통 기회가 많아지면서 영어 쓰기의 중요성이 점점 더 부각되고 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 대학 영어 작문에서 온라인 협력적 글쓰기 수업을 적용해보고 학생들의 인지적 및 정의적 영역에 대한 효과를 알아보려고 한다. 대학에서 연구자의 영어수업을 수강하는 학생들 가 운데 사전 쓰기 시험에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않은 비슷한 수준의 두 개의 반으로 실험반과 비교반을 구성하여 온라인 협력적 글쓰기 수업을 실험반에 자기주도적 글쓰기 활동을 비교반에 적용하였다. 본 연구에서 채택한 방법은 실험연구로 두 반의 처치후 사후 비교를 통한 영어 쓰기 성취도의 변화를 살펴보았다. 연구 결과 전반적으로 실험반의 성과가 좋았으나 쓰기 하위 영역 전분야가 좋아진 것은 아니고 내용과 구조를 제외한 영어 쓰기의 하위 영역들인 문법, 어휘, 기계적 영역에서 의미 있는 결과가 나왔다. 정의적 태도와 관련해서 협력적 글쓰기 실험반의 전후 검사 결과 비교를 통해서 살펴본바 긍정적 태도보다는 부정적 태도의 감소에 의미 있는 결과 가 나왔고 특히 회피나 두려움의 감소와 관련해서 온라인 학습과 협력적 학습의 소집단 상호작용 이 도움이 되는 것으로 나타났다.

Shin-Hye Kim. 2001. An Error Analysis of College Students` Writing: Is that really Konglish? Studies in Modern Grammar 25, 157-174. The purpose of this paper is to analyze errors in college student`s writing samples to examine L1 interference phenomenon. It is widely believed that Korean learners of English often show incorrect use of English expressions due to their L1 interference. Despite such a prevalent belief, the sources of learner errors and L1 interference errors were not clearly identified. In order to examine the sources and nature of learner errors in learner language, 30 writing samples were collected from college freshmen students who were registered for TOEIC class. Errors were classified into two categories: intralingual and interlingual. The results showed that most of learner errors intralingual and only a few cases can be attributed to L1 interference, which lends support the assumption that L2 learners follow similar developmental patterns to those found in children`s L1 acquisition. The results suggest that Learners` errors are not just deviant forms that should be corrected but they reflect creative process of seeking systematic rules of the target language.