The compositions of ethnic groups in Macau vary with time. Prior to the opening of the port, the majority of the residents in Macau were Chinese people, including those living on land and at sea. After the port was opened, with the increase of Portugal businessmen and missionaries, the population was divided into Chinese people and foreigners (so-called ‘Yiren’ or 夷人in Chinese). Chinese people living on land were mainly of Hakka, Fujian, and Cantonese descent. Those living at sea were referred to as ‘Tanka People’ (named ‘Danmin’ or 蜑民in Chinese). They lived on floating boats for their entire lives and were similar to the ‘drifters’ in Japan. Since modern times, many refugees from mainland China and Southeast Asia flooded into Macau due to warfare. The development of industrialization required a larger number of laborers, and some ‘coolies’ entered Macau in legal or illegal ways, making it a multi-ethnic city. However, the Tanka people were not considered a minority ethnic group under the national ethnic policy of 56 ethnic groups since they did not have an exclusive language and shared dialects in different regions. As the ports inhabited by Tanka people gradually restored foreign trade, the boats and stilt houses used by Tanka people were dismantled to expand the infrastructure area of the ports. Many Tanka people began to live on land and marry people on land, leading to the disappearance of the Tanka group in Macau. The fishing boats and stilt houses used by Tanka people have also disappeared, with only a few remaining in areas such as Pearl River Delta and Hong Kong. This paper examines the natural and social environment of Tanka people in Macau from the Ming and Qing dynasties to the Republic of China, as well as the adaptive changes they adopted for the aforementioned environment in terms of living space and architectural type, on the basis of summarizing the historical activities of Tanka people. Finally, this study provides a layout plan and interior structure of the most commonly used boat for Tanka people from the Ming and Qing dynasties to the Republic of China, with the use of CAD and other technical software, along with reference to written historical documentation, and provides a case study for further research on the architectural history of Macau's inner harbor cities, from anthropological and folklore perspectives.

The construction method of scaffolding structures is different from Mortise and Tenon and bucket arch structure of traditional large woodwork. It forms an independent construction system-fixing nodes with knots, a large number of diagonal braces are used to fix shelves and the structures mostly contain X-shape and triangular shape details. Simple ones include stalls, sheds, rain sheds, altars, lamp racks etc. But the scaffolding with larger scale and more complicated structure are modeled on archways, theatres and other buildings which are used in commercial and festival activities. At present, Macao, Hong Kong, Guangdong, Sichuan, Shanxi and other places in China have retained the custom of using scaffolding structures in important festival activities, but their uses, techniques and building types are slightly different from place to place. Due to building and demolishing at any time, the construction and service cycle is short. As a result, there are almost no physical objects left. We can only deduce the use and technical characteristics of ancient scaffolding skills through the colorful building styles that have been preserved with folk activities in various parts of China, the craftsmanship handed down from generation to generation by the scaffolding guild and artisans, and the description of cultural and historical materials and the mutual corroboration of visual materials.

Wu Yushan(1632~1718) is one of “six great masters of the Qing Dynasty” representing the landscape painting circle during the Qing Dynasty. He was one of intellectuals with fame who constructed his own world even in poetry and music as well. The mission project in China by the Society of Jesus is closely related to the relationships of Wu Yushan in 1680 with the ‘contact zone’ Macau where cultures are exchanged between Europe and Asia. Wu Yushan received a Catholic name called Simon Xaverius (西 滿 · 沙勿略) as he entered the Society of Jesus formally in 1682 and wrote many poems other than 80 poems of “Saint Study Poem(聖學詩)” containing his understanding on doctrines for 3 years in Macau, while praising ancient sagas in the Society of Jesus. 30 poems in Aozhongzayong contain poems describing the natural and human environment of Macau from the perspective of Wu Yushan as a landscape painter as well as a literary man. In this presentation, the Catholic learning process of Wu Yushan will be introduced first through poems in Aozhongzayong. Then, the process for the Western culture to be settled down in Macau will be introduced around the life of people and Catholic events in Macau. Through them, we will consider the meaning of the seaport city in the course of cultural contact between different civilizations. Through not a many of poems reaching 30 poems in Aozhongzayong, various living aspects in Macau as a place for cultural interchanges between the East and West during the 17th century are revealed in a good manner. Especially, the life of Wu Yushan who learned Christianity in Colégio de São Paulo at the age of 50 reveals the features of a seaport city in a good way, where heterogeneous cultures were exchanged. In addition, as he contained the meeting and change of both the East and West in a special contact zone of a seaport city called Macau into phrases with seven characters, they could be deemed innovative in details. Conclusions may be led by outlining the following two implications for the meaning of “Aozhongzayong”. First, strengths of a painter Wu Yushan are well revealed. As if we evaluate poems of Wang Wei as “a painting in a poem and a poem in a painting”, Wu Yushan representing the landscape painting circle at the early Qing Dynasty were observing the nature of Macau as a priest of the Society of Jesus to sing his agonies about life and death into poems in the nature along the natural beauty. Then, the poems of Wu Yushan are well succeeded to the spirit of “poetic history” as a type of poem in the realistic way of Du Fu. As the poems of Du Fu well reflect the image of society at the times, we call his poems “poetic history”. Just like that way, the poems of Wu Yushan well reflect the living of Portuguese, black slaves and Dan people who lived around Macau in the 17th century. Especially, the poems about the Saint Xaverius March or Christmas happening in Macau are valuable data which have never mentioned even in “Aomenjilüe(≪澳門記略≫)” called the text for the historical study in Macau. The poems of Wu Yushan have not only the value of poems but also the value for historical data to show the daily living which are not recorded in the history.

香港和澳门在政治稳定的基础上今后相当时期内、可望维持经济发展。 特别香港、澳门经济是在与中国大陆签署了CEPA的基础上、对中国经济将加速结合。但是、这并不会造成任何问题都可以看到。2006年、在澳门当地能够见反中示威者、在香港普通话的使用只是没有达到完美的程度。不过在“一国两制”的独特经济体系维持、香港与澳门的经济将来是非常光明的展望。尤其是香港、一个彻底的市场经济似乎不断保证、作为一个国际商业和金融中心。而且、基于赌场业的澳门的经济预计将持续下去、由于强化市场营销与服务和基础设施的热潮继续扩大。与中国经济一体化在中国政府的积极努力、可望加快。今后、中国政府积极努力港澳扩大进入在珠江三角洲经济区的一直、通过港珠澳大桥、广州-深圳-香港高速铁路等等各种各类基础设施建设。这是珠江三角洲地区一直在推动产业升级。特别是、通过的2005年7月泛珠三角区域合作发展规划纲要、珠江三角洲和香港/澳门加快进一步一体化进程。