이 연구는 100여 년 전에 일본으로 유입되어 정착하고 있는 화교·화인의 민족정체성을 분 석하기 위해 요코하마와 고베 차이나타운을 중심으로 설문조사와 심층면접을 진행하였다. 연 구결과 화교·화인은 능통하게 중국어를 구사하고 있으며, 일상생활에서도 중국어를 빈도 높 게 사용하고 있다. 그들은 춘절, 중추절 등 전통명절을 여전히 유지하고 있으며, 민족공동체 에 강한 소속감을 표출하고 있다. 다시 말해, 일본 화교·화인은 현지사회에 완전히 동화된 것 이 아니라, 그들만의 민족정체성을 유지하고 있다. 화교·화인의 이러한 민족정체성은 민족공 동체 내부의 노력과 의지에 의해 조성되었다. 그들은 화교학교를 설립해 민족교육을 강화하 였으며, 차이나타운에서 축제문화를 형성함으로써 민족정체성을 고양시켰다. 또한 화교협회를 비롯한 단체를 운영함으로써 정보를 공유하고 유대를 강화하고 있다. 이렇듯 화교·화인은 민 족교육, 문화축제, 화교단체를 중심으로 그들만의 민족공동체를 형성하고, 정체성을 확립시키 고 있다.

Inevitably, Korean-Americans have had to suffer an ethnic identity crisis in living between Korean culture and American culture. Sometimes they ask themselves “Who am I? Where do I belong in between Korean society and American society? Am I a Korean or an American?” This is the Korean-American’s trouble and wrestling for ego synthesis in the middle of the American culture. There are bigger gaps between assimilated children and parents who are not readily assimilated into American culture. The author is very concerned about the outlook for the future of the Korean-American family situation, especially in the generation gap problem. As a possible answer to this circumstance, the author researches the missiological importance of Korean-American’s identity education through the use of the Jewish model, who successfully maintains their own identity despite their long periods of Diaspora history. In section 1, the author deals with the nations which have survived and will survive in the future, especially concentrating on Arnold Toynbee’s theory about challenge and response, and the three essences of the collapse of civilization. Another main focus of this section is Jewish education as an important identity keeping tool. In section 2, the author discusses the Jewish and the Korean-American in the viewpoint of assimilation models, especially based on the Gordon, Won-mu Hurh, and Kitano’s analysis about assimilation. In comparison with Piaget’s external assimilation and internal accommodation, Gordon’s social structural assimilation theory is applied to the Jewish model as a good model of the Korean-American’s identity education method, and Gordon’s cultural assimilation theory is applied to the African-American model. Won-mu Hurh’s four models are mentioned in this section. Kitano’s four cells also are dealt with in this section. In section 3, the author deals with Yong-soo Hyun’s vertical culture and horizontal culture as a good answer to the Korean-American's identity question. In section 4, the author handles the role of parents as important teachers of their children. In section 5, the author deals with the role of the Korean immigrant church as an important place of the Korean-American’s identity education. In all sections, the author compares the Jewish model with the Korean-American situation.

Architectural embodiment of a national identity has long been a significant topic in Korean architectural circles. For this reason, it must be helpful to examine the so-called, 'National Romanticism' of Finnish architecture around 1900 in that Finnish architects of the time struggled to embody their national identity through their projects. Considering the historical and linguistic affinities between Finland and Korea, the Finnish architectural situation draws . our additional attention. This paper aims at showing its historical background, the meaning of each type of buildings in the stream, and limitations it implies. The atmosphere of Finnish nationalist movement, which was provoked by [Kalevala] publications (1835; 1845) and shown in Karelianism, was heightened by Tsarist Empire's Russification programme of Finland in the late 19th century Architecture was one of the most important genres expressing her national identity. Finnish national romantic architecture could be divided into three. The first is a log house style for artists' studio house, motivated by the Finnish vernacular farmstead - especially by Karelian farmhouse. This type of building signifies the Finns' will to return to their motherly soil. The second is a stone architecture style for public buildings, inspired by Finnish church or castle of an early medieval time. By using roughly-cut granite as the main exterior material, buildings of this type symbolise the toughness of legendary heroes and Finns' desire for national Independence. The third type of building was based on both of the former or more dependent on architects' Imagination and creativity. However, Finnish national romantic architecture has been criticised by some critics owing to its decorative, eclectic and self-indulgent characteristics. Probably, it was not really national but rather inter-national because of the Influences of English Arts and Crafts Movement, the American Richardsonian architecture and the continental Art Nouveau. And the negative images of 'national' and 'romantic' made some historians coin other terms like 'national realism' or 'material realism'. As another limitation, one raises the low degree of its contribution to the entire architectural history. Despite these criticisms, however, this paper argues that Finnish national romantic architecture is meaningful in itself, particularly because it illustrates vividly Finns' struggle to search for their national identity and, after all, their craving for national independence.

In my article titled “Nationalism of William B. Yeats and Seamus Heaney in their early poetry: mythic nationalism and realistic national consciousness” which was published in The Journal of English Language & Literature Vol. 45 No. 3, I analyzed three among four factors of nationalism (implicated) in the two poets’ early poetry, that is, ethnicity, language, territory. This article deals with one remaining factor of nationalism, religion, in their middle poetry. Religion is so powerful an influence in Ireland that Irish nationalism can be considered Irish Catholic Nationalism. The political, religious, and economic conflicts between Anglo-Irish Protestants and Catholic Irish made Ireland divided into Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland, after Ireland was liberated from British imperialism in 1922. The native Irish who had lost even their mother tongue, Gaelic during the colonial period of almost 800 years ruled by the British Empire sought their national identity in Catholicism and made the religious oppression of Britain their centripetal force. To Yeats, religion was not a dogmatic faith of institutionalized religion but a field in which his imagination of the supernatural is allowed full play to go beyond the ephemeral real world to the eternal spiritual world. He set the Irish religious identity on Irish countrymen’s native faith in faerie, ghost, eternity of soul, and the world of magic expressed in Irish legends, folklore, myths, and oral traditions. He satisfied his hunger for the ultimate truth of universe with the Irish ancient faith in the mystical world of the everlasting soul and the visionary as well as various kinds of mysticism in the East and the West. The mystical religious identity of the native Irish emphasized by him anticipated the continuous collisions among him, the Catholic pulpit and Irish nationalists. His romantic belief in a heroic spiritual Ireland materialized his Irish Literary Movement and his idealized Anglo-Irish Ascendancy culture was far from the political nationalism of the middle class of Ireland, the political class of the people democracy. Seamus Heaney has also suffered from the conflict between his cultural․ political ideals which are fundamentally Ireland-centered and the political reality of the violent IRA (Irish Republican Army) which kills even civilians at random for the cause of nationalism. To Heaney the religious faith was a recognition of the deep value of the religious ritual and the Catholic ritual has been internalized in his feminine poetic sensibility of patience, humility, duty, discipline, guiltiness, grace, wonder, and the ritual supplication. The Irish religious identity he put an emphasis on was not the visionary mystic one of Yeats but the real one which has been internalized in the minds of the native Catholic Irish as “self-afflicting compulsions” and spiritual paralysis, especially in terms of political martyrdom complex in IRA and historical defeatism of Catholic priests in Northern Ireland. Both Heaney and Yeats opposed violence of nationalism and sought their ideal one. Religion has had a devastating influence on the two tribal struggle in Ireland so that the two poets refused the established Christianity and tried to enhance Irish republican nationalism to the genuine nationalism allowing the peaceful co-existence of the two races living in Ireland. Heaney demythodized Yeats’s myth of the political martyrdom and denied the religious halo of Irish nationalism as well as the mythodized force in the history of the Northern Europe. His quest of democratic co-existence of plural culture in Ulster seems realistic and idealistic solution of the Troubles in Northern Ireland.

본 연구는 민족정체성, 민주시민자질, 다문화신념을 유아교사의 통일교육역량에 영향을 주는 요인으로 설정하고, 유아교사의 민족정체성을 독립변수로, 유아교사의 통일교육역량을 종속변수로 하여 민주시민자질과 다문화신념의 매개효과를 검증하였다. 연구 결과, 첫째, 유아교사의 민족정체성, 민주시민자질, 다문화신념은 통일교육역량과 정적 상관을 갖는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 단계적 회귀분석을 통해 통일교육역량에 가장 많은 영향을 미치는 요인을 순서대로 살펴본 결과, 민족 정체성의 ‘객관적 특성’, 민주시민자질의 ‘참여와 책임의식’, 다문화신념의 ‘다문화 연계의식’으로 나타났다. 셋째, 유아교사의 민족정체성이 통일교육역량에 미치는 영향에서 민주시민자질과 다문화신념이 부분적으로 매개 역할을 하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 유아교사의 통일교육역량에 영향을 미치는 요인들 간의 상호 연관성을 밝힘으로써 유아통일교육을 위한 교사교육의 목적성과 방향성을 제시하고, 더불어 유아교사들의 통일교육역량을 높이기 위한 교사교육의 기초자료를 마 련하였다는 점에 의의가 있다.

본 연구는 다문화시민교육의 측면에서 다양한 인종, 민족, 문화적 배경을 지닌 학생들의 정체성을 연구하기 위한 새로운 방향의 모색이 필요하다는 문제의식에서 출발하였다. 이를 위해 미국에서 발달되어 현재에도 많은 연구가 이루어지고 있는 인종 정체성, 민족 정체성, 문화 정체성의 개념 및 이들의 발달이론들을 소개하고, 이것이 한국의 다문화시민교육의 측면에서 학생들의 정체성을 연구하는 데 줄 수 있는 함의를 탐색하고자 하였다. 본 연구 에서는 특히 Gay, Phinney, Banks가 제시하였던 세 가지 민족․문화 정체성 발달이론 모델들 을 검토한 후, 이들이 1) 정체성을 역동적으로 바라보며, 2) 정체성과 주변 환경과의 상호작 용을 강조하며, 3) 소수 민족 및 문화집단에 대하여 긍정적으로 바라본다는 특징을 가지고 있다는 점을 밝혔다. 또한 민족․문화 정체성은 학생들의 학업성취, 다문화 수용성, 시민으로서의 참여와 밀접히 관련될 수 있다는 점을 들어 민족․문화 정체성 발달이론이 다문화 시민교육에서 중요하게 다루어져야 할 내용이라는 것을 강조하였다. 마지막으로, 민족․문 화 정체성 발달이론이 교육과정 및 교과서, 교수-학습 방법의 개발 및 수정, 현직 및 예비 교사 교육, 학생 및 공동체 이해를 위한 연구에서 어떻게 적용될 수 있을지에 대한 가능성 들을 탐색한다.