PURPOSES : The study aims to establish a comprehensive life cycle assessment model for bridges in South Korea considering domestic carbon emission factors. The main aims are to evaluate the carbon emission of bridge construction, focusing on the Seong-ri Bridge as a case study, and to improve national environmental policies and management strategies. METHODS : We utilized the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology, adhering to standards set by ISO, to categorize each phase of the bridge's life cycle. The process involved selecting the bridge type based on the compilation of a detailed analysis range. The analysis covered various stages from raw material supply (A1-A3) to construction (A4-A5) and maintenance (B2-B5), excluding certain stages due to data unavailability. Carbon emission factors were then applied to quantify emissions at each stage. RESULTS : The findings indicate that the raw material production phase (A1-A3) contributes to approximately 96% of the total carbon emissions, highlighting its significant impact. We report detailed calculations of emissions using domestically developed emission factors for materials such as steel and concrete and establish a carbon emission per unit length measure for comparative analysis with other infrastructure. CONCLUSIONS : We leveraged LCA ISO standards to analyze each stage of the Seong-ri bridge, calculating its carbon emissions based on domestic factors for CO2, CH4, and N2O. By tailoring the study to Korea-specific emission factors, we develop a greenhouse gas model closely aligned with the nation’s environmental conditions. The results contribute to improving environmental impact assessments and strategically aiding national policy and management decisions.

PURPOSES : We propose a framework to evaluate the reliability of integrating homogeneous or heterogeneous mobility data to produce the various data required for greenhouse gas emission estimation. METHODS : The mobility data used in the framework were collected at a fixed time from a specific point and were based on raster data. In general, the traffic volume for all traffic measurement points over 24 h can be considered raster data. In the future, the proposed framework can be applied to specific road points or road sections, depending on the presence or absence of raster data. RESULTS : The activity data required to calculate greenhouse gas emissions were derived from the mobility data analysis. With recent developments in information, communication, and artificial intelligence technologies, mobility data collected from different sources with the same collection purpose can be integrated to increase the reliability and accuracy of previously unknown or inaccurate information. CONCLUSIONS : This study will help assess the reliability of mobility data fusion as it is collected on the road, and will ultimately lead to more accurate estimates of greenhouse gas emissions.

최근의 국제사회는 경제성장에 따른 기상이변의 방지를 위한 국가 간 기후변화협력 체결(1992년)을 시작으로 환경 오염물질 배출 저감을 요구하고 있다(Moon et al, 2014). 따라서 최근에는 전 세계적으로 지구온난화와 기후변화의 원인이 되는 온실가스의 발생을 줄 이고자 노력하고 있으며, 건설 산업은 이러한 온실가스 배출량의 주요 원인으로 인식되고 있다(Kong et al., 2016) 교량 건설사업이 환 경에 미치는 정도를 전과정평가(Life Cycle Assessment, LCA)방법을 활용하여 재료 및 공법의 지속가능성에 대한 객관적, 정량적 평가 체계를 구축하고자한다. 본 연구에서는 선행적으로 국내외 환경성적표지제도(Environment Product Declaration, EPD), 탄소발자국(Carbon footprint) 등을 분석함으로써, LCA 관련 제도에 대한 전반적인 동향을 파악하였다. 그다음, 국제적으로 통용되고 있는 제품 범주 규칙 (PCR)과 환경제품선언(EPD) 사례를 분석하여 LCA 관련 분석 범위를 확인했으며, 전과정영향평가(LCIA) 방법론과 국내외 LCI DB(Ecoinvent, Athena Pavement LCA, LCA PAVE 등)을 분석함으로써 국내외 환경 영향인자 관련 기술자료를 확보하였다. 또한, 건설 자재, 시공, 유지 관리 관련 설계 명세서, 표준품셈, 단가 산출표를 분석함으로써, 자재 투입량, 장비 연료 소모량에 대한 기초 DB를 도출하였다. 기존 프로그램을 토대로 고속도로 온실가스 산정 프로그램을 개발하여 건설자재, 수송, 시공, 유지 관리 단계에서의 탄소 배출량 산정 사례 분석을 수행했다. 교량 분야는 STEEL BOX교를 선정했다. 이에대하여 건설자재. 시공, 수송, 유지관리에 탄소배출량 을 산정하였다. 산정된 결과를 바탕으로 LCA분석의 기틀을 마련하였으며, 이를 통하여 추후 추가적인 기초 DB를 추가하여 교량 분야 전과정평가 LCA를 분석하기 위한 플랫폼을 제작할 예정이다.

산업화에 따른 이산화탄소 등 온실가스 발생량의 증가는 지구 온난화 현상을 가속화 하였다. 이러한 현상은 지난 수 세기동안 지속 되어왔으며 최근 우리 인간 삶에 지대한 영향을 미치고 있다. 이러한 위험에 따라 주요 선진국들은 에너지 감축 및 온실가스 배출량 제한에 대하여 매우 적극적인 입장을 취하고 있다. 유럽연합(EU)은 온실가스 배출 절감을 위해 시행 중인 ‘탄소배출권 거래제(Emission Traiding System)’ 개혁안에 대하여 합의하여 2050년까지 인위적 생성되는 탄소 배출량을 자연적으로 흡수되는 양과 동일하게 하는 ‘탄 소중립’을 목표로 제시하였다. 국내에선 환경영향평가의 대상이 되는 계획 및 개발사업에 도로건설이 포함되는 ‘탄소중립기본법 시행 령’이 지난 3월 의결되어 시행되었다. 이렇듯, 국내외에선 이러한 탄소저감 제도 구축에 노력을 기울이고 있다. 국내에선 도로건설이 환경영향평가의 대상으로 설정되었으나 2011년 국토교통부에서 배포한 시설물별 탄소배출량 산정 가이드라인 외의 구체적인 생애주기 분석 방법이 부재한 상황이다. 따라서 본 연구에서 국제 표준 ISO 14040의 전과정평가 LCA(Life Cycle Assessment) 방법과 2011년 국 토교통부의 시설물별 탄소배출량 산정 가이드라인을 따라 국내 LCI DB(Life Cycle Inventory Data Base)를 활용한 도로 분야의 전과정 탄소 배출량을 산정하였다. 이후 장비 연료 소모량과 자재 사용에 대한 국내외 LCI DB를 추가하여 도로 건설 전 과정에 대한 LCA 분석 플랫폼을 제작할 예정이다.

The “Carbon Neutral” has become the most important goal to achieve in the era of the climate change crisis. K-water has prepared a roadmap for implementing “Carbon Neutral” by 2050. However, only the reduction targets and strategies for scope 1 and 2 have been set, so the management of carbon generated during the construction project and upfront carbon is not being implemented. Therefore, in this study, the criteria and methodology for estimation carbon emissions in the construction sector at domestic and foreign were reviewed, and a methodology for estimation carbon emissions suitable for K-water construction projects was presented, and a case study was conducted. As a result, most of the carbon emissions were more than 90% of the upfront emissions due to material production. Therefore, upfront carbon management is required for carbon management of K-water construction projects, and it is necessary to quantify carbon emissions through GHG construction inventory, etc., and to establish strategies for future reduction technologies.

본 연구는 국내 항구도시 인천, 목포, 광양, 부산, 울산의 대기오염물질 배출특성, 대형선박 배기가스 배출량 및 사회적 비 용을 산정하여 배출가스 저감방안의 필요성을 제시하였다. 부산은 선박 입항수가 많고 목포는 선박 입항수는 적지만 선박 배기가스에 의한 배출기여도는 두 항구도시 모두 높았다. 울산은 세계적 수준의 중화학공업, 광양은 제철소, 인천은 제조업과 선박 입항수가 목포 보다 많았지만 배출기여도는 낮았다. 선박 배기가스 배출량 산정 결과, CO2의 배출량이 가장 많고 다음으로는 NOx, SOx으로 배출량이 많았다. 선종별로는 부산, 울산, 인천은 유조선, 광양은 일반화물선, 목포는 여객선에서 각각 많았다. 사회적 비용 결과, 부산은 배출량 이 많은 영향으로 사회적 비용이 높았으며, 항목별로는 PM이 높았다. 저황유 사용으로 PM, SOx 배출량을 직접적으로 줄이고, NOx의 배출량을 간접적으로 줄 일수 있다. 하지만 선박 배기가스 중 가장 많은 배출량을 보인 CO2를 저감하기 위해서는 저황유의 보급만으 로는 부족하다. CO2 배출량 감축을 위해서는 육상전원공급장치(Alternative Maritime Power)를 사용하는 등 화석연료를 사용하지 않는 저 감방안 수립의 필요성을 제기하였다.

In this study, the loading rates (or emission rate) and concentrations of air pollutants (ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10 and TSP)) emitted from a naturally ventilated dairy facility were analyzed and compared to enable a better understanding that are in close proximity to each other, air pollution status. In general, the pollution patterns should be similar in measurement sites that are in close proximity to each other, and this hypothesis was fundamental to our approach in this study. For the comparison in nearby different sites, monitoring points were located at inside (source site) and outside the dairy building (ambient site), and concentrations and wind velocity were simultaneously monitored in real time. The patterns of PM2.5 emission rate and loading rate were similar in the source site and the ambient site which was consist with the hypothesis, while the PM2.5 mass concentration were not similar in both sites. As well as PM2.5, the emission rates (source site) of gaseous carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) were highly correlated to their loading rates (ambient site), while the concentrations of CO2 and N2O were not similar. Therefore, wind velocity, which is included in the emission or loading rate, should be simultaneously monitored with the concentration at the same measurement points for better understanding of the air pollution status.

PURPOSES : This study proposes a methodology to collect data necessary for microlevel emission estimation, such as second-by-second speeds and road grades, and to accordingly estimate emissions. METHODS: To ease data collection for microlevel emission estimation, a vehicle equipped with speed- and location-recording instruments as well as equipment for measuring road geometry was used. As a case study, this vehicle and the proposed methodology were used on a 10- km-long highway in Yongin City, Korea. Emissions from the vehicle during driving were estimated in various microscale driving conditions. RESULTS : Differences in the estimated emission under different microscale driving conditions cannot be ignored. Compared with the estimations obtained when second-by-second data were not considered, CO and NOx emissions were more than threefold higher when considering second-by-second speed; similarly, CO and NOx emission estimations were higher by approximately 10% and 3%, respectively, when considering second-by-second road grade. CONCLUSIONS : The proposed method can estimate vehicle emissions under real-world driving conditions in such applications as road design and traffic policy assessments.

PURPOSES: The purpose of this study is to develop a methodology for estimating additional carbon emissions due to freeway incidents. METHODS : As our country grows, our highway policy has mainly neglected the environmental and social sectors. However, with the formation of a national green growth keynote and an increase in the number of people interested in environmental and social issues, problems related to social issues, such as traffic accidents and congestion, and environmental issues, such as the impact of air pollution caused by exhaust gases that are emitted from highway vehicles, are beginning to be discussed. Accordingly, studies have been conducted on a variety of environmental aspects in the field of road transport, and for the quantitative calculation of greenhouse gas emissions, using various methods. However, in order to observe the effects of carbon emissions, microscopic simulations must use many difficult variables such as cost, analysis time, and ease of analysis process. In this study, additional greenhouse gas emissions that occur because of highway traffic accidents were classified by type (incident handling time, number of lanes blocked, freeway level of service), and the annual additional emissions based on incidents were calculated. According to the results, congestion length and emissions tend to increase with an increase in incident clearance time, number of occupied lanes, and worsening level of service. Using this data, we analyzed accident data on the Gyeong-bu Expressway (Yang-Jae IC - Osan IC) for a year. RESULTS : Additional greenhouse gas emissions that occur because of highway traffic accidents were classified by type (incident handling time, number of lanes blocked, freeway level of service) and annual additional emissions caused by accidents were calculated. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, a methodology for estimating carbon emissions due to freeway incidents was developed that incorporates macroscopic flow models. The results of the study are organized in the form of a look-Up table that calculates carbon emissions rather easily.

PURPOSES : This study aimed to offer a greenhouse gases table to assist a road designer in calculating the greenhouse gases for a road environment when making a decision about an alternative road. METHODS: This study developed an operation mode table of greenhouse gases using the MOVES program. Similar factors for Korean vehicles and fuels are reflected in the MOVES program, which was made in the USA. Finally, a paired t-test was conducted to calculate the site data and MOVES data. Through these studies, a methodology was suggested for calculating carbon emissions based on various types of roads alignments. RESULTS : The site results for a passenger truck on the road were statistically significant when the vehicle speed was above 65 km/h. However, a future study will consider factors for various road alignments and vehicles. CONCLUSIONS : This study will contribute to the theoretical basis for reducing carbon emissions from roads by helping road designers make decisions about road alternatives in terms of the road environment.

This study aims to estimate the Green-House-Gas emissions from domestic farmed flounder in the southern sea and Jeju-Do, where is mainly produced, by the assessment of energy consumptions and GHG emissions from domestic fish farms for establishing reduce standards of greenhouse gas from a sustainable perspective. It needs to analyze such GHG emission components as feed, electricity, fuel, fixed capital, fish respiration, and liquid oxygen in two locations by 4 stage running water type farm size of small, small and medium, large and medium, large scale. The result showed that the mean GHG emissions were 36.83 kg·CO2/year in the southern sea and 24.33 kg·CO2/year in Jeju-Do, respectively, in the stage of production per fish 1kg at 2 locations and farm size from domestic farmed flounders, and it will give to be useful for policy, planning, and regulation of aquaculture development with establishing GHG reduction standards.

도로시설물은 건설 시 많은 건설 자재와 건설 장비를 사용함에 따라 시공단계 탄소배출이 높고, 지속적 인 기능 유지를 위한 유지보수 활동에 의한 탄소배출이 동반되기 때문에 도로시설물의 life cycle별 탄소 배출량을 정량적으로 산정하고 관리하는 것은 매우 중요하다. 하지만 도로 life cycle 단계별 탄소배출량 의 정량적 산정은 각 단계마다 탄소배출원에 대한 활동자료의 수집, 배출계수의 선택, 활동자료의 신뢰성 검증 등의 복잡한 일련의 과정으로 인해 탄소배출량을 정량적으로 산정하고 관리 시 많은 어려움을 겪고 있다. 국토교통부의 시설물별 탄소배출량 산정 가이드라인에 따르면 도로에서의 탄소배출량은 수집된 활 동자료로부터 계산된 탄소배출원의 양과 탄소배출계수의 곱으로 정량적으로 산정할 수 있으며, 이러한 매 커니즘을 할용해 실제로 탄소배출량을 정량적으로 산정하고 관리하기 위한 탄소관리시스템 개발에 대한 연구를 탄소중립형 도로 기술개발 연구단에서 진행중이다. 도로는 계획 및 설계 주체, 시공 주체, 운영주 체가 다르기 때문에 각 주체마다 필요로 하는 탄소배출 결과가 다르며, 활용하고자 하는 용도 역시 다르 기 때문에 탄소관리시스템 개발 시 이를 고려한 탄소배출량 관리시스템 내 컨텐츠를 구성할 필요가 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 표준화된 탄소배출량 산정 방법을 이용해 도로의 시공, 운영, 유지보수의 life cycle 단계별 탄소배출량을 정량적으로 산정하고, 이를 활용해 새로운 녹색기술(탄소저감기술)을 해당 도 로에 적용 시 탄소저감가능량을 산정할 수 있는 시스템을 개발하였다.