This study aimed to find out the direction of reinforcing the subject special description as English records. The study analyzed the English subject description data published in 2017 and 2020 by the Ministry of Education. Focus group interviews were conducted with a total of 18 teachers, 6 each for elementary, middle, and high school. Analysis results of the 2017 data showed that the elementary data had a weak link with the curriculum, middle school data focused on functional areas rather than knowledge or attitudes, and high school data only presented examples of students with high achievement levels. On the other hand, the 2020 data includes not only subject special description but also teachers' content of teaching and evaluation materials according to achievement standards. Based on the results, the introduction of Likert scales and the creation of vocabulary groups by achievement standards are suggested.

PURPOSES : A methodology for estimating micro-emission factors using vehicle trajectory data collected from navigation and DTG devices and basic emission factors for each vehicle type of the MOtor Vehicle Emission Simulator (MOVES) is presented. The methodology can calculate micro-emissions based on only the traffic volume and average speed for each vehicle type. METHODS : Cluster analysis was performed by accumulating the trajectories of individual vehicles on a specific road section into speed groups in which vehicles drove with the same range of average speed. Then, the micro-emission factors were estimated for each speed group. RESULTS : Using the vehicle trajectory data revealed that the emissions calculated from micro-emission factors estimated by the proposed methodology were similar to the sum of the emissions calculated from the vehicle trajectories for each vehicle. CONCLUSIONS : The micro-emission factor database for each road type and vehicle type proposed in this study should be useful for estimating vehicle emissions on the road. The proposed method can calculate emissions in the same way as the macroscopic analysis method, using the traffic volume, average speed, and link length.

Feel the Rhythm of KOREA” 6부작의 뮤직비디오 「수궁가」는 이날치의 노래와 앰비규어스의 춤, 실험적 연출기법을 통해 판소리 「수궁가」의 “토끼의 여행” 모티프를 재현해낸다. 본고는 판소리 「수궁가」의 동물우화의 기원을 『자타카』의 불교설화로 보는 주류학설과 달리, 고조선기에 이미 발생한 것으로 추정되는 한국 고유의 동물우화가 불교적 인식과 융합된 지혜담으로 전승되어 왔다는 주장을 제기해 보았다. 「수궁가」의 동물우화는 전란을 거친 조선 후기에 소빙하기의 천재지변까지 빈번해지면서, 참담한 현실에 절망한 민중들이 고대의 지혜담을 판소리에 소환한 것으로 여겨진다. 「수궁가」 뮤직비디오의 성공 요인은 유구하고 보편적인 지혜담 모티프를 활용했다는 점, 그리고 한국문화 특유의 ‘풍류도(風流道)’의 전통을 현대화했다는 점과 판소리의 ‘마당’의 느낌을 살린 실험적인 연출기법에서 찾을 수 있다. 아울러 「수궁가」에 내재한 자력구원사상과 ‘정토’라는 이상세계가 판데믹 시대의 대중들에게 고난 속의 지혜와 치유의 의미로 다가갔기 때문이라 결론지어진다. Feel the Rhythm of KOREA” 뮤직비디오는 판소리라는 전통음악예술을 통해 한국의 토박한 습속과 정서, 불교미학을 보여주는 성공적인 문화관광콘텐츠의 사례로서 주목될 수 있을 것이다.

김종철 시인은 사회와 문명에 대한 풍자를 지향했던 초기 시에서 출 발하여 중기 시 이후 ‘못’의 상징에 천착하며 가톨릭적 세계관을 바탕으로 자신의 시세계를 갱신해온 ‘못의 시인’이자 ‘못의 사제’로 평가받고 있다. 본 논문은 그러한 김종철의 시세계에서도 특별한 위상을 차지 하고 있는 ‘등신불 시편’에 주목함으로써 김종철의 시세계를 삶과 죽음의 문제를 사유하는 보편적인 ‘종교 시편’으로 바라볼 수 있는 시각을 제시하고자 하였다. 김종철 시인은 2000년대에 접어들어, 초기 시에서 부터 추구해온 ‘성모’적 표상이 아닌 ‘등신불’이라는 성상화된 상징을 통해 자기구원과 인간의 영원한 번뇌인 죽음의 문제를 노래했다. ‘등신 불 시편’들은 시인이 암으로 투병하던 시기에 지장신앙의 성지인 구화산을 여행하면서 썼던 기행시편들로서, 죽음의 번민으로부터의 해방과 진정한 존재의 각성에 대한 간절한 염원을 담고 있다. 비록 김종철의 전작을 통해 보면 다소 예외적이고 분량상으로도 적어 보이지만, ‘등신 불’ 시편들은 이러한 불교적 ‘각성’을 통해 죽음의 의미를 탐구한다는 점에서, 죽음의 문제와 존재론적 화두를 추구해온 그의 시세계의 핵심을 이루고 있다.

PURPOSES : This study proposes a methodology to collect data necessary for microlevel emission estimation, such as second-by-second speeds and road grades, and to accordingly estimate emissions. METHODS: To ease data collection for microlevel emission estimation, a vehicle equipped with speed- and location-recording instruments as well as equipment for measuring road geometry was used. As a case study, this vehicle and the proposed methodology were used on a 10- km-long highway in Yongin City, Korea. Emissions from the vehicle during driving were estimated in various microscale driving conditions. RESULTS : Differences in the estimated emission under different microscale driving conditions cannot be ignored. Compared with the estimations obtained when second-by-second data were not considered, CO and NOx emissions were more than threefold higher when considering second-by-second speed; similarly, CO and NOx emission estimations were higher by approximately 10% and 3%, respectively, when considering second-by-second road grade. CONCLUSIONS : The proposed method can estimate vehicle emissions under real-world driving conditions in such applications as road design and traffic policy assessments.

연구에서는 메조스코픽 교통 시뮬레이션 모형인 DTALite와 대기오염 배출량 산정 모형인 MOVES Lite-K를 활용하여 교통운영 전략 수행시의 이동성 변화와 대기 오염물질 배출량 변화를 평가하는 연구 를 수행하였다. 수원시를 대상으로 DTALite으로 교통 네트워크를 구축한 후, 첨두율 완화, 차량 교체, 재 차인원 증가 전략을 시행하는 시나리오를 시뮬레이션을 각각 수행하여 미시행 시나리오인 Baseline 시나 리오와 비교분석한 결과를 나타내었다. 본 논문에서는 이동성 지표인 속도와 오염물질 배출량에 대하여 비교 평가한 결과를 제시하였다. 그림 1에서 보는 바와 같이 네트워크 평균 통행 속도는 22.4 mph에서 첨두 집중율 완화, 재차인원 증 가의 시나리오에서는 평균 통행 속도가 각각 약 5 mph, 1.9 mph 증가하였다. 차량 교체 시나리오의 경 우는 교통수요가 동일하기 때문에 시행전과 유사한 평균 속도를 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 표 1에는 Baseline 시나리오 대비 대기오염 배출량의 변화율이 정리되어 있으며 시나리오별로 다음과 같은 감소 효과를 보이는 것으로 분석된다. ‧ 첨두율 완화 시나리오 : 교통혼잡을 완화시킴으로 인해 오염물질 배출량이 약 6~9% 감소 ‧ 차량 교체 시나리오 : 18%의 CO2 감소, 28%의 CO 감소. 교체된 차종인 휘발유 소형 승용차가 기존 차종인 휘발유 중, 대형 승용차 보다 CO2, NOx, CO, PM 배출율은 낮지만 HC 배출율이 높기 때문에 다 른 오염물질은 감소하였으나 총 HC 배출량은 증가하였음 ‧ 재차 인원 증가 시나리오 : 10%의 재차 인원 증가율을 적용하였기 때문에 차량 수요가 약 9% 감소하였고 오염물질 배출량도 수요 감소와 유사한 수준의 7~10% 감소를 보임 본 연구의 분석 결과를 통해 교통정책 대안별 네트워크 평균 속도 및 오염물질 배출량 변화를 분석할 수 있었다. 본 연구에서 적용한 방법론이 교통운영전략, 교통정책, 교통사업 평가 시 활용된다면 이동성 과 환경적 측면을 함께 고려할 수 있는 주요 판단 지표를 의사 결정자에게 제공할 수 있을 것으로 보인다.

PURPOSES : This study aimed to offer a greenhouse gases table to assist a road designer in calculating the greenhouse gases for a road environment when making a decision about an alternative road. METHODS: This study developed an operation mode table of greenhouse gases using the MOVES program. Similar factors for Korean vehicles and fuels are reflected in the MOVES program, which was made in the USA. Finally, a paired t-test was conducted to calculate the site data and MOVES data. Through these studies, a methodology was suggested for calculating carbon emissions based on various types of roads alignments. RESULTS : The site results for a passenger truck on the road were statistically significant when the vehicle speed was above 65 km/h. However, a future study will consider factors for various road alignments and vehicles. CONCLUSIONS : This study will contribute to the theoretical basis for reducing carbon emissions from roads by helping road designers make decisions about road alternatives in terms of the road environment.

PURPOSES : The authors set out to estimate the related carbon emissions, energy use, and costs of the national freeways and highways in Korea. To achieve this goal, a macro-level methodology for estimating those amounts by road type, road structure type, and road life cycle was developed. METHODS : The carbon emissions, energy use, and costs associated with roads vary according to the road type, road structure type, and road life cycle. Therefore, in this study, the road type, road structure type, and road life cycle were classified into two or three categories based on criteria determined by the authors. The unit amounts of carbon emissions and energy use per unit road length by classification were estimated using data gathered from actual road samples. The unit amounts of cost per unit road length by classification were acquired from the standard cost values provided in the 2013 road business manual. The total carbon emissions, energy use, and cost of the national freeways and highways were calculated by multiplying the road length by the corresponding unit amounts. RESULTS: The total carbon emissions, energy use, and costs associated with the national freeways and highways in Korea were estimated by applying the estimated unit amounts and the developed method. CONCLUSIONS: The developed method can be employed in the road planning and design stage when decision makers need to consider the impact of road construction from an environmental and economic point of view.

PURPOSES : This study presents a specific methodology for air dispersion analysis of urban areas methodology in accordance with urban planning and transport policy. METHODS: This study performed three alternatives including development density and public transit applying integrated urban model for the Delft city on Netherlands. Based on this result, the two types of air pollutant emissions(PM10, NOx) were calculated and analyzed the emission dispersion on that City. RESULTS: As a result, the quality of air near the City is better than that of current conditions showed that approximately from 2.1 to 7.9% according to alternatives. CONCLUSIONS: Air quality assessment in urban areas can be reasonably performed by applying a methodology when urban development and transport policy are considered.

PURPOSES : The purpose of this study is to check the possibilities of traffic pattern analysis using MatSIM for urban road network operation in incident case. METHODS : One of the stochastic dynamic models is MatSIM. MatSIM is a transportation simulation tool based on stochastic dynamic model and activity based model. It is an open source software developed by IVT, ETH zurich, Switzerland. In MatSIM, various scenario comparison analyses are possible and analyses results are expressed using the visualizer which shows individual vehicle movements and traffic patterns. In this study, trip distribution in 24-hour, traffic volume, and travel speed using MatSIM are similar to those of measured values. Therefore, results of MatSIM are reasonable comparing with measured values. Traffic patterns are changed according to incident from change of individual behavior. RESULTS : The simulation results and the actual measured values are similar. The simulation results show reasonable ranges which can be used for traffic pattern analysis. CONCLUSIONS : The change of traffic pattern including trip distribution, traffic volumes and speeds according to various incident scenarios can be used for traffic control policy decision to provide effective operation of urban road network.

Two closely related species, the soybean podworm, Matsumuraeses phaseoli, and the podborer, M. falcana, gives differential economic damages on crops. It is difficult to discriminate these potential sympatric species by morphological characters. The goal of this study was to develop a discriminating molecular marker based on polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). A partial genomic fragment (500 bp) of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidaseⅠ (mtCOI) was sequenced in both species, in which restriction site by Rsa I was selected as a dichotomous marker. PCR-RFLP in the mtCOI region clearly discriminated both species.

A commercial egg parasitoid, Trichogramma sp. Nabis101, was released into agricultural cultivating areas in Korea due to its wide host spectrum against insect pests. Moreover, an application technique has been recently developed to enhance its control efficacy by mixture treatment with a microbial control agent. Despite its expansion of commercial availability, any genetic identification on this commercial strain was not determined. Also, to meet inconsistent demands from consumers, the live parasitoids need to be stored without significant loss of their survival and parasitic activity. This study determined nucleotide sequence of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of the wasp species. The identified ITS sequences indicate that this wasp species is most similar to T. brasiliensis. Optimal storage condition of this wasp required young parasitized stage at 10℃. Under these conditions, survival, sex ratio, longevity, and parasitic behavior were not much impaired for 5 weeks.

Due to internal feeding behavior, the oriental tobacco budworm, Helicoverpa assulta (Guenée), infesting hot pepper has been regarded to be effectively controlled by targeting egg and neonate larval stages just before entering the fruits. This study aimed to develop an efficient biological control method focusing on these susceptible stages of H. assulta. An egg parasitoid wasp, Trichogramma evanescens Westwood, was confirmed to parasitize the eggs of H. assulta. A mixture of Gram-positive soil bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki, and Gram-negative entomopathogenic bacterium, Xenorhabdus nematophila ANU101, could effectively kill neonate larvae of H. assulta. A sex pheromone trap monitored the occurrence of field H. assulta adults. The microbial insecticide mixture was proved to give no detrimental effects on immature development and adult survival of the wasp by both feeding and contact toxicity tests. A combined treatment of egg parasitoid and microbial pesticide was applied to hot pepper fields infested by H. assulta. The mixture treatment of both biological control agents significantly decreased the fruit damage, which was comparable to the chemical insecticide treatment, though either single biological control agent did not show any significant control efficacy. This study also provides morphological and genetic characters of T. evanescens.

An unidentified moth was captured in sex pheromone traps of the oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta, especially at spring season in apple orchards and their vicinity. Though the captured males were similar in appearance to G. molesta males, they were easily distinguished by a marked difference in body size. Their occurrence pattern was also similar to that of overwintering G. molesta population from April to May, at which more males were captured in the pheromone traps installed in the vicinity of apple orchards than within apple orchards. After May, they were no longer captured in the pheromone traps. To investigate any larval damage due to this unidentified moth, molecular markers needed to be developed. Four PCR-RFLP markers originated from cytochrome b region of mitochondrial DNA could distinguish this unidentified moth from G. molesta.