This study was conducted to evaluate the characteristics of exposure to asbestos for ship repair workers in Korea by a systematic review. The number of articles studying asbestos exposure levels from ship repair workplaces was found to be 4. All asbestos concentration reported as either geometric mean and geometric standard deviation or ranges were transformed to arithmetic mean to estimate exposure level. In addition, weighted arithmetic means(WAMs) were calculated by weighing of the different number of samples. The WAM concentrations were 2.746 f/cc during asbestos dismantling work, 0.034 f/cc before asbestos dismantling work and 0.065 f/cc after working respectively. The maximum airborne concentration of asbestos during asbestos removal work was 7.02 f/cc which was 70 times higher than the occupational exposure limit of Korea, 0.1 f/cc. This study recommends that retrospective exposure to asbestos based on various ship types and operations should be assessed.

GIS S/W의 지리정보 처리기법을 이용하여 얻을 수 있는 수리지형 특성인자는 사면안정성 분석이나 하천환경 분석 등과 같은 다양한 수문학적 응용 연구의 기본적인 정보로 사용된다. 또한 실무적으로 적용 가능한 GIS의 확장 프로그램들은 이러한 기본 정보 뿐 만 아니라, 이전에는 복잡한 정보처리과정을 통하여 얻을 수 있었던 특성 정보들을 체계화되고 자동화된 과정을 통하여 손쉽게 분석이 가능하도록 하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 GIS S/W 수리응용 연구에서 확장 프로그램의 실제적인 적용성을 살펴보기 위하여 ArcView GIS S/W와 이를 기반으로 한 수리정보 분석 프로그램 등을 이용하여 예미지역(1:50,000)의 유수 및 지형인자를 추출하였으며, 여러 가지 매개변수를 통하여 사면안정도에 대한 평가분석을 예시하였다. 본 연구 결과로 확장 프로그램들을 이용하여 얻은 정보들은 실제 정보와 높은 상관도를 보이는 것으로 나타나서, 현장에서의 직접적으로 활용이 가능한 것으로 나타났고, 본 연구 대상지역내의 전반적인 사면안정도는 사면안정지수와 S-A Plot의 적용 결과로 이론적으로는 비교적 안정적인 것으로 나타났다. 본 적용 방법은 실제측정치와 함께 수리지형 특성과 관계된 기타 지역에 적용이 가능하다.

We used numerical models to reliably analyze the groundwater flow and hydraulic conductivity on Jeju Island. To increase reliability, improvements were made to model application factors such as hydraulic watershed classification, groundwater recharge calculation by precipitation, hydraulic conduction calculation using the pilot point method, and expansion of the observed groundwater level. Analysis of groundwater flow showed that the model-calculated water level was similar to the observed value. However, the Seogwi and West Jeju watersheds showed large differences in groundwater level. These areas need to be analyzed by segmenting the distribution of the hydraulic conductivity. Analyzing the groundwater flow in a sub watershed showed that groundwater flow was similar to values from equipotential lines; therefore, the reliability of the analysis results could be improved. Estimation of hydraulic conductivity distribution according to the results of the groundwater flow simulation for all areas of Jeju Island showed hydraulic conductivity > 100 m/d in the coastal area and 1 45 m/d in the upstream area. Notably, hydraulic conductivity was 500 m/d or above in the lowlands of the eastern area, and it was relatively high in some northern and southern areas. Such characteristics were found to be related to distribution of the equipotential lines and type of groundwater occurrence.

In this study, the sensitivity analysis of hydraulic conductivity and separation distance (distance between injection well and pumping well) was analyzed by establishing a conceptual model considering the hydrogeologic characteristics of facility agricultural complex in Korea. In the conceptual model, natural characteristics (topography and geology, precipitation, hydraulic conductivity, etc.) and artificial characteristics (separation distance from injection well to pumping well, injection rate and pumping rate, etc.) is entered, and sensitivity analysis was performed 12 scenarios using a combination of hydraulic conductivity (10-1 cm/sec, 10-2 cm/sec, 10-3 cm/sec, 10-4 cm/sec) and separation distance (10 m, 50 m, 100 m). Groundwater drawdown at the monitoring well was increased as the hydraulic conductivity decreased and the separation distance increased. From the regression analysis of groundwater drawdown as a hydraulic conductivity at the same separation distance, it was found that the groundwater level fluctuation of artificial recharge aquifer was dominantly influenced by hydraulic conductivity. In the condition that the hydraulic conductivity of artificial recharge aquifer was 10-2 cm/sec or more, the radius of influence of groundwater level was within 20 m, but In the condition that the hydraulic conductivity is 10-3 cm/sec or less, it is confirmed that the radius of influence of groundwater increases sharply as the separation distance increases.

Drought caused by global climate change is one of serious problems for rice cultivation. However, it was little reported the impact of drought on rice cultivation in Korea. In here, to assess impact of drought on rice varieties in Korean climate condition, growth characteristics and yield components of rice were compared on irrigated and partially irrigated rice paddy field. First, we have chosen 11 rice varieties including ‘Saeilmi’ and ‘Shindongjin’ which are widely cultivated in Korea. For partially irrigated rice paddy treatment, we have withheld irrigation from 25 days after transplanting and water supply was totally dependent on rainfall for rice cultivation. When we examined early plant height and tiller number of these varieties on partially irrigated rice paddy were reduced 1.6% to 18.4% and 10.4% to 33.1%, respectively, and these reduction rate were highly correlated with yield loss in our experimental conditions. Among rice yield components, panicle number was decreased 10.5% to 30.1% according to rice varieties and reduced panicle number was highly correlated with yield loss. Grain number per panicle, grain filling rate and 1,000 seeds weight did not have correlation with yield loss of rice varieties. These result means that growth stage, especially the tillering stage, is seriously affected by drought on rice cultivation in Korea. And we suggest that ‘Saeilmi’, ‘Ilmi’ and ‘Ilpum’ are good for rice cultivation on drought prone rice field in Korea.

하도지형, 하상재료 및 수리의 특성은 치수 및 환경적 측면에서 하천의 계획, 설계 및 유지관리를 위한 기초정보이며, 이러한 정보를 안정하도 설 계에 활용하는 것은 아주 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 남강댐 상류 구간에 대하여 지배유량을 산정하고, 지배유량 유하시의 하도지형 및 수리 특성을 분석하였다. 또한, 화상처리기법으로 하상재료분포 특성을 분석하였고, 하상재료와 흐름저항의 상호관계를 평가하였다. 대상구간의 지배유량은 1.5년 빈도의 유량으로 산정되었고, 하천유형은 세그먼트 1과 세그먼트 2 구간으로 분류되었다. 또한 여울-소의 출현 빈도는 4.4로 나타났는데, 이는 연구 대상구간에는 하천횡단구조물이 없는 자연하천의 특성을 가지고 있기 때문이다. 지배유량 유하시 하상재료에 의한 흐름저항을 산정하 기 위하여 수심-대표입경 비(h/d50)와 평균유속-마찰력 비(V/u*)의 관계를 분석한 결과, 자갈-호박돌-전석이 지배적인 하상재료인 구간에서는 Julien 공식이 적합한 것으로 평가되었으며, 자갈, 호박돌 및 전석이 지배적인 하천구간에서 면격자를 이용한 화상처리기법은 향후 하상재료 분석 시 쉽게 활용할 수 있는 방법임을 확인하였다.

Hydraulic conductivity is an important parameter in the analytical model of groundwater. This study analyzed the groundwater movement characteristics by estimating optimal parameters according to hydraulic conductivity input methods with the MODFLOW model which is widely used. It first estimated the optimal parameters by dividing hydraulic conductivity zones by attitude. Next, it estimated optimal parameters by geological characteristic. It analyzed the groundwater movement characteristics by applying the recharge quantity and amount of evapotranspiration of drought periods and flood years with the estimated parameters. As the result was analyzed that there are differences of observation water level values according to hydraulic conductivity input methods but there is no big differences of overall groundwater movement characteristics by hydraulic conductivity input method, the two methods have found to be applicability in analyses of groundwater. So, it is judged that studies on more exact application of hydraulic conductivity and the application methods are needed.

본 논문에서는 홍천강과 섬진강을 대상으로 하천에 존재하는 다양한 형태의 여울을 체계적으로 분류하고, 물리적 및 수리학적 특성을 분석하였다. 여울의 길이와 폭 비율을 기준으로 긴 형태와 넓은 형태로 분류하고, 상.하류 폭의 변화 정도를 기준으로 집중 형태와 확산 형태로 분류하였다. 또한 흐름의 물결 형태에 따라 떨어지는 형태, 미끄러지는 형태, 약한 파도 및 약한 도수로 분류하였다. 떨어지는 형태와 미끄러지는 형태는 주로 큰 돌 주위의 다양한 입경을 지닌 하상에서 발생하였으며, 약한 파도와 약한 도수는 주로 잔 돌 주위에서 발생하였다. 여울의 흐름 방향 경사는 가운데 부분에서 위로 볼록하였으며, 하류측으로 갈수록 경사가 커졌다. 여울의 종적 구조에 따른 물결형태를 구분하여 보면, 여울의 집중 형태에서는 흐름 방향으로 약한 파도, 미끄러지는 형태 및 약한 도수가 발생하였다. 긴 형태의 경우, 흐름방향으로 약한 파도, 미끄러지는 형태 및 떨어지는 형태가 발생하였다. 넓은 형태의 여울에서는 약한 파도, 약한 도수 및 약한 파도, 약한 도수가 발생하였다.

하천의 흐름을 파악하기 위해서는 일반적으로 수치모형 해석을 이용한다. 흐름특성을 파악하기 위해서는 수리모형 실험을 통하여 결과를 분석하는 것이 이상적이나 비용과 시간이 많이 소요되는 어려움이 있다. 이러한 이유로 원형에 대해 모형 법칙을 적용하여 정확하고 신뢰할 수 있는 결과 값을 도출하기 위해 수리모형 실험을 수행한다. 만곡부 흐름은 원심력의 영향을 받아 외측으로 향하는 2차류가 발생하고, 외측의 수위가 내측의 수위보다 높아져 횡방향으로 수면경사 상승이 발생한다. 이런 현상 때문에 1차원 수치모형을 적용하는 경우 제방의 안정성 문제가 발생하게 된다. 본 논문에서는 경기도 의정부에 있는 백석천 만곡부 경사형 낙차공의 흐름특성을 수리모형 실험 결과 값과 1, 2차원의 수치모형 해석 결과 값을 비교하였다. 100년 빈도 설계홍수량에 대해 비교해 본 결과 수리모형 실험과 수치모형 해석의 결과 값은 지점에 따라서 5~10%의 유속 및 수심이 상이하게 나타났다. 불균등한 유속분포에 의해 세굴과 퇴적현상이 예상되는 경우에는 수치모형 해석의 결과 값을 수정하여 적용할 필요성이 있으며 본 논문에서는 이러한 보정에 필요한 값을 제시하였다. 1, 2차원이 아닌 3차원 수치모형 해석을 추가적으로 비교분석한다면 유효한 결과를 얻을 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

Hydraulic habitat analysis of Benthic Macroinvertebrates was performed at Gapyeong stream. Among the kinds of the Benthic Macroinvertebrates, the most representative ones are the Ecdyonurus kibunensis from the clingers, Paraleptophlebia cocorata from the swimmers, Chironomidae spp from the burrowers, Psilotreta kisoensis iwata from the sprawlers. They showed different habitat types by the hydraulic conditions such as flow velocity, depth and particle size of riverbed materials. Habitat conditions of swimmers were determined mainly by the flow velocity rather than flow depth or riverbed materials. Burrowers prefer sand and silt, and inhabited at the riverbed. Sprawlers prefer cobble or boulder and inhabited for velocity of 0.05～0.15 m/s. Clingers prefer pebble or cobble and inhabited for velocity of 0.06～0.15 m/s. Although the habitats of each groups are different by the hydraulic properties, they were found to be different mainly by the water velocity.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the hydraulic characteristics of the ice-harbor fishway by considering its geometrical form and utilize such analysis results as the foundational database to be used when establishing fishways in the future. first of all, the study realizes the same form as an ice-harbor fishway that is currently implemented via a FLOW-3D model and estimated the parameters that were optimal to the numerical mock test. Then, this study analyzed the level of sensitivity of the flow conditions which fluctuated due to the changes in geometrical changes by adjusting the inclination and pocket spacing by using the estimated optimal parameters. As a result, the study arrived at the following conclusions. The vortical velocity increased and had a significant effect on the inclination of the fishway. Furthermore, as the velocity within the vorticity increased due to the narrowed vortical area, it was determined that further studies on vorticities or the determination of the design method for the decrease in vortical velocity were imperative.

This study selected 6 river reach, which have various curved-channel, included in an object of study as making the Nakdong River, which is a real nature river, as a point of an object of study by using SMS RMA-2 model, a 2D numerical analysis model, and applied project flood and analyzed and examined characteristic of hydrological property and super-elevation, which includes characteristic of the velocity of a moving fluid. As a result, in a river reach, whose width is wide, angle of curved-channel has impact on the velocity of a moving fluid of inside of curved-channel and in a river reach, whose width is narrow, the radius of curvature and width of the river have impact on the velocity of a moving fluid of inside of curved-channel. Also it found out that the ratio of reduction in water-level of inside of curved-channel is more bigger than ratio of increasing in water-level of outside of curved-channel when project flood is increasing and angle of curve is increasing. Based on this, this study would be used as a expectation of danger and preliminary data in planning real river or a business, that creates an environment.

최근 국내에서는 산업의 발달에 따른 농경지의 도시화, 택지개발 및 농업용수 사용량 감소의 영향으로 매년 50∼150개 정도의 보가 폐기되고 있는 실정이며, 미국의 경우 기능을 상실한 보 또는 소규모 댐을 철거하여 어류의 생태 통로를 복원하고 수질을 개선하고 있는 추세이다(한국건설기술연구원, 2008). 또한, 보 하류부에 입경이 작은 토사가 퇴적되고, 굵은 입경은 보 상류에 퇴적되어 하천의 유사연속성이 유지되고 있지 못하고 있다. 이러한 보 하류부의 퇴적부는 점차로 그 용적이 증가하고, 육지화되는 특성을 나타낸다. 이러한 현상은 하도육역화 현상으로 정의하고 관련 관리 기술을 개발하고 있다(현대건설, 2011). 이와 관련하여 본 연구에서는 기능을 상실한 보를 개선하거나 대체하고 유사연속성을 유지하면서 생태적으로 하천의 종적연결이 가능하도록 퇴적방지용 하상구조(현대건설, 2011)를 제안하였다(그림 1). 본 연구에서는 퇴적방지하상구조의 홍수안정성과 유사연속성에 대한 효과를 분석하고 3차원 수치모형(FLOW-3D)을 이용하여 수리특성을 모의하였다. 수치모의에 사용된 수로 연장은 9.25 m이고 폭은 0.82 m이며 경계조건으로는 상류수심을 0.04, 0.08, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20 m로 적용하였으며, 하류경계조건은 Out flow로 설정하였다. 또한 상류수심이 0.15 m인 경우에 대해 퇴적방지용 하상구조의 폭을 0.74 m, 0.64 m, 0.54 m 로 수치모의를 수행하였다. 수치모의 결과 퇴적방지용 하상구조의 폭이 수로 폭과 같은 경우 상류 수심이 증가할수록 운동에너지 및 총 에너지가 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 퇴적방지용 하상구조 수리특성은 속도수두의 감소율과 흐름방향 와(vorticity)를 주요인자로 채택하여 분석하였다. 속도수두 감소율의 수치모의를 비교분석한 결과, 속도수두의 감소율 범위는 그림 2에 나타난 바와 같이 38.9%에서 73.1%로 나타났으며 상류측 수위가 증가할수록 감소율은 작아지는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과로 퇴적방지 하상구조에 의해 속도수두가 저감되어 하천의 홍수 안전성에 유리할 것으로 판단되었다. 흐름방향 와(vorticity)의 수치모의를 비교분석한 결과, 그림 3에 나타난 바와 같이 (-)방향(반시계방향) 와(vorticity)는 도수 현상에 의해 증가하는 것으로 나타나 상류에서 유입되는 부유사가 퇴적방지용 하상구조 형상에 의해 발생하는 와(vorticity)에 의해 교란되어 부유하게 되어 유사배제의 가능성이 높을 것으로 분석되었다. 이러한 결과, 퇴적방지용 하상구조가 홍수 안전성 확보와 유사배제에 효과가 있는 기술로 적용되는데 가능성이 있는 것으로 판단되었다. 향후, 수리모형실험이나 실제적용에 의한 모니터링 연구가 수행된다면 수리특성에 관한 기초자료가 도출되어 퇴적방지용 하상구조의 상용화가 가능할 것이다.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the characteristics of hydraulic behavior of the natural channel flow according to the temporal classification mode, and thus propose the hydraulic analysis method for future channel design. For analysis, the temporal flow characteristics of the channel section was divided into the steady flow and the unsteady flow. For hydraulic analysis, the HEC-RAS model, which is a one-dimensional numerical analysis model, and the SMS-RAM2 model, which is a two-dimensional model, were used and the factors used for analysis of hydraulic characteristics were flood elevation and flow rate. The flow state was analyzed on the basis of the one-dimensional steady flow and unsteady flow for review. In the unsteady flow analysis the flow rate changed by (-)0.16%～(+)0.26%, and the flood elevation varied by (-)0.35%～(+)0.51% as compared to the values in the steady flow analysis. Given these results, in the one-dimensional flow analysis based on the unsteady flow the flood elevation and flow rate were greater than when the analysis was done on the basis of the steady flow. The flow state was analyzed on the basis of the two-dimensional steady flow and unsteady flow. In the unsteady flow analysis the flow rate varied by (-)0.16%~(+)1.08%, and the flood elevation changed by (-) 0.24%~(+)0.41% as compared to the values in the steady flow analysis. Given these analysis results, in the two dimensional flow analysis based on the unsteady flow, the flood elevation and flow rate were greater than when the analysis was done on the basis of the steady flow.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the sensitivity of the RMA2 model parameters reflecting the flow characteristics of stream junction and thus understand the hydraulic characteristics of the channel confluence flow. This study dealt with the input parameters of the RMA-2 model, a two-dimensional numerical analysis model widely used for researches both at home and abroad. The parameters of the RMA-2 model are roughness coefficient, turbulent diffusion coefficient, Coriolis forces latitude, Density, and mesh size. This study those parameters estimated from actual heavy rainfall, and varied the parameter size by (-)30%～+30% to review the characteristics of the flow characteristics of the channel section. Weobserved that when the ratio of the channel width was relatively small, the smaller the approaching angle was, the farther from the junctions became the generating place of the maximum flow velocity, however, when the ratio of the channel width was relatively large, the larger the approaching angle was, the farther the generating place of the maximum flow velocity from the junctions became. In particular, the distance between junctions and the place where the maximum flow velocity generated showed an absolute correlationover 90% of the relative channel width, but an inverse relationwas found when the distance to the place where the flow velocity generated was shortened as relative the channel width between the main channel and tributary increased.