본 연구는 상업 젠트리피케이션의 과정을 일반과 프랜차이즈 커피전문점의 시·공간 밀도 변화를 이용하여 탐색하고자 한다. 커피전문점은 높은 입지 가변성으로 상권의 형성과 발달을 파악하기에 효과적 업종이기 때문에 상업 젠트리피케이션의 진행 단계를 직관적으로 설명하는 효과적인 지표의 역할을 할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 먼저, 상업 젠트리피케이션을 경험한 사례 지역을 분석하여 커피전문점 밀도를 이용한 상업 젠트리피케이션 진행 단계 탐색의 가능성을 보여주었다. 다음으로 커피전문점의 상대 밀도와 밀도 비율을 추정하고 그 변화량을 기반으로 군집분석 방법을 적용하여 서울 전 지역을 대상으로 상업 젠트리피케이션 진행 단계를 구분하였다. 그 결과 상업 젠트리피케이션이 진행되었거나 진행 중인 지역과 기간을 효과적으로 추정 할 수 있었다. 더불어 커피전문점의 밀도를 이용한 상업 젠트리피케이션의 탐색은 인구·사회·경제적 변수들보다 더욱 상세한 시·공간 변화 탐색에 효과적이다.

본 연구는 3년(2005. 12. 1-2008. 11. 30) 동안 부산의 PM2.5 대기오염자동관측소(장림동: 공업지역, 좌동: 주거지역) 측정자료 중 고농도 PM2.5(24시간 환경기준 50μg/m3)에 대한 PM2.5 및 PM2.5/PM10 농도비의 일변화 특성과 함께 시 공간적 풍계(풍향 및 풍속)에 따른 특성을 분석하고자 하였다. 고농도 PM2.5는 장림동과 좌동 각각 182일 및 27일이었다. 장림동에서 고농도 PM2.5의 시간평균농도 및 PM2.5/PM10 농도비의 일변화는 모든 계절에서 오후에 비해 새벽과 오전 및 야간에 높은 비슷한 패턴을 나타내었다. 좌동의 여름 주간에 PM2.5/PM10 농도비가 증가하는 것은 해양조건에서 광화학반응에 의해 생성되는 이차 입자상물질 중 PM10의 거대입자 농도가 미세입자인 PM2.5 농도보다 더 감소하기 때문이다. 시간대별로 시 공간적 풍계(풍향 및 풍속등급) 특성을 분석하였다. 그 결과, 고농도 PM2.5는 장림동에서 공업단지의 산업활동에 의한 오염물질 정체와 주변지역의 오염물질 이동에 의해 발생되었다. 좌동에서는 주로 주거와 상업활동으로 인한 지역적 오염물질 정체로 발생하는 것으로 나타났다.

본 연구에서는 낙동강 하구 삼각주 지형의 형성 및 발달에 관한 기초적 현장조사 연구로서 사주 퇴적의 원인물질인 해안 표층표사의 퇴적속도를 정량적으로 평가하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 연안사주 중 진우도 및 도요등 전면해역의 사주퇴적현상이 급격하게 발생하는 해안선 지역에 표층 표사의 거동 분석을 위한 현장관측실험구를 설치하고 약 1년간 약 1개월 간격으로 지반고를 측정하여 그 결과를 분석하였다. 얻어진 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. (1) 관측기간동안의 일별 침식 퇴적속도 계산 결과, 진우도(St. 1)에서의 침식 퇴적속도는 -1.39~3.56cm/day이며, 도요등(St. 2)의 경우에는 -4.0~3.07cm/day이었다. (2) 관측기간동안 2회의 태풍 내습에도 침식 및 퇴적량이 그리 크게 나타나지 않는 반면에 태풍내습후 10월경에 최대 표사이동량이 나타났다.

This study investigates the characteristics of diurnal, seasonal, and weekly roadside and residential concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 in Busan, as well as relationship with meteorological phenomenon. Annual mean PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations in Busan were 44.2 ㎍/m3 and 25.3 ㎍/m3, respectively. The PM2.5/PM10 concentration ratio was 0.58. Diurnal variations of PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations in Busan were categorized into three types, depending on the number of peaks and times at which the peaks occurred. Roadside PM10 concentration was highest on Saturday and lowest on Friday. Residential PM10 concentration was highest on Monday and lowest on Friday. Residential PM2.5 concentration was highest on Monday and Tuesday and lowest on Friday. PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations were highest on Asian dust and haze, respectively. The results indicate that understanding the spaciotemporal variation of fine particles could provide insights into establishing a strategy to control urban air quality.

This study investigates the temporal and spatial variations of marine meterological elements (air temperature (Temp), Sea Surface Temperature (SST), and Significant Wave Height (SWH)) in seven coastal waters of South Korea, using hourly data observed at marine meteorological buoys (10 sites), Automatic Weather System on lighthouse (lighthouse AWS) (9 sites), and AWS (20 sites) during 2013-2017. We also compared the characteristics of Temp, SST, and air-sea temperature difference (Temp-SST) between sea fog and non-sea-fog events. In general, annual mean values of Temp and SST in most of the coastal waters were highest (especially in the southern part of Jeju Island) in 2016, due to heat waves, and lowest (especially in the middle of the West Sea) in 2013 or 2014. The SWH did not vary significantly by year. Wind patterns varied according to coastal waters, but their yearly variations for each coastal water were similar. The maximum monthly/seasonal mean values of Temp and SST occurred in summer (especially in August), and the minimum values in winter (January for Temp and February for SST). Monthly/seasonal mean SWH was highest in winter (especially in December) and lowest in summer (June), while the monthly/seasonal variations in wind speed over most of the coastal waters (except for the southern part of Jeju Island) were similar to those of SWH. In addition, sea fog during spring and summer was likely to be in the form of advection fog, possibly because of the high Temp and low SST (especially clear SST cooling in the eastern part of South Sea in summer), while autumn sea fog varied between different coastal waters (either advection fog or steam fog). The SST (and Temp-SST) during sea fog events in all coastal waters was lower (and more variable) than during non-sea-fog events, and was up to 5.7℃ for SST (up to 5.8℃ for Temp-SST).

We investigated the spatial and temporal variation in characteristics and pollution assessment of sediments in the watersheds of Andong-Dam and Imha-Dam, in Korea. Surface sediments were collected from six sites once a year for three years (2015-2017), and analyzed for organic matter (water content, IL, COD, TOC, TN, and TP), grain size, and concentration of trace metals (Al, Li, Zn, Cr, Pb, Cu, Ni, and As). Organic matter generally tended to increase, and was higher in the Andong watershed compare to Imha watershed. Surface sediments were mainly composed of silt. Coarse sediments were mainly distributed at the site adjacent to Andong-Dam, and showed fining after coarsening. Fine sediment were mainly distributed at the site adjacent to Imha-Dam, and were gradually coarsening. Concentration of trace metals generally tended to increase, and was higher for sites in watershed of Andong watershed (PLI > 1) than for sites in Imha watershed (PLI < 1). Trace metals in the study area were considered to be affected by fine sediment (silt), and contamination of trace metals was somewhat affected by Pb, and greatly affected by Zn and As.

Temporal and spatial variations in surface ozone concentrations in Busan were investigated by using observation data from urban air quality sites during 2001-2016. The annual ozone concentrations showed a significant increasing trend of +0.40 ppb yr-1 in this period, with a more rapid increase of +0.81 ppb yr-1 since 2010. For the monthly analysis, the increase in ozone concentration was the greatest in August (+0.68 ppb yr-1). These ozone trends were due mainly to rising temperature (+0.05℃ yr-1) and weak decreasing precipitation (－6.42 mm yr-1). However, the extreme weather events (heat wave, localized heavy rain, etc.) lead to an increase in short-term variability of ozone since 2010. The relatively low ozone concentrations in the downtown area were caused by high NOx emissions from mobile sources. The increases in ozone concentrations were observed at most of the air quality monitoring sites due to the reductions in anthropogenic emissions of NOx during 2001-2015. However, in the southern coastal area, lower rates of increase in ozone concentrations were observed by –0.10~0.25 ppb yr-1 due to the significant NOx emitted by ships in the Busan port and Busan new port.

Temporal and spatial characteristics of the frequency of several weather types and the change in air pollutant concentrations according to these weather types were analyzed over a decade (2007-2016) in seven major cities and a remote area in Korea. This analysis was performed using hourly (or daily) observed data of weather types (e.g., mist, haze, fog, precipitation, dust, and thunder and lighting) and air pollutant criteria (PM10, PM2.5, O3, NO2, CO, and SO2). Overall, the most frequent weather type across all areas during the study period was found to be mist (39%), followed by precipitation (35%), haze (17%), and the other types (≤ 4%). In terms of regional frequency distributions, the highest frequency of haze (26%) was in Seoul (especially during winter and May-June), possibly due to the high population and air pollutant emission sources, while that of precipitation (47%) was in Jeju (summer and winter), due to its geographic location with the sea on four sides and a very high mountain. PM10 concentrations for dust and haze were significantly higher in three cities (up to 250 μg/m3 for dust in Incheon), whereas those for the other four types were relatively lower. The concentrations of PM2.5 and its major precursor gases (NO2 and SO2) were higher (up to 69 μg/m3, 48 ppb, and 16 ppb, respectively, for haze in Incheon) for haze and/or dust than for the other weather types. On the other hand, there were no distinct differences in the concentrations of O3 and CO for the weather types. The overall results of this study confirm that the frequency of weather types and the related air quality depend on the geographic and environmental characteristics of the target areas.

The chemical characteristics of precipitation was investigated in Pusan area. Samples were collected from January to November in 1996 at 4 sites, and analyzed pH, mayor soluble ionic components(Cl^-, NO_3^-, SO_4^2-, Na^+, K^+, NH_4^+, Mg^2+, Ca^2+). The order of anion and cation concentrations for the initial precipitation were Cl^- > SO_4^2- > NO_3^- , and Ca^2+ > Na^+ > NH_4^+ > Mg^2+ > K^+, respectively. At coastal sites(P1 and P2) Cl^- and Na^+ of maritime sources (seasalt) were high, but at inland sites(P3 and P4) nss-Ca^2+ and nss-SO_4^2- were high. Calcium ion for the initial precipitation showed high value of enrichement factor(EF) relative to seawater composition. The contribution of seasalt to the composition of precipitation was higher at site P1 (53.5%) than those of the other sites. Throughout the year the concentrations of major ions for the initial precipitation were low in the heavy rain season. The mean pH for the initial precipitation was 5.4 and showed the negative relationship with the precipitaion amount. The SO_4^2- and NO_3^- do not play an important role in rain acidification due to the high(97%) neutralizing effect of amonia and calcium species.