In the contemporary era, 3D printing technology has become widely utilized across diverse fields, including biomedicine, industrial design, manufacturing, food processing, aerospace, and construction engineering. The inherent advantages of automation, precision, and speed associated with 3D printing have progressively led to its incorporation into road engineering. Asphalt, a temperature-responsive material that softens at high temperatures and solidifies as it cools, presents distinctive challenges and opportunities in this context. For the effective implementation of 3D printing technology in road engineering, 3D printed asphalt (3DPA) must exhibit favorable performance and printability. This requires attributes such as good fluidity, extrudability, and buildability. Furthermore, materials utilizing 3DPA for crack repair should possess high viscosity, elasticity, toughness, superior high-temperature stability, and resistance to low-temperature cracking. These characteristics ultimately contribute to enhancing pavement longevity and ensuring worker safety.

PURPOSES : The purpose of this study is to evaluate the performance of an ultra-thin asphalt pavement as a preventive maintenance approach through laboratory tests. METHODS : An ultra-thin asphalt pavement of 2 cm wearing course thickness comprising modified asphalt and aggregate is a preventive maintenance method used for asphalt pavements. A mix design was carried out to determine the optimum aggregate gradation and asphalt contents. A dynamic immersion test was performed to evaluate the water-resistance of the ultra-thin asphalt pavement. A wet track abrasion test and a cohesion test were conducted to examine the applicability of the ultra-thin asphalt pavement in surface treatment. The performance of the ultra-thin asphalt pavement was evaluated through wheel loading tests, such as Hamburg wheel-tracking and third-scale model mobileloading simulator (MMLS-3). RESULTS : An optimum binder content of 4.9% was obtained in the ultra-thin asphalt mixture from the Marshall mix design. The waterresistance tests indicated a 70% dynamic immersion coverage rate of the ultra-thin asphalt pavement. The wet track abrasion test showed an abrasion rate of 0.0107 g/cm2, and the cohesion tests indicated a 19.0 kg·cm average cohesion at 30 min of operating time and 21.4 kg·cm average cohesion at 60 min of operating time. From the Hamburg wheel-tracking test, a 16.56 mm rut depth at 20,000 wheel passing was obtained. Finally, a 5.87 mm rut depth at 300,000 number of wheel passing was detected from the MMLS-3 test. CONCLUSIONS : The water-resistance of the ultra-thin asphalt pavement satisfied the recommended guidelines of the Korean Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport. In addition, the applicability of the ultra-thin asphalt pavement as a surface treatment met the standard of the International Slurry Surfacing Association. Furthermore, the deformation performance of the ultra-thin asphalt pavement was 1.5 times better than that of the straight asphalt pavement, based on the results of the wheel-loading tests. Hence, it is estimated that an ultra-thin asphalt pavement has a high performance in the preventive maintenance of asphalt pavement, even though the cracking resistance was not evaluated in this study.

PURPOSES : The objective of this study is to develop a pavement rehabilitation decision tree considering current pavement condition by evaluating severity and distress types such as roughness, cracking and rutting. METHODS: To improve the proposed overall rehabilitation decision tree, current decision tree from Korea and decision trees from other countries were summarized and investigated. The problem when applying the current rehabilitation method obtained from the decision tree applied in Seoul was further analyzed. It was found that the current decision trees do not consider different distress characteristics such as crack type, road types and functions. Because of this, different distress values for IRI, crack rate and plastic deformation was added to the proposed decision tree to properly recommend appropriate pavement rehabilitation. Utilizing the 2017 Seoul pavement management system data and considering all factors as discussed, the proposed overall decision tree was revised and improved. RESULTS: In this study, the type of crack was included to the decision tree. Meanwhile current design thickness and special asphalt mixture were studied and improved to be applied on different pavement condition. In addition, the improved decision tree was incorporated with the Seoul asphalt overlay design program. In the case of Seoul's rehabilitation budget, rehabilitation budget can be optimized if a 25mm milling and overlay thickness is used. CONCLUSIONS: A practical and theoretical evaluation tool in pavement rehabilitation design was presented and proposed for Seoul City.

PURPOSES : The objective of this study is to evaluate the performance properties of chip seals and fog seals with polymer-modified emulsions. METHODS : The performance of chip seals and fog seals was evaluated on the basis of common issues in surface treatments. Granite aggregate and four types of asphalt emulsions (one of the unmodified and three of the modified emulsions) were used considering the usage in field. A Vialit test was performed to determine the aggregate retention, and the MMLS3 (Third Scale Model Mobile Load Simulator) test was conducted to determine the aggregate retention, bleeding, and rutting. In addition, the fog seal specimens were tested by the BPT (British Pendulum Test) to evaluate skid resistance. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS : Overall, the polymer-modified emulsions (PMEs) showed better aggregate retention and bleeding resistance for both chip seals and fog seals. When comparing the performance of the PMEs, the difference was not considerable. In addition, PMEs present significantly better rutting resistance than unmodified emulsions. For skid resistance, if the recommended mix design is applied, the specimens do not cause issues with skid resistance. Although all of the fog seal specimens were over the criteria for skid resistance, the specimen fabricated by the high emulsion application rate (EAR) of the unmodified emulsion was nearly equivalent to the skid value criteria. Therefore, the use of an unmodified emulsion with a high EAR should be carefully applied in the field.

PURPOSES : The objective of this study is to evaluate the curing and adhesive behavior of asphalt emulsions including polymer-modified emulsions for chip seals and fog seals. METHODS : For the laboratory testing, the evaporation test, the bitumen bond strength (BBS) test, and the Vialit test are used. Also, the rolling ball test and the damping test are employed to evaluate the curing properties of the fog seal emulsions. In order to conduct all the tests in controled condition, all test procedures are performed in the environmental chamber. The CRS-2L and the SBS CRS-2P emulsions are used as a polymer-modified emulsion, and then unmodified emulsion, the CRS-2, is compared for the evaluation of chip seal performance. For the fog seal performance evaluation, two types of polymer-modified emulsions (FPME-1 and FPME-2) and one of unmodified emulsion, the CSS-1H, are employed. All the tests are performed at different curing times and temperatures. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS : Overall, PMEs show better curing and adhesive behavior than non-PMEs regardless of treatments types. Especially, the curing and adhesive behavior of PMEs is much better than non-PMEs before 120 minutes of curing time. Since all the test results indicate that after 120 minutes of curing time the curing adhesive behavior of emulsions, the early curing time, i.e., 120 minutes, plays an important role in the performance of chip seals and fog seals.

국내 고속국도 및 일반국도의 약40%, 98%가 아스팔트 포장으로 구성되어 있으며 아스팔트 포장의 주요 파손 형태는 러팅(rutting) 및 균열이다. 파손이 심한 아스팔트 포장에 공용성이 좋은 것으로 알려져 있는 UTW(Ultra-Thin Whitetopping, 이하 중 신 콘)가 국내 도로의 유지보수 공법으로 적용될 수 있는가를 판단하였다. 본 논문은 경기도 폐도에 시험 시공된 중 신 콘 포장에서의 정적하중재하실험을 통하여 교통하중 및 환경하중 조건에 따른 중 신 콘의 거동 분석 결과이다. 콘크리트 두께를 50, 100, 150mm로 하여 두께에 따른 거동을 분석한 결과, 콘크리트 두께가 50mm일 때 콘크리트 하부에서 발생하는 인장 변형률이 급격하게 증가한다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한 계절별 실험을 통해 포장 온도가 중 신 콘 거동에 미치는 영향이 큰 것을 알 수 있었다. 하중재하위치에 따른 거동분석 결과에서는 슬래브 중앙부와 줄눈부에서 약 25cm 떨어진 지점부터 하중이 재하될 때 중앙부와 줄눈부에 영향을 미치기 시작하였고 이 때, 최대 인장 변형률의 75%까지 변형률이 발생함에 따라 줄눈간격 결정에 주의를 요해야 할 것으로 판단되었다.