An odor is referred to or described as an unpleasant smell that creates a disagreeable atmosphere and may impinge on the quality of life of people. Most of the odors that stimulate the human sense of smell and engender feelings of discomfort and disgust are odors mixed with various chemicals substances. Among designated odor substances, acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, butyraldehyde, n-valeraldehyde, and iso-valeraldehyde may cause an irritating and sour sensation and give rise to headache, dizziness, vomiting, and unconsciousness. These aldehyde substances are mainly discharged in high concentrations from food chemicals, petrochemicals, and printing industry sources. The odor control technologies applied to prevent odors from aldehydes are absorption, adsorption, as well as biological methods and combustion methods. The threshold concentrations of aldehydes are low so that odors can be easily experienced even at very low concentrations. It is not easy to control aldehydes due to their particular physicochemical properties and because aging and poor management of the odor prevention technology is usually only available. In this study, trends with regard to research efforts on the development of technology that is effective in treating aldehydes were summarized.

본 연구는 냉동 오징어튀김 제품을 단체급식에서 대량튀김 조리하면서 대두유에서 발생하는 휘발성 알데히드류를 측정함으로써 대량 조리가 진행됨에 따라 발생하는 대두유의 품질저하를 평가하고자 하였다. 휘발성 알데히드류는solid phase micro-extraction(SPME)과 gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS)을 이용하여 분석되었으며pentanal, hexanal, heptanal, (E)-2-heptenal, octanal, (E,E)-2,4-heptadienal, (E)-2-dodecenal, nonanal, (E)-2-nonenal,decanal, (E,E)-2,4-nonadienal, 4-oxononanal, 2-decenal,undecanal, (E,E)-2,4-decadienal, 2-undecenal 등 총 16가지 성분들이 검출되었다. 대조군인 미사용 대두유에서는 9가지성분들만이 소량 검출되었으며, pentanal, hexanal, (Z) or(E)-2-heptenal, (E,E)-2,4-heptadienal, (E,E)-2,4-nonadienal 등5가지 알데히드는 튀김사용 횟수 3회 이상에서 유의적으로증가하였고, (E)-2-dodecenal, nananal, (E)-2-nonenal, 4-oxononanal, (Z) or (E)-2-decenal, (E,E)-2,4-decadienal, 2-undecenal 등 7가지 알데히드는 대조군에 비해 튀김사용횟수 1회에서부터 유의적 차이를 보였으나 그 후 튀김횟수 증가에 따른 유의적 증가는 없었다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the health risk and management of childhood exposure to indoor aldehydes in elementary-schools and academies. The samples were collected at children's facilities (50 elementary-schools and 46 academies) in summer (Aug ~ Sept, 2008), winter (Dec 2008 ~ Feb, 2009) and Spring (Mar ~ Apr, 2009) periods. The overall mean concentration of formaldehyde was 68.3 ㎍ /m³ and 27.2% of exceeded the 100 ㎍/m³ by the school health guideline. The concentration ratio of Indoor air and outdoor air (I/O) of aldehydes exceeds 1.0. The level of indoor air contamination did appear to be high, and 24.6% of the academies evaluated had exceeded the formaldehyde level specified by the public health act (120㎍ /m³). We estimated the lifetime excess cancer risks (ECRs) of formaldehyde, and the hazard quotients (HQs) of non-carcinogens (acetaldehyde and benzaldehyde). In addition, for carcinogens, the excess cancer risk (ECR) was calculated by considering the process of deciding cancer potency factor (CPF) and age dependent adjust Factor (ADAF) of the data of adults. The average ECRs of formaldehyde for young children were 1×10^-6~1×10^-5 level in all facilities. HQs of formaldehyde did exceed 0.1 for all subjects in elementary school.

Among indoor air pollutants, the aldehydes are of particular interest due to their impact on health because they are mainly indoor air polluants which emitted from building materials and adhesives. Formaldehyde is also contributed by various construction materials, including pressed wood products made with urea formaldehyde resins or phenol formaldehyde resins, conversion varnishes, and latex paints. In this study, aldehyde levels were compared with new dwellings and old types under the various indoor conditions. Aldehydes were sampled in each indoor sampling site using 2,4-DNPH cartridge. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein appeared to be the major indoor aldehydes without relating any type of apartment. This study also revealed that propionaldehyde, butylaldehyde and benzaldehyde were of minor importance compared to formaldehyde level.

This study investigates the concentration distribution of aldehydes and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the archive of the National Library in Korea and evaluates the health risks to workers from hazardous chemicals. Acetaldehyde had the highest concentration among the nine species of aldehydes present in the archive and the concentration of toluene was the highest among the six species of VOCs. Most of the detected substances showed that their indoor concentrations were higher than the outdoor ones, suggesting the possibility of indoor sources of aldehydes and VOCs. The evaluation of health risks for workers based on these measurement results showed that not all substances were hazardous to the human body. However, considering the possibility of the presence of indoor sources and the potential limits of our study owing its short period, it is necessary to conduct long-term studies on the concentration distribution of indoor pollutants in the archive environment.

This study was carried out to evaluate the characteristics of atmospheric concentrations of volatile organic compounds(VOCs) and aldehydes for near a large shipyard. Most of the painting work in marine coating is performed indoor and outdoor. Most of the VOCs are emitted to the atmosphere as the paint is applied and cures. The massive scale of a ship makes it difficult to capture the emissions from outdoor painting. The VOCs are an important health and contributors to photochemical smog. The VOCs and aldehydes samples were collected using adsorbent tube and 2,4-DNPH cartridge, and were determined by an automatic thermal desorption coupled with GC/MS and HPLC-UV analysis, respectively. A total of 16 aromatic VOCs and 12 aldehydes of environmental concern were determined. At indoor coating facilities, the most abundant compound among 16 target VOCs appeared to be m,p-xylene, being followed by o-xylene. But most of the aldehydes were extremely lower concentrations. The atmospheric concentration of VOCs, m,p-xylene concentrations were the highest and the mean value were outdoor workshop 11.323 ppb, residental area 5.134 ppb, and green area 2.137 ppb, respectively. However, the most aldehydes were extremely lower concentrations such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and non-detection such as iso-valeraldehyde, n-valeraldehyde and o-tolualdehyde.

This study was to assess the lifetime cancer and non-cancer risk of exposure of worker and user at public facilities in Korea to volatile organic compounds (VOCs). We measured the concentrations of two aldehydes and five VOCs in indoor air at 424 public buildings that 8 kinds of public facilities (70 movie theaters, 86 offices, 86 restaurants, 70 academies, 22 auditoriums, 30 PC-rooms, 30 singing-rooms and 30 bars) all over the country. There were estimated the human exposure dose and risks with averages of the using-time and frequency for facility users and office workers, respectively. Carcinogens (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and benzene) were estimated the lifetime excess cancer risks (ECRs). non-carcinogens (toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, and styrene) were estimated the hazard quotients (HQs). The average ECRs of formaldehyde and benzene for facility worker and user were 1×10-3~1×10-4 and 1×10-4~1×10-5 level, respectively, in all facilities. HQs of four non-carcinogens did not exceed 1.0 for all subjects in all facilities. The estimated ECRs for restaurant and auditorium were the highest, and the PC-room and bar were the next higher facilities. Furthermore, people in a smoking facility had the highest cancer risk. Higher ECRs of formaldehyde and benzene were observed in indoor smoking facilities such as restaurant and auditorium. Higher HQs of toluene and xylene were observed at the restaurant and office building.