The 2017 Pohang earthquake caused severe damage to low-rise piloti buildings. The damage was caused mainly by column shear failure, and some core walls were as well. The damaged piloti buildings in Pohang City could be relieved if they were designed correctly according to the standards at that time. However, the post-earthquake investigation revealed design, construction, and permission problems. To solve the problems, the Piloti Building Structure Design Guidelines that include strict specifications were published in 2018. Separately, KDS 41 17 00, the seismic design standard for buildings, was enacted in 2019 and it included the guideline contents. Therefore, at least after the publication of the guidelines, piloti buildings, designed by the standard and guidelines, can be expected to possess better seismic performance than existing piloti buildings. To confirm this, the probability of exceedance for several damage state thresholds was estimated for existing and designed piloti buildings. As a result, the probability of damage of designed piloti buildings was very low compared to existing ones. Consequently, it was confirmed that the guideline and standard adequately supplement the structural fragility of existing piloti buildings.

In this study, the seismic performance of a two-story unreinforced masonry (URM) building was assessed following the linear and nonlinear static procedures specified in the seismic evaluation guideline of existing buildings. First, the provisions to assess failure modes and shear strengths of URM walls and wall piers were reviewed. Then, a two-story URM building was assessed by the linear static procedure using m-factors. The results showed that the walls and wall piers with aspect ratios he /l (i.e., effective height-to-length ratio) > 1.5 were unsafe due to rocking or toe crushing, whereas the walls with he /l ≤1.5 and governed by bed-joint sliding mainly were safe. Axial stresses and shear forces acted upon individual masonry walls, and wall piers differed depending on whether the openings were modeled. The masonry building was reevaluated according to the nonlinear static procedure for a more refined assessment. Based on the linear and nonlinear assessment results, considerations of seismic evaluation for low-rise masonry buildings were given with a focus on the effects of openings.

Current seismic fragility functions for buildings were developed by defining damage state threshold based on story drift concerning foreign references and using the capacity spectrum method based on spectral displacement. In this study, insufficient details and dependence on the core location of piloti-type buildings were not reflected in the fragility function because it was developed before the Pohang earthquake. In order to develop an improved one for piloti-type buildings, several types of core were selected, damage state threshold was determined based on the capacity of structural members, and three-dimensional analyses were utilized. As a result, seismic fragility functions based on spectral acceleration were developed for various core locations and different shear strengths of the column stirrup. The fragility of piloti-type buildings significantly varied according to core location, an additional single wall, and whether the contribution of column stirrup was included or not. To estimate fragility more reasonably, it is necessary to prepare the parameters to reflect actual state well.

The Ministry of the Interior and Safety in Korea developed seismic fragility function for various building types in 2009. Damage states for most building types were determined by structural analyses of sample models and foreign references because actual cases damaged by earthquakes rarely exist in Korea. Low-rise, piloti-type buildings showed severe damage by brittle failure in columns due to insufficient stirrup details in the 2017 Pohang earthquake. Therefore, it is necessary to improve damage state criteria for piloti-type buildings by consulting actual outcomes from the earthquake. An analytical approach was conducted by developing analysis models of sample buildings reflecting insufficient stirrup details of columns to accomplish the purpose. The result showed that current spectral displacements of damage states for piloti-type buildings might be too large to estimate actual fragility. When the brittle behavior observed in the earthquake is reflected in the analysis model, one-fourth through one-sixth of current spectral displacements of damage states may be appropriate for existing low-rise, piloti-type buildings.

여러 센서를 이용한 구조물의 구조 응답을 모니터링하는 사례가 증가하고 있다. 그러나 비용과 관리 문제로 인해 제한된 센서만이 구조물에 설치되어 일부의 구조 응답만을 수집하는 경우가 대부분이다. 이는 구조물의 전체 거동을 분석하는데 장애요소로 작용하게 된다. 따라서 제한된 센서를 이용해 센서가 설치되지 않은 위치에서의 응답을 신뢰할 수 있는 수준으로 예측하는 기술이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 제한된 정보를 이용해 저층 건물 구조물의 지진 응답을 예측하는 해석적 연구를 수행한다. 활용 가능한 응답 정보는 1층과 최상층의 가속도 응답만을 사용할 수 있다고 가정한다. 두 정보를 이용하면 구조물의 1차 고유진동수를 얻을 수 있다. 1층 가속도 정보는 구조물의 가력 정보로 활용한다. 최상층의 가속도이력응답에 대한 오차와 대상 구조물의 1차 고유진동수 오차를 최소화하는 구조물의 질량과 강성 정보를 유전자알고리즘을 이용해 예측하는 기법을 제시한다. 제약조건은 고려하지 않는다. 탐색공간을 의미하는 설계변수의 범위를 결정하기 위해 인공신경망 기반의 파라미터 예측기법을 제시한다. 또한 유전자알고리즘을 통해 얻게 되는 해를 개선시키기 위해 앞서 언급한 인공신경망을 활용한다. 제시한 기법을 검증하기 위해 5층 구조물 예제를 사용한다.

Recently, measuring instruments for SHM of structures had being developed. In general, the wireless transmission of sensor signals, compared to its wired counterpart, is preferable due to its absence of triboelectric noise and elimination of the requirement for cumbersome cable. Preliminary studies on the continuous vibration measurement of high-rise buildings using MEMS sensors have been carried out. However, the research on the low-rise buildings with relatively small vibration levels is insufficient. Therefore, in this paper, we used the wireless MEMS sensor to compare and analyze the vibration measurements of three low-rise buildings.

The risk-based assessment, also called time-based assessment of structure is usually performed to provide seismic risk evaluation of a target structure for its entire life-cycle, e.g. 50 years. The prediction of collapse probability is the estimator in the risk-based assessment. While the risk-based assessment is the key in the performance-based earthquake engineering, its application is very limited because this evaluation method is very expensive in terms of simulation and computational efforts. So the evaluation database for many archetype structures usually serve as representative of the specific system. However, there is no such an assessment performed for building stocks in Korea. Consequently, the performance objective of current building code, KBC is not clear at least in a quantitative way. This shortcoming gives an unresolved issue to insurance industry, socio-economic impact, seismic safety policy in national and local governments. In this study, we evaluate the comprehensive seismic performance of an low-rise residential buildings with discontinuous structural walls, so called piloti-type structure which is commonly found in low-rise domestic building stocks. The collapse probability is obtained using the risk integral of a conditioned collapse capacity function and regression of current hazard curve. Based on this approach it is expected to provide a robust tool to seismic safety policy as well as seismic risk analysis such as Probable Maximum Loss (PML) commonly used in the insurance industry.

In this study, shaking table test was carried out to evaluate the seismic behavior and performance of low-rise reinforced concrete (RC) piloti structures with and without retrofit. The specimens were designed considering the characteristics of existing building with pilotis such as natural period, distribution factor of strength and stiffness between columns and core wall on the first soft story. The test for the non-retrofit specimen showed that damage was concentrated on the stiffer member on the same floor as the core wall failed by shear fracture whereas columns experienced slight flexural cracks. Considering the failure mode of the non-retrofit specimen, the retrofit method using steel rod damper was presented for improving the seismic performance of piloti structures. The results of the test for retrofit specimen revealed that the retrofit method was effective for controlling the damage as the main RC structural members were not destroyed and most of input energy was dissipated by hysteretic behavior of the damper.

공업용 건물은 일반적으로 다중 박공지붕의 형태로 많이 건설된다. 본 연구는 독립 및 다중 박공지붕형 저층 건물의 풍하중을 산정하기 위해 풍동실험을 수행하여 비교하였다. 독립 박공형 저층건물은 길이 200m, 스팬방향 폭 32m, 지붕면 평균높이 15.7m로 장스팬 저층건물이며, 다중 박공지붕형 건물은 5개의 지붕이 연결된 대규모 저층건물에 해당한다. 풍동실험을 통해 독립 및 다중 박공지붕형 건물의 최대 가스트 외압계수와 외장재 설계용 풍하중을 산정 하여 비교하였으며, 그 결과 지붕면 모서리와 모퉁이 부분에서 계수 값이 증가하여 나타났다. 또한 실험결과를 KBCS 2005와 비교하였다. 비교 결과를 보면 풍하중 기준보다 풍동실험을 통한 결과가 다소 크게 나타났다.

본 연구의 목적은 하부층에 필로티 구조, 상부층에 전단벽식구조를 가진 저층 철근콘크리트 건물의 내진설계 및 내진성능 평가를 위한 기본적인 자료를 제공하는 것으로서, 비선형 지진응답해석을 실시하여 각 층의 내력과 연성율 사이의 상관관계를 파악하여, 이것들의 비율이 건물 전체의 내진성능에 어떻게 영향을 미치는가를 검토하였다. 본 연구에서는 필로티 구조를 가진 저층 철근콘크리트 전단벽식 건물의 특성을 2질점계로 치환하였으며, 하부층인 필로티 구조는 휨파괴형으로 상부층인 전단벽식 구조는 전단파괴형 시스템으로 각각 모델링하였다. 또한 각층의 복원력 특성으로는 필로티 구조는 Degrading Trilinear Model(휨파괴형), 상부층은 Origin Oriented Model(전단파괴형)을 선정하였다. 상기 복원력 특성은 각 층의 보유내력에 의하여 변화를 하며, 지진응답해석용 입력지진파로는 8개의 피해지진의 가속도 성분을 선정하여 이들 가속도 성분의 최대가속도를 0.1g, 0.2g, 0.3g로 표준화 하였다. 각각 지진강도수준에 따라 지진 응답해석을 실시하여 하부층 필로티 구조와 상부층 전단벽식 구조의 내력비와 응답 연성율 사이의 상관관계를 파악하였다. 최종적으로 특정 연성율을 위한 필로티 구조를 가진 저층 철근콘크리트 전단벽식 건물의 요구내력을 산정하여 요구내력 스펙트럼(Required Strength Spectrum)을 제안하였다. 본 연구에서 제안한 요구내력스펙트럼은 특정 지역에서 요구하는 지진수준에 대하여 지진발생시 특정 연성율 이내로 머물게 하는 하한내력의 범위를 파악할 수 있는 등, 연구결과는 필로티 구조를 가진 철근콘크리트 전단벽식 건물의 내진성능평가 및 내진설계의 기본적인 자료로서 활용 가능하다고 사료된다..2-propanedial 1.5 M 실험구에서는 실험개시시 30\;{\times}\;10^4\;cell/ml이던 것이 3 일 후 138\;{\times}\;10^4\;cell/ml였고, 실험종료시인 5 일 후에는 385\;{\times}\;10^4\;cell/ml로 증식되어 가장 높은 증식률을 보였다. 참굴 D상 유생을 대상으로 먹이효과를 조사한 결과 실험구와 대조구간 유생의 성장 및 생존율에 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다.C에서 73.3%, 10^{\circ}C에서 63.3% 및 5^{\circ}C에서 56.7%로 수온이 30^{\circ}C 이내에서는 높을수록 높은 경향을 보였다. 염분에 따른 잠입 실험 결과는 실험 개시 300분 경과 후 염분 30 psu에서 93.3%로 가장 높았고, 35 psu에서 90.0%, 25 psu에서 83.3%, 20 psu에서 60.0%, 15 psu 이하에서는 거의 잠입이 이루어 지지 않았다. 따라서, 적정 살포를 위한 잠입률은 치패의 크기와 상관없이 저질종류는 모래 (75%) + 뻘 (25%), 입자크기는 1 mm 모래에서 높게 나타났다. 공기 중 노출시간은 짧을수록, 수온은 30^{\circ}C 이내에서 높을수록, 염분은 20-35 psu 이내에서 높을수록 잠입률이 높은 경향을 나타내었다. 교수학습모형에 관련된 지식을 묻는 내용으로 주로 출제되었다. 이에 구체적인 개선방안으로 특정 교수학습모형의 이론적 토대가 되고 전체적인 교수설계를 하기 위한 기본 바탕이 될 수 있는 교수학습이론에 관한 내용, 또한 현재가정과교육에

방풍팬스의 설치에 의한 저층건물 주변의 풍압특성을 분석하기 위하여 풍압실험을 실시하였다. 방풍팬스의 다공율은 0%와 20%을 중심으로 하였다. 방풍팬스와 저층건물의 거리는 1H-9H까지 범위안에서 측정을 하였다. 사용된 풍속은 6m/s로 일정하게 하였다. 저층건물의 측압공 위치는 정면과 측면 후면을 중심으로 총 54개를 측정하였다. 분석결과 다공률 20%일때는 측정거리 1H-3H일 때 다공률 40%일 때는 측정거리 4H-6H일 때 가장 효과적이었다.

This paper is concerned with the dynamic characteristics of buildings, especially with the measurement of the natural frequencies(natural periods) and the damping. Process of ambient vibration and synchronized human excitation tests for natural period and damping are given. Data from measurement on 16 reinforced concrete buildings in Seoul and Seoul national university of technology are given. 16 Low-rise Reinforced concrete buildings are measured for ambient vibration to obtain the vibrations characteristics. The natural periods obtained by ambient vibration measurements are compared with those of forecast model suggested by standards and foreign researchers. The natural periods show a clear dependence on building height. On the other hand, the damping ration scatter under the influence of various factors, for example, building height and natural frequency.

The inelastic response characteristics of the low-rise RC buildings depending on hysteresis models are reviewed. Three artificial earthquake records in accordance with KBC(Korea Building Code) are used and the inelastic response characteristics such as story shear force, story drift ratio, story displacement, hinge distribution state are reviewed with four hysteresis models.

In this study, the seismic performance of a Low-rise Pilotis Building with Eccentric Core is investigated. Low-rise Pilotis Buildings are very popular in Korea, but regarded as very weak structure to earthquake.

In this study, the seismic performance of a Low-rise Pilotis Building with Central Core is investigated. Low-rise Pilotis Buildings are very popular in Korea, but regarded as very weak structure to earthquake.

Recently, Earthquake occurrence in korea has become frequent, and the seismic safety of low-rise piloti buildings becomes more and more important. In this study, the differences in seismic performance between before and after reinforced by concrete filled steel tube (CFT) of low-rise central core type piloti building structures were compared.

Recently, Earthquake occurrence in korea has become frequent, and the seismic safety of low-rise piloti buildings becomes more and more important. In this study, the seismic retrofit method of low-rise eccentric core type piloti building structures using concrete filled steel tube (CFT) columns was analysed and verified for seismic performance.

Recently, Earthquake occurrence in korea has become frequent, and the seismic safety of low-rise piloti buildings becomes more and more important. In this study, the differences in seismic performance between before and after reinforced by concrete filled steel tube (CFT) of low-rise central core type piloti building structures were compared.

Recently, Earthquake occurrence in korea has become frequent, and the seismic safety of low-rise piloti buildings becomes more and more important. In this study, the seismic retrofit method of low-rise eccentric core type piloti building structures using concrete filled steel tube (CFT) columns was analysed and verified for seismic performance.

In this study, the non-linear seismic response analysis of the 2F piloti type building model with varying stiffness and strength distribution between soft-weak story(1F) and upper story(2F). The standard model, whose stiffness and strength ratio of the first story is 10% and 100% comparing the upper story respectively, suffered from shear failure of the core wall on the first story. Otherwise, the models with decreased stiffness or strength ratio of the first story damaged more than the standard model and the lack of the strength was more impactful. The model with improved strength contributed to reduce damage on the first story, while the improved stiffness only was not effective on the reduction of the damage level. Overall, in case that the strength and stiffness ratio of the first story increased, damage distributed in balance along the story.