Non-discrimination is a fundamental principle of the World Trade Organization (WTO), which promotes global trade with the goal of eradicating hunger, reducing poverty, and ensuring global prosperity. According to the WTO rules, members are required to give other members most-favoured-nation and national treatment. Due to the military conflict between the Russian Federation and Ukraine, the United States, European Union, and several other member countries suspended most-favoured-nation treatment for Russian goods in mid-March 2022. This study examines the principle of non-discrimination under the WTO provisions, identifies relevant exceptions, analyses the Russia-Traffic in Transit case, and evaluates the appropriateness of the above actions by the US and others. Finally, this paper concludes that the US and its allies failed to present concrete evidence demonstrating a direct and causal relationship between the military situation in Ukraine and their own essential interests under Article XXI of GATT 1994.

According to an analysis of a total of 270 judgments acknowledging the damages due to copyright infringement over the past four years from November 2017 to November 2021, the court applied Article 126 of the Copyright Act, accounting for about 85%, The lowest acknowledgment rate of about 80%. In particular, when the Plaintiff insisted on Article 125 (2) of the Copyright Act, the acknowledgment rate when the court accepted it and applied Article 125 (2) of the Copyright Act was the highest at 83%, while the acknowledgment rate when the court rejected it and applied Article 126 of the Copyright Act was the lowest. This may mean that if the Plaintiff asserts Article 125 (2) of the Copyright Act, the acknowledgment rate may vary depending on whether the court applies Article 125 (2) of the Copyright Act or Article 126. In addition, the fact that the court recently applied Article 126 of the Copyright Act to 85% of the judgments acknowledging infringement of copyright means that too many trials are calculated at the discretion of Article 126 of the Copyright Act. The fact that the court's acknowledgment rate is significantly lower than when Article 125 (1) or 125 (2) of the Copyright Act was applied means that the legislative purpose of Article 126 of the Copyright Act (to prevent a void in copyright protection by stipulating that damages for copyright infringement can be calculated at the discretion of judges if it is difficult to prove the amount of damage even under Article 125 of the Copyright Act) isn’t being realized properly, and in the end, it can mean that copyright protection through trial is not sufficient. And considering the influence of the judgment, it can mean that economic valuation of copyright in the copyright market can also be lowered. Therefore, this paper analyzed the judgement of “if it is difficult to calculate the amount of damage under Article 125” and then suggested analytical·legislative improvement methods when the court applying Article 126 of the Copyright Act. In order to ensure the predictability of whether it will be calculated under Article 125 (2) of the Copyright Act or under Article 126 of the Copyright Act, it is necessary to establish interpretation standards to ensure predictability of when Article 125(2) will be applied and Article 126 will be applied, and not only the decreasing factors but also the increasing factors needs to be considered more actively. In order to strengthen the objectivity of calculating the amount of damage under Article 126 of the Copyright Act, it is necessary to reflect in detail the factors based on the value evaluation method of copyright and the value evaluation result of the value evaluation model of the Korean Content Assessment Center. Legislatively, it is necessary to consider introducing the provisions of Article 114-4 of the Japanese Copyright Act for accurate and objective calculation of damages and the provisions of supporting professional members of the Japanese Copyright Act in order to effectively utilize Article 129-2 of the Copyright Act.

This study investigates the historical development of English education in South Korea regarding the fourth and fifth National Curriculum Period. By analyzing the newspaper articles in five major newspapers in Korea, we focused on the characteristics of English education in each period. The research questions are: 1) what are the characteristics of the fourth National Curriculum? 2) what are the characteristics of the fifth National Curriculum?, and 3) what is the implication of these previous curricula on the current English education in South Korea? During the fourth National Curriculum Period, after the successful hosting of the 1986 Asian Games and the 1988 Summer Olympic Games in Seoul, the importance of communication skills in English spread throughout the country. Accordingly, the need for early English education emerged. In the fifth curriculum, various social factors, including the liberalization of overseas travel, led positive washback effects on English education. In elementary schools, English instructions were conducted as a special activity. In secondary schools, various changes in the educational environment were involved, including the introduction of listening tests and recruitment of native English teachers, which still affects English education in 2020. This paper concludes with educational implications and future research directions.

This paper explores the historical development of English education in Korea regarding the second and third National Curriculum period. By using the historical research method which analyzes newspaper articles in four major newspapers in Korea, we compared the similarities and differences between these two periods. The research questions are: 1) what are the characteristics of the second National Curriculum? 2) what are the characteristics of the third National Curriculum?, and 3) what is the implication of these previous curricula on the current English education in Korea? It was found that the second National Curriculum Period showed steady development in English education in terms of its emphasis on oral skills instead of the traditional emphasis on reading and grammar skills. However, the lack of coherence among various English textbooks, the lack of English teachers fluent in English, and the exam-oriented social atmosphere were the significant challenges in fully implementing the second National Curriculum. The third National Curriculum Period overlaps with the Yushin Regime propagated by the late President Park Junghee. During this period, a systematic effort to introduce communicative language teaching continued, whereas the exam-orientation persisted which made the English class employ teacher-centered grammar-translation methods. This paper concludes with educational suggestions and future research directions.

현행 여신전문금융업법 제19조 제1항 및 제4항은, 신용카드가맹점으 로 하여금 ‘신용카드 결제를 거절하는 행위’, ‘신용카드회원을 불리하게 대우하는 행위’, ‘가맹점수수료를 신용카드회원에게 부담시키는 행위’를 금지하고 있다. 동 조항은, 국민의 금융편의를 도모하고, 거래의 투명화 및 이를 통한 탈세방지를 위하여 도입된 것으로 그간 충분한 효과를 보 여주었으나, 동 조항의 남용을 통한 가맹점 피해, 신용카드를 발급받지 못하는 저신용자에게 비용이 전가되는 등 경제적 정의에 반한다는 점, 사회전체의 거래비용이 증가한다는 점 등의 부작용이 발생하고 있다. 이 러한 부작용을 최소화하며 입법목적을 달성할 수 있도록 입법적 보완작 업이 필요하다. 예를 들어, 거액 결제와 같은 경우에는 동 조항의 적용을 배제하는 방안, 가맹점수수료 정도의 합리적인 범위내의 차별을 허용하 는 방안, 현금결제와의 차별만 금지하고 다른 전자지급결제수단과의 차 별은 허용하는 방안 등을 논의해 볼 필요가 있다. IT산업의 발달과 더불어, 과거 전통적 결제수단이었던, 현금, 어음, 수 표, 계좌이체, 신용카드 외에, 계좌이체지급결제대행, 신용카드지급결제대 행, 직불카드(직불전자지급수단), 선불카드(선불전자지급수단), 전자화폐 의 방법이 등장하였다. 이들 결제수단 중 최근 서민을 위한 결제방식으 로 부상하고 있는 계좌이체지급결제대행의 경우, 신용카드를 발급받을 수 없는 저신용자도 이용이 가능할 뿐 아니라, 탈세방지 목적에도 부합 하고, 간편결제 방식의 적용에 따라 그 이용도 매우 편리하게 되었다. 그 러나 계좌이체지급결제대행의 경우에도 제19조 제1항 및 제4항을 적용 하게 되면, 신용카드(혹은 신용카드지급결제대행 방식)에 비하여 회원 유치 경쟁력이 떨어지게 되어, 그 확산에 어려움이 있다. 현금결제 고객 과는 달리 지급결제대행업체에 의한 별도의 용역제공 행위가 있음을 감 안하여 현행 여신전문금융업법 하에서도 제19조 제1항 및 제4항의 형식 적 적용을 배제하는 적극적 해석이 필요하다.

To investigate the technology trends in organic farming using journal article analysis, total 2,378 published articles in organic farming between 1974 and 2014 were analyzed. The number of the articles published in organic farming has been steadily increased since 2006. As for category, articles in the field of producing the safe organic products and management (A) were published relatively dominantly, especially division of nutrient and soil management (AA). In the foreign countries, lots of articles in environmental assessment and safety field (B) were published than Korea. the main institutes published the articles in organic farming were Swedish University, Sweden and US department of Agriculture, USA. In case of Korea, the articles in the field of environmental assessment and safety (B) were relatively merely published, especially division of environment in organic farming (BA). With this study, more research based on the environment and safety fields in organic farming should be focused on.