According to an analysis of a total of 270 judgments acknowledging the damages due to copyright infringement over the past four years from November 2017 to November 2021, the court applied Article 126 of the Copyright Act, accounting for about 85%, The lowest acknowledgment rate of about 80%. In particular, when the Plaintiff insisted on Article 125 (2) of the Copyright Act, the acknowledgment rate when the court accepted it and applied Article 125 (2) of the Copyright Act was the highest at 83%, while the acknowledgment rate when the court rejected it and applied Article 126 of the Copyright Act was the lowest. This may mean that if the Plaintiff asserts Article 125 (2) of the Copyright Act, the acknowledgment rate may vary depending on whether the court applies Article 125 (2) of the Copyright Act or Article 126. In addition, the fact that the court recently applied Article 126 of the Copyright Act to 85% of the judgments acknowledging infringement of copyright means that too many trials are calculated at the discretion of Article 126 of the Copyright Act. The fact that the court's acknowledgment rate is significantly lower than when Article 125 (1) or 125 (2) of the Copyright Act was applied means that the legislative purpose of Article 126 of the Copyright Act (to prevent a void in copyright protection by stipulating that damages for copyright infringement can be calculated at the discretion of judges if it is difficult to prove the amount of damage even under Article 125 of the Copyright Act) isn’t being realized properly, and in the end, it can mean that copyright protection through trial is not sufficient. And considering the influence of the judgment, it can mean that economic valuation of copyright in the copyright market can also be lowered. Therefore, this paper analyzed the judgement of “if it is difficult to calculate the amount of damage under Article 125” and then suggested analytical·legislative improvement methods when the court applying Article 126 of the Copyright Act. In order to ensure the predictability of whether it will be calculated under Article 125 (2) of the Copyright Act or under Article 126 of the Copyright Act, it is necessary to establish interpretation standards to ensure predictability of when Article 125(2) will be applied and Article 126 will be applied, and not only the decreasing factors but also the increasing factors needs to be considered more actively. In order to strengthen the objectivity of calculating the amount of damage under Article 126 of the Copyright Act, it is necessary to reflect in detail the factors based on the value evaluation method of copyright and the value evaluation result of the value evaluation model of the Korean Content Assessment Center. Legislatively, it is necessary to consider introducing the provisions of Article 114-4 of the Japanese Copyright Act for accurate and objective calculation of damages and the provisions of supporting professional members of the Japanese Copyright Act in order to effectively utilize Article 129-2 of the Copyright Act.

우리나라 특허법 제126조 제1항에서는 특허 침해가 인정되면 특허금지청구권이 인정되는 것 으로 해석되어 법원의 재량권을 인정하고 있지 않고 있다. 그러나 소위 특허괴물이라고도 불리는 NPE들이 특허금지청구권을 과다한 실시료협상 의 도구로 악용하는 경우등 특허금지청구권이 제 한될 필요성이 있는 점, 특허법 제126조 제1항과 같은 규정형식인 민법 제214조 물권적 청구권도 금지가 허용될 경우의 소유자의 이익보다 상대방 및 제3자가 받게 될 불이익 등을 비교⋅형량하여 상대방 및 제3자가 받게 될 불이익이 더 크다고 판단될 때 금지청구가 제한되고 있는 점, 지식재 산권법의 보충법기능을 하는 부정경쟁법 제4조의 입법계기가 된 대법원판례도 금지가 허용될 경우 피해자의 이익과 가해자의 불이익등을 비교형량 하여 금전배상만으로 실효적 구제가 어려운 경우 에 제한적으로 금지청구를 인정한 점, 특허법이 특허발명에 물권적 청구권에 유사한 대세권을 부 여한 이유는 물권적 특성이 특허권의 본질이기 때문이 아니라 특허법의 법목적이 기술발전의 촉 진에 있기 때문인 점, 기술혁신이라는 특허법취지 에 맞는 특허권의 보호방법은 property rule보다 는 liability rule이 보다 타당한 점, 대륙법계와 영미법계를 막론하고 금지청구권이 손해배상청구 권에 대한 보충적 구제수단으로 인식되어 왔다는 점등에 비추어 특허법 제126조 금지청구권도 금 지가 허용될 경우의 특허권자의 이익과 특허침해 자 및 제3자가 받게 될 불이익 등을 비교⋅형량 하여 침해자 및 제3자가 받게 될 불이익이 더 크 다고 판단될 때 제한가능하고, 그 제한의 법적 근 거를 규정하기 위해 현행 특허법 제126조에 법원 이 특허권자의 금지청구권을 인용할 경우의 특허 권자의 이익과 침해권자의 불이익을 비교형량하 여 금지청구권을 제한할 수 있는 규정과 그러한 제한시 특허권자에게 상당한 금전배상을 직권으 로 명하는 규정을 추가하는 입법개선이 필요하다.

최근 대법원 2015. 7. 23. 선고, 2014다 42110 판결이 “특허법 제127조 제1호의 ‘그 물건의 생산에만 사용하는 물건’에서 말하는 ‘생산’ 이 국외에서 일어나는 경우에는 그 전 단계의 행위가 국내에서 이루어지더라도 간접침해가 성립 할 수 없다”고 판시하여 일견 속지주의(the principle of territoriality)및 역외적용배제추정의 원칙과 간접침해법리에 부합하는 판시를 한듯 보이나, 우리나라 특허법 제127조의 명문규정과 입법연혁을 고려할 때, 특허법 제127조 제1호 에 해당하는 행위가 국내에서 이루어지는 한 특허법 제127조의 침해가 성립한다고 봄이 타당하다. 뿐만 아니라 현행 특허법 제127조의 침해로 보는 행위의 범위가 지나치게 협소하여 특허권보 호에 미흡한 점이 있다는 점을 고려할 때 그 범위를 확대하는 개정이 필요한바, 2019. 3. 18. 발 의된 특허법 제127조의 개정안은 기존의 우리나라 특허법 제127조의 규정 및 입법연혁을 기저로 하면서도 제외국규정과 간접침해법리를 참작하여 그 범위를 확대하려는 시도로서 타당하다. 다만 직접침해와 간접침해의 관계에 대한 명시적 규정이 없어 여전히 학설의 대립이 남는 문제점이 있고, 특허권에 대한 간접침해가 국외에서 빈발하는 현재의 세계화시대에 미국특허법 271조(f)항과 같은 역외적용규정이 없어 특허권보호에 다소 미흡한 점이 있다.

Poly-methylmetacrylate (PMMA) is mainly applied in the plastic manufacturing industry, but PMMA is weak and gradually got discolor. The strength of PMMA can be improved through organic-inorganic hybrid nano composites with inorganic nano particles such as, SiO2 or ZrO. However, inorganic nano particles are mostly agglomerated spontaneously. In this study, the zeta potential is controlled using different types of organic solvent with different concentrations, dispersibillity of SiO2 nano particles on the PMMA particle are analyzed. When 3 M acetic acid is used, absolute value of the zeta potential is higher, SiO2 nano particle is well attached, and dispersed on the PMMA particle surface. Results indicate that the absolute value of the zeta potential affects the stability of SiO2 dispersion.

This study is carried out to develop the new process for the fabrication of ultra-fine electrodes on the flexible substrates using superhydrophobic effect. A facile method was developed to form the ultra-fine trenches on the flexible substrates treated by plasma etching and to print the fine metal electrodes using conductive nano-ink. Various plasma etching conditions were investigated for the hydrophobic surface treatment of flexible polyimide (PI) films. The micro-trench on the hydrophobic PI film fabricated under optimized conditions was obtained by mechanical scratching, which gave the hydrophilic property only to the trench area. Finally, the patterning by selective deposition of ink materials was performed using the conductive silver nano-ink. The interface between the conductive nanoparticles and the flexible substrates were characterized by scanning electron microscope. The increase of the sintering temperature and metal concentration of ink caused the reduction of electrical resistance. The sintering temperature lower than resulted in good interfacial bonding between Ag electrode and PI film substrate.

This paper describes the manufacturing process of tilting pad gas bearing with a diameter of 5 mm and a length of 0.5-1 mm for power MEMS (Micro Electomechanical Systems) applications. The bearing compacts with nanopowder feedstock were prepared by Ni-metal mold with 2-mold system using LIGA process. The effect of the manufacturing conditions on sintering properties of nanopowder gas bearing was investigated. In this work, Fe-45 wt%Ni nanopowder with an average diameter of 30-50 nm size was used as starting material. After mixing the nanopowder and the wax-based binders, the amount of powder was controlled to obtain the certain mixing ratio. The nanopowder bearing compacts were sintered with 1-2 hr holding time under hydrogen atmospheres and under temperatures of to . Finally, the critical batch of mixed powder system was found to be 70% particle fraction in total volume. The maximum density of the sintered bearing specimen was about 94% of theoretical density.