To prove the long-term safety of deep geological repository, the safety assessment is needed to ensure that the expected performance of repository satisfies the regulatory standards. Scenario development is process of analyzing events and evolutions that can directly or indirectly affect the performance of a disposal system and is a pre-step for quantitative safety assessment. Scenarios are used to identify and define cases to be assessed by numerical modeling, and cases are mainly divided into normal (also called the ‘reference’ and ‘expected evolution’) and abnormal scenarios. Mainly two approaches have been used to set up scenarios. One is a bottom-up approach that starts with features, events and processes (FEPs). This approach can analyze the evolution and events related to the performance of the disposal system in an inductive manner. The other is top-down approach that analyzes the events and evolution of disposal system, focusing on situations that may affect the safety function of the components. This approach starts with a set of intuitively predefined expected failures of safety function. Combining the two approaches is more effective in demonstrating comprehensiveness which is a main challenge of scenario analysis, and almost national radioactive waste management institutions combine top-down and bottom-up approaches for development of scenarios. An approach combining the two approaches is called a hybrid approach, and the detailed method differs from each institution and has not been determined. In this study, some work for constructing the scenario using hybrid approach was performed. Firstly, defining each component’s safety function and screening FEPs according to several rules were performed for a generic repository. Secondly, we extracted performance factors that are considered likely to affect safety functions. And lastly, we integrated FEPs correlated with performance factor to simplify the analysis. These results will be material to construct the scenario using hybrid approach.

The present study aimed at investigating the effectiveness of bottom-up (BU) and top-down (TD) approaches on EFL learners’ vocabulary learning, the difference in the effects of the two approaches depending upon their level of vocabulary proficiency, and their perception of the approaches. For this study, 122 college students were divided into two approach groups and to two levels in each group depending upon their level of vocabulary knowledge. They were trained with either of the approaches for one semester. The results were that 1) there was no statistically significant differences between the BU and TD approaches, even though the two approaches were effective to improve the students’ vocabulary knowledge; 2) high-level students failed to show any significant differences between the two approaches in the two tests, whereas low-level students in the BU group performed significantly better than those in the TD group in the production test; and 3) they preferred the BU or TD approach to the traditional method in vocabulary learning, and they listed some advantages and disadvantages of the approaches.

The pea leafminer fly, Liriomyza huidobrensis Blanchard (Diptera: Agromyzidae), is an emerging pest in Korea. High population and heavy damage of this pest were observed from potato fields in the southern part of Korea in 2012. Morphological and genetic evidence confirmed the species as L. huidobrensis. The infestation was expanding throughout the country and a rich complex of parasitoid was recognized. From the exclusion study, high density infestation of leafminers reduced yield among potato varieties (Chubeak, Seohong, Goun, Dejima, and Sumi). Higher leaf damage was evident in the lower part of plants. In olfactory bioassay and feeding preference tests, leafminers choosed the Goun variety most. Given the six constant temperatures, the developmental time from egg to adult significantly decreased with increment of temperatures. From the insecticide toxicity tests, abamectin and lepimectin and spinetoram were found effective against immature stages, while cartap hydrochlorid (Neonicotinoid) was against adult insects. Overall, these studies help to pave the ways for managing this new invasive pest.

This study investigated the relative contributions of linguistic knowledge and strategy use to L2 listening success, especially in bottom-up and top-down dominant listening tasks. Participants (n = 130) were Korean college students in a required listening course. The tested variables for linguistic knowledge were sentence processing speed, grammar, receptive vocabulary, and productive vocabulary. Listening strategy use was measured with a metacognitive awareness listening questionnaire. We hypothesized that linguistic knowledge will make greater contributions to Bottom-Up-Listening-Comprehension (BULC) than to Top-Down-Listening Comprehension (TDLC), and different aspects of strategies will be accessed in each comprehension type due to different psycholinguistic features of the tasks. A series of stepwise multiple regressions were conducted and confirmed our prediction. The unique variance explained by linguistic knowledge was 27.8% in BULC, but 22.4% in TDLC. Strategy items that address problem solving and mental translation were significantly related to BULC, while items dealing with directed attention and person knowledge had significant explanatory power for TDLC.

The twentieth-century history of the ROK (Republic of Korea) is arguably the story of a people’s long struggle for freedom from authoritarian rule. This essay will explore the struggle waged by the people between 1980 and 1987 in ROK to secure civil and political rights denied by military dictatorship. This essay will critique the organisational platform of the movement and use the Spiral Model of human rights norm socialisation (Risse et al, 1999) to understand the regime response to the advocacy movement. This will be contextualised alongside the role of the US (United States of America) as the hegemonic power in ROK in either supporting or denouncing ROK human rights violations. Central will be the role of discourse[1] in enabling the construction of counter-hegemonic resistance ‘from below,’ drawing from Gramscian concepts of a constructed public realm in which discursive forces battle with challenges to hegemony[2]. The essay will conclude by suggesting the successes of the movement, in moving ROK towards norm internalisation, were facilitated by the subversive discourses of the minjung ('people') resulting in an irresistible counter-hegemonic discourse against the Chun Doo Hwan regime.

This paper deals with an information processing dimension of listening activities. The main purpose of the study is to investigate how selected listening activities proposed by Peterson (1991) and Brown (2001) for ESL contexts are employed by students in Korean middle schools, high schools, and universities, with special attention to different types of listening processing: bottom-up, top-down, and interactive. Using a questionnaire survey, data were collected from 600 students to identify their use of listening activities. The results indicated that the listening activities used by Korean students were generally limited in variety and were not in accordance with their education levels. The learners in general resorted to the top-down type most frequently. An investigation of how each education group (middle school, high school, and university) employs different types of listening activities revealed that each group employed the top-down type most frequently, lacking the bottom-up and interactive types. On the basis of the results, pedagogical implications are discussed and suggestions are made for activating listening activities, which is in turn expected to lead to learners’ increased listening competence.

A bottom-up model for the formation of GMCs is described, where the observed GMCs are the aggregates of less massive clouds. The aggregates are getting more and more massive in the process of consecutive collision between clouds.

이 연구는 상향식 교육과정 평가 모형을 개발하고 이를 적용하기 위한 협력적 실행 연구이다. 중앙 집중적인 교육과정 개발 체제를 따르는 우리나라의 상황을 고려해 볼 때, 교사는 교육과정 실행의 주체임에도 불구하고 국가 교육과정을 평가하고 이에 대한 개선 의견을 제안할 수 있는 공식적인 기회를 갖기 어려운 형편이었다. 이와 같은 문제의식에서 출발하여, 이 연구는 단위 학교 에서 현행 국가 교육과정을 평가하고자 할 때 적용할 수 있는 모형을 개발하고 이를 적용하였다. 연구자-참여자 간 협력을 통해 개발된 교육과정 평가 모형을 적용한 결과, 단위 학교에서 이루어지는 국가 교육과정 평가는 교사들이 국가 교육과정에 대한 이해와 참여의 필요성을 인식하는 계기를 제공하였고, 현장에 기반을 둔 유의미한 개선 의견을 도출하는 기회가 되었으며, 교육과정 제안자로서 국가 교육과정에 대한 ‘주인-되기’의 역동을 형성하는 과정임을 확인할 수 있었다. 연구 결과를 바탕으로, 이 글은 상향식 교육과정 평가 모형이 지속・확산되기 위한 향후 개선 과제를 제안하였다.

This study analyzes the impacts of agricultural water shortages in Korea using a combined top-down and bottom-up model. A multi-region multi-output agricultural sector model with detailed descriptions of production technologies and water and land resource constraints has been combined with a standard CGE model. The impacts of four different water shortage scenarios were simulated. It is shown that an active adaptation of crop choices occurs in even the regions with relatively abundant water resources in order to respond to the change in relative output prices caused by water shortages. We found that although the losses in production values are not quite large despite water shortages due to the price feedbacks, the loss in GDP is substantial. We show that our combined approach has advantages in deriving region and product specific production effects as well as the overall GDP loss effect of water shortages.

Although the bottom-up rural area development project was conceived with great expectations, the general evaluation of the project so far reveals that it does not significantly differ from projects carried out in a top-down manner. This paper examines the nature of the bottom-up rural area development project with a focus on its background, including the roles of authority and project participants. Results revealed that the project was designed to be implemented in line with the state affairs ideology of the leader in a negative position of bureaucratic society. Though the form of implementation for the project seemed bottom-up as seen in the process of the roles and authorities in supporting organizations the top-down method of implementation can be seen in the authorities and roles of the central government. It was also noticed that the private sector, designed to elicit participation of various experts, looked to be managed and controlled by public organizations. The abovementioned signifies that the Korea rural area development project has been implemented not in a bottom-up manner but rather in an ever-strong top-down manner, which means that the central government holds more responsibility for the project's results, evaluation, and discussions. Furthermore, as seen in the background of the project, policies have been implemented in a top-down manner without the confidence of the bureaucratic society. Therefore, in order to implement a proper bottom-up rural area development project, there is a need for the bureaucratic society to have confidence in the rural societies.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the business performance determinants of private consulting firms supporting bottom-up local development projects in rural areas. Under the shortage of well-trained rural development professionals, Private consulting firms support rural development projects driven by the residents. Considering the important role for consulting firms to play in the success in rural development projects, it becomes necessary to review the circumstances of consulting market on rural development projects. This study targeted 80 companies that are listed in the book rural development consulting firms. Analysis showed that factors influencing the business performance are not professional competencies but other external factors. The implications based on the above results need to be considered for policy-making to ensure that consulting company selection must be guaranteed of the consulting firms'capability by detailed fields of consulting firms' capability, and the training system for rural development experts must be formed.