In order to compare greenhouse gases emission from different animal manures and to explore how different animal manures effect on soil mineralization, three kinds of materials, cattle, goat and chicken manure were amended to soil for 14 days incubation as CtS (cattle manure-amended soil), GS (goat manure-amended soil) and ChS (chicken manure-amended soil). Cumulative NH3 emissions in all treatments were rapidly increased until day 7 and then it was slightly increased in three manure-amended soils but maintained in control until day 14. GS had the highest NH3 emission at 0.14 mg kg-1 during the entire experimental period. Emissions of CO2 were highly increased by 7.8-, 9.0- and 12.4-fold in CtS, GS and ChS, respectively, compared to control at day 14. A significant increase of N2O emission in all treatments occurred within 5 days and then it was slightly increased until day 14. N2O emission was 2-fold higher in all manure-amended soils than that of control. Compared to day 1, inorganic N (NH4 + plus NO3 --N) content was highly increased in all four treatments at day 14. The increase rate was the highest in CtS treatment. Net N mineralization was increased by 4.0-, 2.4- and 2.9-fold in CtS, GS and ChS, respectively, compared to control. These results indicate that increase of NH3, CO2 and N2O gas emissions was positively related to high N mineralization.

Greenhouse gas emission from agricultural land is recognized as an important factor influencing climatic change. In this study, the national CO2 emission was estimated for paddy soils, using soil GHG emission model (DNDC) with 1 km2 scale. To evaluate the applicability of the model in Korea, verification was carried out based on field measurement data using a closed chamber. The total national CO2 emission in 2015 was estimated at 5,314 kt CO2-eq, with the emission per unit area ranging from 2.2~10.0 t CO2-eq ha-1. Geographically, the emission of Jeju province was particularly high, and the emission from the southern region was generally high. The result of the model verification analysis with the field data collected in this study (n=16) indicates that the relation between the field measurement and the model prediction was statistically similar (RMSE=22.2, ME=0.28, and r2=0.53). More field measurements under various climate conditions, and subsequent model verification with extended data sets, are further required.

본 연구에서는 철근콘크리트 건물에 대한 유전자 알고리즘 기반의 최적구조설계기법을 제시하고자 한다. 목적함수는 구조 물의 비용과 이산화탄소 배출량을 동시에 각각 최소화하는 것이다. 비용 및 인산화탄소 배출량은 구조설계안에서 얻을 수 있는 단면치수, 부재길이, 재료강도, 철근량 등과 같은 설계정보를 통해 계산한다. 즉, 구조물의 물량을 기초로 하여 비용과 이산화탄소 배출량을 평가한다. 재료의 운반, 시공 및 건물 운영 단계에서 발생하는 비용 및 이산화탄소 배출량은 본 연구에 서 제외한다. 제약조건은 철근콘크리트 건물을 구성하는 기둥과 보 부재의 강도조건과 층간변위조건이 고려된다. 제약조건 을 평가하기 위해 OpenSees를 활용한 선형정적해석이 수행된다. 제약조건을 만족시키면서 목적함수에 대해 최소의 값을 제 시하는 설계안을 찾기 위해 유전자 알고리즘이 사용된다. 제시한 알고리즘의 적용성을 검증하기 위해 4층 철근콘크리트 모 멘트 골조 예제에 제시하는 기법을 적용하여 검증한다.

최근 환경오염 문제에 대한 심각성이 대두되며 전 세계적으로 환경부하 저감을 위해 다양한 노력을 쏟고 있다. 특히 환경 저해 산업의 하나인 건설분야에서는 CO2배출량과 에너지 소비량을 줄이기 위해 활발한 연구를 진행해 왔다. 그러나 건설분야의 기존 연구들은 대부분 CO2배출량이 가장 큰 사용 및 유지관리 단계에만 집중하고 있으며, 설계단계에 대한 연구는 2D의 철근콘크리트 부재 및 구조물에 대해서만 실행되었을 정도로 초기단계이다. 사실, LCA적 관점에서 친환경적 건설산업을 이루기 위해서는 건물의 초기설계 단계에서부터 CO2배출량을 저감시키기 위한 방향으로 설계를 유도할 수 있어야 하며, 구조 엔지니어로서 환경성을 고려한 설계안을 제시할 수 있어야 한다. 그러므로 본 연구에서는 매입형 합성기둥(SRC)을 대상으로 CO2최적화 기법을 제시하였으며, 이를 통해 얻은 여러 설계단면을 이용하여 SRC기둥의 CO2배출량에 영향을 미치는 3가지 요소(① 강재 크기, ② 콘크리트 압축강도, ③ 작용 하중 크기)에 대한 영향관계를 분석하였다.

PURPOSES : The present paper is to compare vehicles' CO2 emissions in roundabouts and signalized intersections. METHODS : The present paper uses the SIDRA software with variables of traffic and road conditions. RESULTS : The results of the study are as follows : First, when entering traffic volumes are more than 1600pcph, vehicle's CO2 emissions in roundabouts are lower than those of signalized intersections regardless of the left turn ratio. Second, When entering traffic volumes are more than 2800pcph, vehicles's CO2 emissions in 2-lane approaches are lower than those of 1-lane approaches in signalized intersection. Third, when entering traffic volumes are more than 1600pcph, vehicle's CO2 emissions of CASE B are lowest. (CASE B is the condition with one exclusive left-turn lane and one exclusive straight lane and one shared straight lane with right-turn.) Also, CASE A is the condition that vehicle's CO2 emissions in roundabouts are lower than those of signalized intersections between 1600pcph and 3600pcph. (CASE A is the condition with one exclusive left-turn lane and one shared straight lane with right-turn.) But, when entering traffic volumes are more than 4000pcph, vehicle's CO2 emissions in signalized intersections is lower than those of roundabouts. CONCLUSIONS : It may be concluded that vehicle's CO2 emissions on roundabouts are much lower than those of signalized intersections, especially, when entering traffics volumes are between 1600pcph and 3600pcph in 1-lane or 2-lane approaches.

최근 온실가스 감축을 위한 세계 각국의 노력이 다각도로 진행되고 있으며, 국제적인 협력 또한 시급히 요구되고 있다. 이러한 노력의 일환으로 해운 업계에서는 항내에서 유발되는 선박 기인 온실가스 배출량 중 탄소에 대한 배출량 감축과 선박운항 비용 절감을 위한 친환경 항만 체계 구축 방안이 활발히 논의되고 있다. 이 논문에서는 탄소 배출량 감축 및 친환경 항만 체계 구축의 기초 연구로 정박 중인 선박에 자체 생산 전력을 공급하는 대신 육상전력을 공급하는 방안을 모색하였다. 이를 위하여 실제 운항중인 목포해양대학교의 실습선 새누리호를 대상으로 정박 중인 선박이 육상전력을 사용함으로써 얻을 수 있는 환경적 비용적 효과에 관해 고찰하였다. 연구 결과 육상전력을 사용한 경우에 CO2 배출량은 약 32.5%가 감소되었고, 운항비용은 약 33%가 절감된 것으로 나타났다.

Purpose: The present study examines the effects of tourism on carbon dioxide emissions for selected South Asian economies over the time from 1995 to 2016. Research design, data and methodology: The present study is an annual time series analysis of tourism and CO2 emissions. The data is taken from World Development Indicators, an official data bank of World Bank. The study sample covers four South Asian countries, namely Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Nepal. The empirical analysis is conducted by employing Pedroni panel cointegration, Fully Modified OLS, and Dynamic OLS approaches of estimation. Results: Tourism significantly increases environmental degradation in selected South Asian economies. The empirical estimated results indicate, that 1 % increase in tourism related activities leads to 0.16 % increase in CO2 emissions. In addition energy consumption and GDP are also causing an upsurge in CO2 emissions in the selected panel of South Asian economies. As the empirical results indicate that 1% increase in GDP stimulates carbon dioxide emissions by 0.23%. Conclusion: In order to protect the environment, the study emphasizes that sustainable tourism practices need to be promoted in the selected South Asian countries. Policy implication and provided and discussed.

정부의 국가 중기 온실가스 감축목표를 대내외적으로 공표함에 따라 온실가스 감축에 대한 필요성이 절실해져 온실가스 감축을 위한 기술개발이 활발하지만, 정확한 Non-CO2 온실가스 배출량 파악이 어렵고 감축기술에 대한 조사가 부족한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구는 감축기술 적용이 가능한 Non-CO2(N2O) 온실가스 배출원을 파악하고 예상 감축량을 마련하는데 그 목적을 두었다. N2O는 대부분 경제 산업활동의 인위적 요소로 인해 발생하며 1970년 산업혁명 이후 꾸준히 증가하는 추세이다. N2O는 연료 연소(고정연소, 이동연소), 산업공정(질산 제조, 아디프산 제조 및 카프로락탐 제조), 폐기물소각공정에서 주로 발생되고 있다. N2O 온실가스 배출량은 IPCC 가이드라인의 기본 배출계수를 적용하여 산정하였고, 산정값들의 평균증가율을 적용하여 배출량을 2020년까지 전망하였는데, 연료 연소 중 고정연소의 2020년 N2O 배출량은 총 5,230,760 tCO2eq으로 전망되었고 이 중 에너지산업 부문의 배출량 전망치가 50％ 이상을 차지하였다. 이동연소의 N2O 배출량은 2020년 기준으로 총 1,277,739 tCO2eq으로 전망되었고 총 배출량의 90% 이상이 도로수송의 배출량이 차지할 것으로 전망하였다. 폐기물소각과 미산정배출원(SCR/SNCR)의 N2O 배출량은 2020년 기준으로 각각 총 19,419 tCO2eq, 2,546,502 tCO2eq으로 전망되었다.

Many industries put emphasis on Environment-Friendliness as environmental problems are on the rise all over the world. Among themselves the Modular Bridge research is going on. Also performing cross-section optimization and duration reducing, this research aims at developing the modular bridge with Environment-Friendliness and economic feasibility. However, The difficulty lies in verifying environmental effectiveness because there is no field applications of the modular bridge until now. Therefore, this thesis is 40m bending steel girder modular bridge CO2 emission quantification per work type and materials according to each form to verify environmental effectiveness of the modular bridge.

Currently, global warming problem is serious. One of reasons of global warming is CO2 emissions. As an alternative means to prevent this, there is an environment-friendly effect of modular bridge method. After analyzing the CO2 emissions of the steel modular bridge which is used in a modular bridge based on D/B W.B.S analysis program and by comparing the CO2 emissions with that of the similar type of bridge, it is intended to analyze the environmental-friendly of modular bridge through the evaluation of the CO2 emissions of modular steel girder bridge of 21m.

The recent global economic crisis caused the recession of the domestic real estate, and accordingly maintenance and remodeling on existing public housing has been growing interested. As the aging of public housing, it has caused the increase of the CO2 emissions and the worse of the residential environment. So this study is to derive at the optimal remodeling time with an minimize CO2 emissions. Remodeling of the public housing is included in the long-term repair plan to public unit and the private unit based on empirical studies. The exterior of high-rise public housing and water supply, sanitation, gas and ventilation equipment, heating and hot water supply facilities, etc., it was calculated CO2 emissions by repairs and remodeling. As a result, it can be predicted to when minimize CO2 emissions to the remodeling of public housing. And while maintaining the good condition of housing environment, the global environment friendly remodeling housing project can be expected to expand.

This paper analyzed the CO2 emission of existing buildings with reconstruction and reusing in the declined residential area of Jeonju old town. The average CO2 emission to square meter of residential buildings in Jeonju is 1.7tCO2/m2.

This paper analyzed the CO2 emission of existing buildings with reconstruction and reusing in declined commercial area of Jeonju old town. The average CO2 emission to square meter of commercial buildings in Junju is 1.4tCO2/m2.

This paper analyzed the CO2 emission of existing buildings on the operation phase in the declined residential area of Jeonju old town. The average CO2 emission to square meter of residential buildings in jeonju was calculated.

The Kyoto Protocol, that had been in force from February 16, 2005, requires significant reduction in CO₂emissions for all anthropogenic sources containing transportation, industrial, commercial, and residential fields, etc, and automotive emission standards for air pollutants such as particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) become more and more tight for improving ambient air quality. This paper has briefly reviewed homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion technology offering dramatic reduction in CO₂, NOx and PM emissions, compared to conventional gasoline and diesel engine vehicles, in an effort of automotive industries and their related academic activities to comply with future fuel economy legislation, e.g., CO₂emission standards and corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) in the respective European Union (EU) and United States of America (USA), and to meet very stringent future automotive emission standards, e.g., Tier 2 program in USA and EURO V in EU. In addition, major challenges to the widespread use of HCCI engines in road applications are discussed in aspects of new catalytic emissions controls to remove high CO and unburned hydrocarbons from such engine-equipped vehicles.