인간이 외부 환경에 적절하게 대응하기 위해서는 정확한 시간 지각이 필요함에도 불구하고 다양한 비 시간적 (non-temporal) 특성들이 시간 지각에 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 그동안 시간 지각에 영향을 주는 다양한 요인들이 검증되었지만 참가자와 자극 간의 거리가 시간 지각에 영향을 주는지 직접 검증한 연구는 없다. 본 연구는 자극의 망막상 크기, 물리적 크기, 지각된 크기를 고려하여 관찰 거리가 시간 지각에 미치는 영향을 검증하였다. 연구 결과, 자극의 물리적 크기 및 지각된 크기가 동일한 실험에서 관찰 거리의 효과가 나타나지 않았으며, 자극의 망막상 크기가 동일한 실험에서만 관찰 거리의 효과가 나타났다. 이는 자극의 망막상 크기가 동일한 경우, 관찰 거리가 증가할수록 자극의 물리적 크기 또한 커지기 때문에 자극의 크기가 시간 지각에 영향을 준 결과일 수 있다. 이러한 실험 결과는 정보가 제한되지 않는 경우에 관찰거리가 변화하더라도 대상의 지속시간이 항상성 있게 지각될 수 있음을 시사한다.

현대의 도시는 급격한 도시화로 인하여 대기오염 악화, 도시 열섬현상 등 환경문제로 인간의 생활환경에 변화를 초래하였다. 이러한 상황에서 도시 녹지는 도시 내 기후완 화, 공기정화 등의 역할 뿐만 아니라 도시자연경관의 보호와 휴식공간을 제공하여 건강･휴양 등 건전한 여가생활의 향상에 기여하고 있다. 이와 같은 도시 녹지의 다양한 기능을 파악하고 도시환경을 개선시키기 위한 기상연구는 다수 진행되었으나 도로로부터 거리에 따른 기상연구는 미비한 실정이다. 이에 본 연구는 도로로 둘러싸인 대규모 도시공원에서 거리별 기상특성 및 이온지수를 평가하여 향후 대규모 도시공원설계에 대한 기초자료로 이용하고자 하였다. 연구대상지는 서울 강동구에 위치한 올림픽공원을 대상으로 진행하였다. 대상지 측정 지점은 4방위(N, S, E, W) 로 도로로부터 40m마다 지점을 정하여 총 80지점을 측정을 하였으며, W에서 시작하여 E로 끝나는 지점을 A지점, S에서 시작하여 N으로 끝나는 지점을 B지점으로 설정하였다. 도로에서부터 40m씩 간격으로 외곽(0~160m), 내곽 1(200m~360m), 내곽 2(400~560m), 중심(600~760m)으로 구분하였다. 토지피복과 식생현황, 경사도, 사면방위, 습윤 지수를 조사한 후 측정지점마다 기상특성으로 기온, 상대 습도, 풍속, 일사량 및 복사량을 각각 5반복 측정하였으며, 동시에 양이온과 음이온을 측정하여 이온지수로 분석하였다. 측정기간은 5월로 기기의 훼손이 우려되는 날을 제외 하고 진행하였으며, 측정시간대는 10시부터 16시까지 진행하였다. 통계분석은 SPSS 18.0을 이용하여 일원배치분산분석을 통해 사후검정으로 Duncan을 이용하였으며, 거리별에 따른 기상특성과 이온지수의 상관성을 보기 위해 상관성분석을 실시하였으며, 거리별에 따른 회귀식을 파악 하고자 회귀분석을 실시하였다. A지점(W-E)에서의 경우 기온은 외곽>내곽1>내곽2>중심 순으로 측정되었으며, 상대습도는 중심>내곽2>내곽1> 외곽 순으로 측정되었다. 일사량은 내곽1>내곽2>외곽>중 심 순으로 측정되었으며, 복사량의 경우 내곽2>외곽>내곽 1>중심 순으로 측정되었다. A지점에서 평균 양이온은 418.99ea/cm³로 발생하였으며, 가장 낮은 지역은 중심부로 분석되었다. 가장 높은 지역 은 외곽부로 평균보다 약 11ea/cm³정도 높게 분석되었다. 이는 도로와 인접해 있으며, 토지피복은 불투수포장지로, 식생이 없어 높게 나온 것으로 사료되었다. 음이온의 경우 평균 397.15ea/cm³로 발생하였으며, 가장 높은 지역은 내곽 2로 평균보다 약 74ea/㎤정도 높게 발생하였으며, 가장 낮은 지역은 외곽부로 평균보다 약 80ea/cm³정도 낮게 발생하였다. 이온지수의 경우 가장 높은 지역은 중심부로 다른 지역에 비해 약 0.42정도 높은 것으로 조사되었다. B지점(S-N)에서의 경우 기온은 외곽>내곽2>내곽1>중심 순으로 측정되었으며, 상대습도의 경우 중심>내곽2>내 곽1>외곽 순으로 측정되었다. 일사량은 외곽>내곽2>내곽1>중심 순으로 측정되었으며, 복사량의 경우 외곽>내곽1> 내곽2>중심 순으로 측정되었다. B지점에서 평균 양이온은 377.49ea/cm³로 발생하였으며, 가장 낮은 지역은 내곽부로 분석되었다. 음이온의 경우 평균 488.92ea/cm³로 발생하였으며, 가장 높은 지역은 내곽 2로 평균보다 약 180ea/cm³정도 높게 발생하였으며, 가장 낮은 지역은 외곽부로 평균보다 약 222ea/cm³정도 낮게 발생하였다. 대규모 도시공원에 4방위(N,S,E,W)로 40m지점마다 기상특성과 이온지수를 측정하였다. 중심으로 갈수록 기온, 양이온 발생량이 낮아졌으며, 외곽으로 갈수록 상대습도, 음이온 발생량이 낮아졌다. 이를 통해 거리별에 따른 기상 요소와 이온지수의 상관성을 확인할 수 있었다

Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, commonly known as pine wood nematode (PWN) and pathogen of pine wilt disease, is transmitted to new host trees through Monochamus spp.. In this study, five points were set 1 km apart placing the interface of the damaged area in the middle to measure density of the beetles and confirm the presence of PWN in Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea. The vectors collected from five traps on each point were sorted on weekly basis until the 12th week. We confirmed the presence of PWN in each collected vector by PCR with species-specific ITS primers.

섬은 비록 물에 둘러싸여 고립되어 있지만 서식지 유형이 바닷가부터 산림까지 다양하고 각 서식지마다 다양한 동ㆍ식물이 분포한다. 섬 생물지리학에서 동적평형설(dynamic equilibrium theory)은 섬에 서식하는 생물 종 수가 섬 면적과 육지와의 거리에 따라 결정된다는 이론이다. 대한민국은 3,358개의 섬을 가지고 있는데 이 수는 세계에서 4번째로 많다. 초식성 곤충은 전체 생물종의 1/4을 이루며, 식물을 먹이원으로 하기 때문에 식물과 밀접한 관련이 있다. 따라서 이 연구는 다양한 초식성 곤충의 활동을 알 수 있는 잎의 식흔을 이용하여 섬 생물지리학 이론을 확인하고자 하였다. 2017년 6월, 2018년 6~7월에 다도해해상국립공원에 속해 있는 15개 섬에서 식흔을 알아보았으며 대상 식물은 4개 과(대극과, 자작나무과, 장미과, 참나무과)에 속하는 낙엽활엽수이었다. 조사결과 Chewer와 Miner에 의한 식흔은 섬 면적이 클수록 Chewer에 의한 식흔량의 평균값과 Miner에 의한 mine의 수가 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 하지만 육지와의 거리가 멀수록 Chewer에 의한 식흔량의 평균값과 mine의 수는 감소하는 경향을 보였다. Galler에 의한 식흔은 섬 면적이 클수록 gall의 수는 감소하는 경향을 보였고, 육지와의 거리가 멀수록 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 이 결과를 통해, Chewer와 Miner에 의한 식흔은 섬 생물지리학 이론에 일치하는 양상을 보였지만, galler에 의한 초식활동은 이론에서 예측한 결과와는 맞지 않았다. 이 연구를 통하여 일부 초식곤충의 활동이 섬 면적이나 육지와의 거리에 영향을 받는 것을 알 수 있었으나 galler와 같은 초식곤충은 일반적인 경향을 따르지 않았으며 이러한 원인에 대한 정밀 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각한다.

The annoyance potential for odor sources can be evaluated by separation distances. A separation distance between a standard pig farm and a residential area was investigated by the AERMOD model. The studied area comprised four sites in Korea. The study sites were Paju, Yangpyeong, Suwon, and Icheon, respectively. The separation distances criteria of the three reference Odor Impact Criteria (OIC) were used to evaluate the separation distance. Results show that separation distances for the four sites were calculated 20 m from the fence in the existing pig farm criteria case [exceedance probability P (%) = 2.0% and concentration = 6 OU] in Ireland. In the case of the new pig farm criteria [(exceedance probability P (%) = 2.0% and concentration = 3 OU) of Ireland, results show that the separation distances of the four locations were between 120 m and 145 m from the fence. These values were about 3.0~4.5 times larger than those of the existing pig farm criteria case. In the case of a concentration of 1 OU and the exceedance probability P (%) of a 2.0% criteria, the separation distances of the four sites ranged from 250 m to 290 m.

Background: Genu varum is also known as bow leg. It is a deformity wherein there is lateral bowing of the legs at the knee. it does give rise to pain, and persistent bowing can often give rise to discomfort in knees, hips and ankles. Objects: This study investigated the effect of narrow squats on the knee joint during a gait and distance between the knees of person with genu varum. Methods: This study analyzed 23 patient with genu varum that grade Ⅲ, 12 narrow squat group and 11 genenal squat group in motion analysis laboratory. The subjects of experiment took gait before and after intervention, the range of joint motion, moment of knee joint adduction, power, distance of the knees were measured. And in order to make an analysis between groups, an paiered t-test and independent t-test was carried out. For statistical significance testing, it was decided that significance level α be .05. Results: It was shown that the group of narrow squat exercise significantly decreased in distance of knees (p<.05),In moment of adduction of knee joint, it was shown to significantly decrease in two groups (p<.05), was significantly decreased in adduction, abduction, and rotation (p<.05). In relation of peak-knee adduction moment and valgus angle, there was significant decrease in narrow squat group (p<.05). Conclusion: When the above result of study were examined, a narrow squat exercise given to the genu varum patients significantly decreased the distance between the knees, range of knee adduction and abduction, knee adduction moment, knee power. And stability gains through the decrease of excursion of knee medial part be effective for the correction of genu varum deformation.

Introduction Recent years have witnessed a rapid growth in peer to peer (P2P) sharing-service businesses such as Uber and Airbnb. In P2P sharing-service businesses, goods or services are provided by customers (peers) rather than by service firms, who act simply as an intermediary between customers. One customer acts as a service-providing customer (SPC), and the other as a service-receiving customer (SRC). P2P sharing-service firms have no direct control over an SPC’s quality of service provided to an SRC. Further, both SPCs and SRCs are customers to the firm, and therefore firms are concerned with the quality of service provided not only to SRCs but also to SPCs. In the P2P sharing-service context, particularly in the case of services serving the needs of diverse travelers (e.g., Uber or Airbnb), SPCs and SRCs can be people of different genders and races, which can cause them to feel socially distant from each other. Since SPCs are not professional service employees, they may not know how to cope with the social distance, which can result in uncomfortable service experience for both SPCs and SRCs. The more similar to the SPC an SRC feels, the more comfortable the SRC is likely to feel, which can lead to higher service satisfaction. Yet, few studies examined how such social distance can be reduced. This study is intended to fill this gap in the research. Specifically, we propose that an SPC’s form of address for SRC can moderate the effect of the incongruence in gender and race on an SRC’s perceived social distance. Theoretical Development Social distance refers to the level of acceptance people have of others outside of their own social group or class (Bogardus, 1928). It is a measure of perceived difference (or distance) between groups. In the context of the P2P sharing service, SRCs and SPCs can be from diverse social groups. When an SRC encounters an SPC from a social group that is different from theirs, the SRC can feel socially distant from the SPC. Immediate differences an SRC can identify upon meeting an SPC is demographic such as gender, age and race. In this study, we first propose that the difference (incongruence) in gender, age and race makes an SRC feel socially distant from an SPC. Social distance is closely related with similarity (Osbeck & Moghaddam, 1997; Liviatan, Trope & Liberman, 2009). In the context of mentoring, the higher the perceived and actual similarity a portage feels with a mentor, the higher the level of the portage liking and satisfaction for the mentor and with the mentoring service (Ensher, 1997). Matching gender and race between a mentor and a portage positively influenced self-reported grade point average, efficacy and confidence of a portage (Blake-Beard et al. 2011). Race was well demonstrated to influence social distance (Triandis & Triandis, 1960). Taken together, we conjecture that the effect of the difference in gender and race on social distance will apply to the P2P sharing service context and propose the following hypothesis: H1: The incongruence in gender and race between an SRC and an SPC will make SRCs feel more socially distant from SPCs compared to the case of congruence. We propose in this study that the form of address for SRCs by SPCs can influence the level of social distance SRCs feel because of the incongruence in gender and race. The relationship between forms of address and social distance has been proposed (Brown, 1965). Intimate terms of address is associated with intimate relationship. Intimate terms of address is inversely proportional to social distance (Keshavarz, 2001). Calling someone by the first name is related with friendliness (Brown, 1961). The use of first name is positively associated with closeness in relationship (Brown, 1965). An empirical study in the healthcare context showed that most patients preferred to be addressed by the first name (as opposed to last name) (Gillette, Filak & Thorne, 1984). Taken together, we propose the following: H2: Intimate forms of address by the SPC for the SRC will reduce the level of social distance caused by the incongruence in gender and race. We propose that the level of perceived social distance influences the level of comfort SRCs feel with the SPC during the service delivery. The negative effect of social distance on the level of interaction comfort has been shown (Paswan & Ganesh, 2005). In the context of service encounters where customers feel cultural differences, psychological distance was shown to influence comfort negatively (Weiermair, 2000). Since social distance is a dimension of psychological distance (Trope & Liberman, 2011), we propose the effect of social distance on comfort as following: H3: Reduced social distance will lead to a higher level of comfort. The effect of social distance on comfort can vary by customers. In this study, we propose that the effect is moderated by the customer’s motive for the purchase of the P2P sharing service. There are largely four movies for customers who participate in collective consumptions (i.e., sharing service): economic motive, social motive, hedonic motive, and the motive to reduce risks and responsibilities (Benoit, Baker, Bolton, Gruner & Kandampully, 2017). Economic motives are associated with reducing expenses, and social motives are with meeting other people (e.g. more authentic travel) (Benoit et al., 2017). Hedonic motives are related with “accessing products that are exciting or normally out of reach” while motives to reduce risks and responsibilities are related with “no burdens of ownership, option to preview a product for potential purchase” (Benoit et al., 2017). According to a research in the context of P2P accommodations, cost saving, familiarity, trust, and utility are determinants of satisfaction with a sharing option. Thus, we propose that customer motives moderate the effect of social distance on comfort (Möhlmann, 2015). H4: The effect of social distance on comfort vary by customer motives for purchase. When feeling comfortable, people are more likely to trust, feel satisfied, and commit themselves, which can help improve relationship (Spake, Beatty, Brockman & Crutchfield. 2003). Comfort positively influences perceived service quality and satisfaction (Dabholkar, Shepherd & Thorpe, 2000). Comfort influences satisfaction positively (Paswan & Ganesh, 2005). In the P2P sharing-service context, SRCs’ evaluation of SPCs are carried out by reviews. Customer reviews of SPCs’ services are vitally important for both SRCs and SPCs. Reviews help other SRCs to identify desirable SPCs (Ert, Fleischer & Magen, 2016) and SPCs to receive feedback for their service quality improvement. Therefore, we propose the following: H5: Comfort leads to SRC’s intention to write good reviews. Data Collection Data will be collected from American consumers who have used Uber at least once in the past one year through an online scenario-based survey using a 2 (genders: male vs. female) x 3 (races: white vs. yellow vs. black) x 3 (forms of address: no address vs. first name vs. last name) between-subject experimental design. Hypotheses will be tested by an analysis of variance and a structural equation modeling analysis. In the analyses, the potential effects of trust, familiarity, community belonging, utility (Möhlmann, 2015) and age will be controlled. Implications Findings of this study will reveal the importance of reducing social distance that SRCs feel during encounters with SPCs. Of many possible ways to reduce social distance between SRCs and SPCs, the result of this study will show that SPCs’ use of appropriate form of address to SRCs is effective. Further, it will show that the effect of social distance on customer comfort can vary by the purpose of the use of the sharing service. These findings will offer P2P service firms insights on how to help SPCs offer more comfortable services to SRCs and as a result receive positive reviews from SRCs.

Building on insights from institutional theory and dynamic capabilities, this study investigates the relationships of cross-functional capabilities with export marketing strategy implementation and, ultimately, its influence on export performance. This study utilizes multiple-informant and time-lagged primary data from 218 exporting firms in Nigeria to contribute to an understanding of how export marketing capabilities can be implemented to drive export performance. The results suggest contrasting moderating effects of psychic distance and competitive intensity on the cross-functional capabilities to export marketing strategy implementation relationship. This research contributes to the international business and marketing literature by advancing the knowledge on marketing capabilities and strategy implementation, and highlights managerial implications for international business.

Based on survey data from 160 importing firms from 33 countries/regions, this study examines the effects of firm-owned versus sales rep-owned commitment on firm performance across varying degrees of economic distance between import and export countries. Results reveal both firm- and rep-owned commitment have positive effects on the export firm’s financial outcomes including the current and predicted future purchase share. Moreover, findings show that the larger the economic distance, the stronger the effect of rep-owned commitment but the weaker the effect of firm-owned commitment on sales performance. We also find two important antecedents to rep-owned commitment: economic-based instruments and relationship-based instruments, whereas only economic-based instruments have positive effect on firm-owned commitment.

This research examined whether the (in)congruence between the geographical distance between the viewer and the destination, and the dynamic distance experienced via zoomin and zoom-out affects the recommendation likelihood of the travel destination. Specifically, when the viewer’s motivation is utilitarian (e.g., travelling for work), we expect the congruence effect (H1): a higher recommendation likelihood when the geographic distance is congruent with the dynamic distance; that is, the viewer is more likely to recommend the travel destination when the destination is geographically far away from (close to) with a zoom-out (zoom-in) view. By contrast, when the viewer’s motivation is hedonic (e.g., travelling for fun), we expect the incongruence effect (H2): a higher recommendation likelihood when the geographic distance is incongruent with the dynamic distance; that is, the viewer is more likely to recommend the travel destination when the destination is geographically far away from (close to) with a zoom-in (zoomout) view. We test these ideas in an experimental study.

Virtual Reality (VR) is no longer only a buzzword, but pronounced to be the next revolutionary platform after PCs and smartphones (Bellini et al., 2016). Up to this point research on VR has been primarily focusing on virtual product experiences (e.g.Klein, 2003; Li, Daugherty, & Biocca, 2002) or brand experiences (e.g.Van Kerrebroeck, Brengman, & Willems, 2017), whereas no research using a VR in conjunction with service concepts or provider-consumer relationships could be found. However, with service characteristics such as intangibility and a high uncertainty in purchase decisions the new technology could prove very useful in supporting customers in their purchase decisions (Lovelock & Wirtz, 2011). VR is able to simulate the consumption more similar and closer to a direct experience than other media and is hence be able to support the customer in his decision decision. Furthermore, and induced by the feeling of telepresence or spatial presence customers are transported to the virtually created service environment and hence enabled to familiarize with the service and connect with the service provider prior to the actual consumption (Balasubramanian, Konana, & Menon, 2003). The theoretical foundation lies with the Construal Level Theory (CLT) and the concept of psychological distance. As Trope and Liberman (2010) induce, objects that are closer to one’s direct experience (low psychological distance) are mentally construed on a lower (more concrete) level and thus perceived with a lower psychological distance or in other words close from the self, here, and now (Liberman & Trope, 1998; Trope & Liberman, 2010). The study at hand shows a direct positive relationship between the level of telepresence and the participants’ construal level, enabling service providers to reduce the level of psychological distance to their consumers with the help of VR. Further, the positive relationship between construal level and participants’ level of trust, risk and perceived firm knowledge could be proven as significant with the data at hand. This is both supporting and extending the existing literature (Darke, Brady, Benedicktus, & Wilson, 2016; Edwards, Lee, & Ferle, 2009). The results contribute to an increasing interest of the potential of construal level theory application in a service environment and offer great potential for service practitioners to reduce psychological distance to their customers and in the following increase trust and reduce risk, both being very central challenges when it comes to the purchase decision for services.

본 연구는 혁신직무행동에 대한 주도적 성격의 영향과 이 과정에서 지각된 조직 내 권력거리의 조절효과를 검증하였다. 특히 조직 내 권력거리가 혁신직무행동의 발현과 실행과정에서 다른 정도로 조절효과를 보일 것이라는 가설을 제기하였다. 다양한 조직에서 근무하는 439명을 대상으로 수집한 자료를 바탕으로 제안된 가설을 검증하였다. 그 결과 주도적 성격은 혁신직무행동의 발현과 실행에 모두 정적으로 관련이 있었다. 또한 조직 내 권력거리에 의한 조절효과는 혁신직무행동의 발현에서는 나타나지 않지만 실행에 대해서는 명확하게 나타났다. 이 결과는 주도적 성격이 혁신적 행동을 예측한다는 기존연구를 경험적으로 지지할 뿐 아니라 혁신직무행동의 발현보다 혁신적 사고를 촉진시켜야 하는 대인적 상호작용, 조직의 지원 등의 요인이 작용하는 실행 단계에서 더 중요하게 작용한다는 점을 시사한다. 이론적인 관점에서 본 연구의 결과는 기질활성화이론(Trait Activation Theory)을 지지하며 개인의 특성이 대상행동에 영향을 주는데 있어서 환경요인에 의한 촉진이 중요하다는 점을 확인하였다.

국가 사이의 문화거리가 다국적 기업의 성과에 영향을 미친다는 기존 연구에 기초 하여 본 연구에서는 문화거리로 야기되는 기업의 어려움이 최고경영진의 현지 대응 역량에 의해서 어떻게 완화되는지에 대한 연구 주제에 대해서 탐구하였다. 본 연구에서는 중국 시장에서의 현지 대응 역량은 1) 귀환자 여부 2) 교육 배경 3) 정치적인 연관성과 관련이 있음을 밝혔으며 이를 102개의 다국적 기업 데이터를 활용하여 실증적으로 분석하였다. 즉 이 연구는 다국적 기업 최고 경영진의 해외경험, 교육 수준, 그리고 정부 접근성이 중국이라는 시장에서 문화거리로 야기되는 단점을 상쇄하는 요소라는 사실을 검증하였다. 본 연구는 중국 시장을 넘어 다른 개발도상국에 진출한 외국계 기업의 현지 전략에도 실무적인 함의를 가질 것으로 기대한다.

This study considers zone-based registration (ZBR) and distance-based registration (DBR). A mobile station performs location registration whenever the MS reaches a new zone or the specified distance. These two schemes seem to be similar but, in DBR, the mobile station (MS) is in the center of the location area right after location registration differently from in ZBR. In this study, we point out some problems of the previous analysis method and propose an improved analysis method of ZBR and DBR. Using the improved analysis method, we show that the previous analysis includes some problems, and that the performances of two registration methods in our study are enhanced more than in the previous study. This results of this study should be useful to analyze the performance of various location registration schemes.

예이츠의 문학 활동은 ‘문화 민족주의’운동을 통해 아일랜드의 독립을 추구하려는 끊임없는 노력으로 볼 수 있다. 그는 아일랜드의 시골에서 오랫동안 구전된 켈트의 전설, 민담, 설화 및 민요에 큰 관심을 갖고 보편적인 경험으로 공유하는 신들, 요정들, 영웅들의 이야기에서 민족의 감정을 되살리려 한다. 예이츠는 복잡한 이해관계로 얽힌 아일랜드의 현실 정치와 거리를 유지하면서도 문화와 민족정신의 회복 을 통해 독립을 이룰 수 있다고 믿는다. 한편 예이츠의 신비주의 상징주의 경향의 작품성은 문학의 선동적 기능을 추구하던 강성 아일랜드 민족주의자들과 갈등하고 대립하는 양상으로 전개된다.