Many changes in the scale and structure of the Korean rice cropping system have been made over the past few decades. Still, insufficient research has been conducted on the sustainability of this system. This study analyzed changes in the Korean rice cropping system’s sustainability from a system ecology perspective using an emergy approach. For this purpose, an emergy table was created for the Korean rice cropping system in 2011, 2016, and 202, and an emergy-based indicator analysis was performed. The emergy analysis showed that the total emergy input to the rice cropping system decreased from 10,744E+18 sej year-1 to 8,342E+18 sej year-1 due to decreases in paddy field areas from 2011 to 2021, and the proportion of renewable resources decreased by 1.4%. The emergy input per area (ha) was found to have decreased from 13.13E+15 sej ha-1 year-1 in 2011 to 11.89E+15 sej ha-1 year-1 in 2021, and the leading cause was a decrease in nitrogen fertilizer usage and working hours. The amount of emergy used to grow 1 g of rice stayed the same between 2016 and 2021 (specific emergy: 13.3E+09 sej g-1), but the sustainability of the rice cropping system (emergy sustainability index, ESI) continued to decrease (2011: 0.107, 2016: 0.088, and 2021: 0.086). This study provides quantitative information on the emergy input structure and characteristics of Korean rice cropping systems. The results of this study can be used as a valuable reference in establishing measures to improve the ecological sustainability of the Korean rice cropping system.

Supply chain including transportation expend the 21% of domestic energy consumption. It is necessary to diminish the excess energy usage at entire supply chain. This paper deals with the application of MFCA(Material Flow Cost Accounting) for SCM to save energy consumption. We construct the material center corresponding to each logistics function in order to apply the MFCA for GCM(Green Chain Management). We also construct the MFCA framework which consists of MFCA Database Management, MFCA Visualization, GCM Data Integration, GCM Data Tracking, and MFCA Data Predict & Assignment. We expect to help determining the range of logistics function to apply the MFCA for GCM.

에머지 개념을 이용하여 영산강하구역, 섬진강하구역, 한강하구역의 자연환경과 사회경제활동을 평가하고 하구역 관리와 관련한 시사점을 제시하였다. 영산강하구역, 섬진강하구역, 한강하구역의 자연환경과 사회경제활동에 대한 에머지 평가는 대형 하천이 유입하는 환경적 특성과 주변 지역의 사회경제활동 중심으로 기능하는 경제적 특성 등 이들 하구역의 특성을 잘 보여주었다. 각 하구역으로 유입하는 주요 자연환경 에머지는 하천, 조석, 강수 등 이었다. 그러나 이들 재생가능에머지가 세 하구역의 전체 에머지 유입량에서 차지하는 비율은 8% 미만으로 아주 적었다. 이에 비해 하구역의 외부에서 구입하여 지역경제에 투입하는 에머지의 비율은 92~98%로 대부분을 차지하였다. 단위면적당 에머지사용량, 인구수용력, 환경부하비율, 에머지지속성지수 등 다양한 에머지 지수가 현재 영산강하구역, 섬진강하구역, 한강하구역에서 이루어지고 있는 사회경제활동의 지속성이 아주 낮다는 것을 보여주었다. 영산강하구역, 섬진강하구역, 낙동강하구역의 자연환경이 우리 경제에 기여하는 가치는 729~2,206만 Em/ha/yr으로 높게 평가되었다. 이는 우리나라 전체평균보다 2배 이상 높은 것인데, 하구역의 자연환경이 가지고 있는 생태경제적 중요성을 반영한다. 따라서 각 하구역이 가지고 있는 생태적 경제적 잠재력을 유지하고 회복하기 위한 하구환경관리정책의 수립 시행이 시급하다고 할 수 있다. 이는 인구 및 경제 집중의 완화, 하구의 환경수용력을 고려한 이용 개발 등 하구환경에 압력에 미치는 부정적 영향을 줄이기 위한 수요조절 측면의 정책과 훼손된 생태계의 복원, 인공생태계의 조성 등 생태계의 구조와기능을 회복하여 우리가 이용할 수 있는 생태계 서비스를 증가시키는 공급조절 측면의 두 가지 방향으로 추진할 필요가 있다.

유역 변경을 통한 수자원 확보방안으로 추진되고 있는 소규모 저류댐 건설에 대한 평가를 사례로 들어 자연 환경의 개발 계획에 대한 비용-편익 분석에 에머 지(Emergy)라고 하는 새로운 개념을 적용하였다. 에머지 개념은 환경 자원들이 우리 경제의 진정한 부에 기여하는 바를 평가하려는 시도이다. 에머지 평가를 위한 모델들은 시스템의 네트워크 특성들을 특별한 기호들을 이용하여 전체적으로 보여주는 모델링 언어인 에너지 시스템 언어(Energy Systems Language)를 이용하여 작성하였다. 제안된 댐 건설이 가져오는 대부분의 에머지 편익은 이 댐의 건설 목적인 용수 공급에 있었다. 댐의 건설로 형성될 호수의 생산성 증가로 인한 에머지 편익은 0.01% 미만으로 미미하였다. 주요 에머지 비용은 댐 건설비용 (28.2%), 유지관리비용 (27.2%), 사회적 혼란(22%), 수몰민의 이주비용(12.5%) 등으로 나타났다. 에머지 산출비율(Emergy yield ratio)은 퇴적물의 손실이 포함되지 않았을 경우 1.06, 퇴적물의 손실 포함되었을 경우 1.02로 나타나, 제안된 댐 건설의 순산출(Net yield) 은 그리 크지 않았다. 전통적인 비용-편익 분석 방법에 의한 비용-편익비(1.62)와 비교하여 볼 때, 에머지 개념을 이용한 비용-편익 평가에서는 제안된 댐의 편익이 낮게 나타났다. 이러한 에머지 산출비율은 생물종에 포함된 높은 에머지 때문에 시스템의 경계내에서 댐의 건설로 희귀 생물종의 손실이 일어난다면 1.0 미만으로 나타날 것이다. 이 경우 댐의 건설이 초래하는 에머지 비용은 에머지 편익보다 더 크게 될 것이다. 본 연구는 환경 자원이 감소하는 현 시점에 있어서 환경의 보다 나은 관리라는 측면에서 개발 계획들의 영향을 평가하는 데 적용될 수 있는 새로운 방법론을 소개하였다.

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is an important policy implemented before starting development projects to estimate and reduce environmental impact. However, the difficulty of quantification on several rating categories has hampered comprehensive analysis. Instead of it, the current EIA just summarizes outcome of investigation. Therefore, EIA fails to definitively ascertain whether the development shold be approved or not. This study aimed at providing the way to comprehensive decision-making by applying Emergy analysis and Emergy indicators to EIA. Production (P), Emergy Yield Ratio (EYR), Environmental Loading Ratio (ELR) and Emergy Sustainability Index (ESI) were selected for indicators. The indicators of range approving the development were set up with comparing before and after development or according to circumstances of which view of average that was classified as region or industry is appropriate to analysis. As a result, the value after development of P should be higher than the value before development. EYR and ESI of the value before development should be higher than region or industry average. On the contrary to these, ELR of the value after development should be lower than region or industry average. To verify applying Emergy indicators to EIA comprehensive analysis, Emergy evaluation was conducted to real case. As a result, applying Emergy analysis could suggest whether the development is appropriate or not. These indices and the result of this research are expected to be applied decision-making on environmental impact for sustainable development.

The gross domestic product(GDP) measures the welfare of a nation’s economy through the aggregation of products and services produced in a nation. Although GDP is a proficient measure of the magnitude of the economy, many economists, environmentalists, and citizens have recently criticized the gross domestic product. The criticism stems from the fact that this measurement of domestic product does not account for environmental degradation and resource depletion. We need to estimate the environmentally adjusted net domestic product. The gross domestic product was 913 trillion won while environmental protection expenditure was 32.9 trillion won by monetary accounts of Korea, 2010. Loss of natural assets was 76.6 trillion emwon by emergy analysis of Korea, 2010. The Green GDP was accounted for 88.0% of the GDP to 803.5 trillion won.

The purpose of this study is to analyze emergy flows of rice for evaluating the value of rice production and sustainability. Emergy analysis evaluates the sustainability of systems or processes considering all the inputs to make a product or a sevice. In this study, we analyzed the emergy flows and indices of rice productionand compared the regional emergy values using statisticcal analysis: input materials, hours per unit area(10a), and production costs. As the results, we found that the rates of external investment (EIR= 18.87) and environmental loading (ELR=21.7) are significantly high during the rice cultivation. However, emergy yield ratio(EYR) shows that rice is a valuable resource because EYR is 5.12 and environmental Sustainability IndexSI value is as low as 0.24 and it shows rice has low sustainability. This study also shows that Chungcheongnam-do has the highest SI value for rice production due to low environmental loading and abundant natural energy during rice cultivation. These results of rice emergy flows and sustainability assessments could provide a way of sustainable rice cultivation with decrease of environmental loading from fertilizer.

The Nakdong River being used as drinking water sources for the Busan metropolitan city has the vulnerability of water management due to the fact that industrial areas are located in the upper Nakdong River. This study used emergy analysis method to evaluate ecological-economics of water treatment systems of D water treatment plant (WTP) where located in the downstream of the Nakdong River. The emergy methodology is a system evaluation tool that uses energy as the common currency to compare different resources on a common basis. Emergy yield ratio (EYR) and emergy sustainability index (EmSI) of D WTP were 1.16 and 0.18, respectively. It means not resources and sustainable system but consumer goods and not sustainable system. Ratio of emergy benefit to the purchaser (EBP) shows 2.7 times higher than economic costs. To change the weak water source and situations we need to diversity water intake.

Solid wastes are among the most pressing environmental and resource concerns in Korea. The Korean government has been implementing various management alternatives to reduce the production of solid wastes and recover valuable resources from them. Refuse-derived fuel (RDF) manufacturing facilities are one of projects that aim at recovering energy from solid wastes. This study used the emergy evaluation procedure to assess the feasibility of an RDF manufacturing facility in Wonju, Korea. By converting 10,442.6 tons of combustible solid wastes into 5,801 tons of solid fuel in 2007, this facility prevented the loss of useful resources with an emergy quantity of 3.70 × 1019 sej/yr. This amounted to a potential worth of 7.04 billion emW/yr. Total emergy input required to produce 5,801 tons of RDF was 5.91 × 1019 sej/ yr with an emvalue of 11.3 billion emW/yr. The Wonju RDF manufacturing facility contributed more to the Korean economy beyond its investment cost as revealed by the emergy yield ratio of 2.67. Direct emergy benefits and costs of the RDF facility were calculated as 1.20 × 1010 emW/yr and 3.31 × 109 emW/yr, respectively, resulting in the net emergy benefit/cost ratio of 2.62. This indicates that the RDF facility was a feasible option for managing solid wastes for the city of Wonju in Korea. This study demonstrated the usefulness of the emergy concept and methodology in evaluating management alternatives for solid wastes in Korea.

The objective of this research is to apply more scientific, quantitative methods and procedures of environmental investigation to the development of the natural environment and the improvement of the human environment during the establishment of a sewage treatment plant and special facilities using environmental accounting. This research was performed to develop a method of strategic environmental assessment on the operation of sewage treatment plant and reuse of shellfish seeding areas through the use of environmental accounting based on EMERGY evaluation. The result was applied to marine environment policy in order to evaluate the real wealth of the regional environment and economy for both the present phase and the proposed developed phase. Using results from the comparison of EMERGY indices between the present situation and future scenarios, cost benefit analysis was performed for three different scenarios: (1) construction of a new sewage treatment plant, (2) relocation and recovery of the shellfish seeding area , and (3) relocation and re-seeding of shellfish area and construction of a new sewage treatment plant. Cost-benefit ratios of the three scenarios are 1.88, 0.94, and 1.38, respectively.

This research outlines a new method for evaluation of shellfish production in Gamak Bay based on the concept of EMERGY. Better understanding of those environmental factors influencing oyster production and the management of oyster stocks requires the ability to assess the real value of environmental sources such as solar energy, river, tide, wave, wind, and other physical mechanisms. In this research, EMERGY flows from environment sources were 76% for shellfish aquaculture in Gamak Bay. EMERGY yield ratio, Environmental Loading Ratio, and Sustainability Index were 4.26, 0.31 and 13.89, respectively. Using the Emergy evaluation data, the predicted maximum shellfish aquaculture production in Gamak Bay and the FDA (Food and Drug Administration, U.S.) designated area in Gamak Bay were 10,845 ton/y and 7,548 ton/yr, respectively. Since the predicted shellfish production was approximately 1.3 times more than produced shellfish production in 2005, the carrying capacity of Gamak Bay is estimated to be 1.3 times more than the present oyster production.

As forest land takes up 65% of the Korean peninsula, there have been continuing conflicts between the development and conservation of forest land. As the income level has changed over time, the usage of forest land in society has changed. There has been increasing demands for forest land for urban development and recreational use. On the other hand, a large proportion of the land is required to be preserved for the forest and the natural ecosystem in it. The existing management system for the forest land has been designed focusing on the management of the trees on the land, and not the land itself. Due to this limitation, the current management system of forest land has failed to protect the forest land from being developed indiscreetly, making it difficult to conserve and develop the forest land in an efficient way. A major question in forest land management is how to integrate economic use activities with the supporting ecosystems to maximize performance of the ecological-economic system. In order to promote sustainable use of forest resources, and to achieve efficient forest land management, it is prerequisite to evaluation on forest resources of natural ecosystems. Quantitative measures are needed that signify how necessary the services and products of forested ecosystems are to human endeavors. In this study, the natural wealth provided by forest land was quantified based on emergy synthesis. Emergy is a universal measure of real wealth of the work of nature and society made on a common basis. Thus, Calculations of emergy provide a basis for making choices about environment and economy following the general public policy to maximize real wealth. The goals of forest land management to achieve balance between the ecology and economy of its integrated system and to foster equity among the diverse outcomes of the forest land were assessed with emergy. Emergy was demonstrated to holistically integrated and quantify the interconnections of a coupled nature-human system allowing the goals of ecological balance and outcome equity to be measured quantitatively. Doing so will provide a better understanding of the basis of forest land wealth and the consequences of management decisions.

The emergy concept was used to valuate the contributions of a tidal flat ecosystem included in the fourth stage reclamation plan for the Youngsan River area to the Korean economy. Emergy contributions of the ecosystem were compared with those of economic valuations performed on the same ecosystem. The tidal flat ecosystem contributed 3.55 million Em\/ha annually. This, however, cannot be compared directly with those of the economic valuations because both methodologies approach the valuation of ecosystems in different perspectives. The emergy methodology is a donor-based valuation in which what goes into making a product or service is measured, while the economic valuation is a receiver-based approach in which human receivers determine the value of an ecosystem product or service. An emergy valuation was conducted for the three ecosystem functions included in the economic valuations to compare the results of both methodologies on the same basis. Fishery production and pollutants removal contributed 9.86 million Em\/ha/yr and 0.88 million Em\/ha/yr, respective1y. The conservation value of the tidal flat ecosystem was 3.55 million Em\/ha/yr. Overall, the emergy valuation that try to include works of both human and nature on the same basis resulted in higher economic contribution of the tidal flat ecosystem than that calculated by the economic methodologies in which only human works are measured based on the willingness-to-pay of people. This study showed that the emergy concept could provide an alternative tool for policy decision-making regarding utilization and conservation of ecosystems by approaching the ecosystem valuation from a different perspective than that of economic methodologies.

The cost of the construction and management of new apartment buildings was evaluated using a monetary analysis and an emergy concept to provide a new perspective regarding the housing policy of Korea. The systems of analyses were typical apartment buildings with an area of 76.03㎡ per household in Korea built on the same size of land area. Three apartment buildings with different stories were evaluated and compared; 5-story, 15-story, and 20-story apartment buildings. The durable years of those apartments were assumed to be 40 years. The total cost of the construction and management of an apartment building was divided into three categories of construction, land purchase, and management. A 20-story apartment showed the highest cost and a 15-story apartment the lowest in the monetary cost analysis. In contrast, the emergy evaluation revealed a different pattern in the cost of construction and management, the cost increasing from a 5-story apartment to a 20-story one. This means that the higher the apartment constructed, the greater the cost in terms of real wealth. This result suggests that new evaluation methodologies like the emergy analysis should be used together with the monetary analysis to provide better insights on the national housing policy.

Emergy is a measure of the processes required to produce something expressed in units of the same energy form. Emergy based indices can provide insights into the thermodynamic efficiency of the process, the quality of its output, and the interaction between the process and its surrounding environment. However, in an industrial system, the inputs are mostly nonrenewable, renewable energy source is nearly zero, ultimate purpose is pursuit of profits in economic activity. In study, we present two indices based on emergy - EEE(Ecological Economic Efficiency) and ERI(Environmental Responsibility Index). The EEE is taken into account real value of product in market economy. The ERI is shown to be a function of the net yield of the economy, its 'load' on the environment and ecological economic efficiency. Manufacturing industry of Korea produced the 30% of total GDP in 2001. We applied these indices to manufacturing industry for environmental management and further sustainable industry. As a results, the highest ERI is 0.34 in recycling industries, the lowest ERI is 0.01 in coke, refined petroleum products which is dominated by ELR. The higher ERI, the more friendly to environment. The suggested indices help us understand relative contributions of various alternatives in company's production and consumption activity, and provide a tool of decision-making for the rearrangement of future industries. Furthermore, they contribute to environmental friendly operation and consumption.

Sustainable development has been the key concept, both in economic policies and in environmental management. On the basis of an systems ecology perspective, this study suggests the sustainable development of Korea's natural environment and economic activity using the EMERGY evaluation. The total EMERGY use(7,730 E20sej/yr) in Korea is 81 percent from imported sources, fuels and goods and services. The ratio of outside investment to attracting natural resources is already large, like other industrialized countries. Continued availability of purchased inputs at a favorable balance of EMERGY trade, currently about 2.85 to 1 net EMERGY, is the basis for present economic activity and must decrease as the net EMERGY of purchased inputs including fossil fuels goes down. EMERGY yield ratio and environmental loading ratio were 1.23 and 20.30, respectively. The population level is already in excess of carrying capacity. Its carrying capacity for steady state on its renewable sources is only 2.2 million people, compared to 45.9 million in 1997. EMERGY sustainability index is therefore less than one, which is indicative of highly developed consumer oriented economies. Until now the development of a country has been achieved by the economic growth, but it can be sustained in the long run by the use of renewable resource systems, the efficiency of energy usage, and the transformation of the social-economic structure based on an ecological-recycling concept.

Sustainable development has been the key concept, both in economic policies and in environmental management since 1970s. In the view of systems ecology, sustainable resource use strategies are considered to be essential in achieving sustainable development. During the last three decades, the discipline of systems ecology has applied ecological energetic analysis to the evaluation of the contribution of natural environments to economic systems. EMERGY analysis of main energy flows driving the economy of humans and life support systems of a city was made including environmental energies, fuel, and inputs, all expressed as solar emjoules. Total EMERGY use of Pusan was 3.89 E22 sej/yr, about 90 percent of it was purchased sources from outside during eleven years from 1985 to 1995. EMERGY flows from the environment were less than 10 percent. EMERGY yield ratio and environmental loading ratio were 1.10 and 10.45, respectively. EMERGY sustainability index is therefore less than one, which is indicative of highly developed consumer oriented economies. Development of a city has been achieved in the short run by the economic growth, but it can be sustained in the long run by the use of renewable resource systems.

An EMERGY analysis of the main energy flows driving the economy of humans and life support systems consists of environmental energies, fuels, and imports, all expressed as solar emjoules. Total EMERGY use(720.0 E20 sej/yr) of the Nakdong River Basin is 96 per cent from imported sources, fuels and goods and services. EMERGY flows from the environment such as rain and geological uplift flux accounted for only 4 percent of total EMERGY use. Consequently, the ratio of outside investment to attracting natural resources was large, like other industrialized areas. EMERGY use per person in the Nakdong River Basin indicates a moderate EMERGY standard of living, even though the indigenous resources are very poor. Population of 6.66 million people in 1996 is already in excess of carrying capacity of the basin. Carrying capacity for steady state based on its renewable sources is only 0.226 million people. EMERGY yield ratio and environment loading ratio were 1.07 and 28.52, respectively. EMERGY sustainability index, a ratio of EMERGY yield ratio to environment loading ratio, is therefore less than one, which is indicative of highly developed consumer oriented economies. This study suggests that the economic structure of the Nakdong River Basin should be transformed from the present industrial structure to the social-economic structure based on an ecological-recycling concept for the sustainable use of the Nakdong River.

An emergy analysis of the main energy flows driving the economy of humans and life support systems was made including environmental energies, fuels, and imports, all expressed as solar emjoules. The total emergy use (4,373 E20 sej/yr) is 90 per cent from imported sources, fuels and goods and services. The emergy flows from the environment are modest, because the share of global inputs such as rain and geological uplift flux is modest. Consequently, the ratio of outside investment to attracting natural resources is already large, like other industrialized countries. The population level is already in excess of carrying capacity. The emergy use per person in Korea indicates a moderate emergy standard of living, even though the indigenous resource is very poor. If the present economy were running entirely on stored reserves of fuels, soils, woods, etc., it would last about 2 years. Its carrying capacity for steady state on its renewable sources is only 3.3 million people, compared to 43.3 million in 1991. Continued availability of foreign oil at a favorable balance of emergy trade, currently about 7 to 1 net emergy, is the basis for present economic activity and must decrease as the net emergy of foreign oil purchased goes down. Close economic integration with Middle East may determine how long this is possible in the future.