Iron and copper are practically immiscible in the equilibrium state, even though their atomic radii are similar. As non-equilibrium solid solutions, the metastable Fe-Cu alloys can be synthesized using special methods, such as rapid quenching, vapor deposition, sputtering, ion-beam mixing, and mechanical alloying. The complexity of these methods (multiple steps, low productivity, high cost, and non-eco-friendliness) is a hinderance for their industrial applications. Electrical explosion of wire (EEW) is a well-known and effective method for the synthesis of metallic and alloy nanoparticles, and fabrication using the EEW is a simple and economic process. Therefore, it can be potentially employed to circumvent this problem. In this work, we propose the synthesis of Fe-Cu nanoparticles using EEW in a suitable solution. The powder shape, size distribution, and alloying state are analyzed and discussed according to the conditions of the EEW.

This study presents design, construction and testing of a immiscible two working fluids thermosyphon with water and FC-40 to prevent freezing of vehicle starting up at temperatures below freezing point of water. The two working fluids thermosyphon was experimentally investigated on the startup characteristics at low temperatures below 0°C and then the thermosyphon was stable during startup and operated reliable at temperature of –30°C. The testing also showed that the performance and characteristics of the two working fluids thermosyphon differ from the charging ratio and mixture ratio of the two working fluids.

The frozen start up characteristics of the two phase closed thermosyphon using water and FC 40 as working fluid to prevents dry out by freezing of water at the condenser when below zero operation condition has been tested and studied. The experimental data showed that the thermosyphon using immiscible 2 fluids thermosyphon start up successfully at a -30℃ cooling condition as melted water by inflow 2nd working fluid to the condenser.

For the fabrication of core-shell structure bimetallic lead-free solder balls, both the critical temperature (Tcr) for the phase separation of two immiscible liquid phases and the temperature coefficient of the interfacial tension between the two separated liquid phases are required. In order to obtain this information, the temperature dependence of the surface tension of 60%Bi-24%Cu-16%Sn(-REM) alloys was measured using the constrained drop method. The slope of the temperature dependence of the surface tension changed clearly at a critical temperature for the separation of two immiscible liquid phases. The critical temperature of the 60%Bi-24%Cu-16%Sn alloy was estimated to be 1097K. An addition of 0.05% Ce decreased the critical temperature to 1085K, whereas that of 0.05% La increased it to 1117K. It was found that the surface tension and its temperature coefficient of the 60%Bi-24%Cu-16%Sn alloy were slightly increased by the addition of 0.05% Ce and 0.05% La. In addition, additions of Ce and La increased the temperature coefficient of the interfacial tension.

The mechanical alloying effect has been studied on the three Cu-based alloy systems with a positive heat of mixing. The extended bcc solid solution has been formed in the Cu-V system and an amorphous phase in the Cu-Ta system. However, it is round that a mixture of nanocrystalline Cu and Mo Is formed in the Cu-Mo system. The neutron diffraction has been employed at a main tool to characterize the detailed amorphization process. The formation of an amorphous phase in Cu-Ta system can be understood by assuming that the smaller Cu atoms preferentially enter into the bcc Ta lattice during ball milling.

Lee et al. reported that a mixture of Cu and Ta, the combination of which is characterized by a positive heat of mixing, of +2 kJ/㏖, can be amorphized by mechanical alloying(MA). It is our aim to investigate to what extent the MA is capable of producing a non-equilibrium phase with increasing the heat of mixing. The system chosen is the binary with =+19 kJ/㏖. The mechanical alloying was carried out using a Fritsch P-5 planetary mill under Ar gas atmosphere. The vial and balls are made of Cu containing 1.8-2.0 wt.%Be to avoid contaminations arising mainly from Fe when steel balls and vial are used. The MA powders were characterized by the X-ray diffraction, EXAFS and thermal analysis. We conclude that two phase mixture of nanocrystalline fcc-Cu and bcc-Mo with grain size of 10 nm is formed by the ball-milling for a 3:7 mixture of pure Cu and Mo, the evidence for which has been deduced from the thermodynamic and structural analysis based on the DSC, X-ray diffraction and EXAFS spectra.

W-12.8wt%Cu-7.2%Pb powders were milled at room temperature and to investigate the mechanical alloying behavior of immiscible W-Cu-Pb system and the effect of milling temperature on the extent of alloying and microstructural refinement. W-Cu-Pb powder reached steady state after further extended milling due to Pb addition, compared to the W-Cu system. The cryomilling at caused the more refinement of powder particle size, and enhanced the solubility of Cu or Pb in W, compared with milling at room temperature. In W-12.8wt%Cu-7.2%Pb powder cryomilled at , the monotectic temperature of Cu-Pb as well as the melting temperature of Cu was decreased by refinement of Cu crystalline size, and the most amorphization was occurred after milling for 150 h.