This scholarly investigation delves into the legal complexities arising from the People’s Republic of China’s high-altitude balloons entering US airspace. By analyzing landmark cases, such as the Lockerbie incident, this study emphasizes the urgent need for clear liability norms in international airspace. The 2023 Montana Incursion served to clarify the self-defense and proportionality principles under international law. This study examines the nature of these balloons to determine whether they fall under international accords such as the Chicago Convention. It also explores military classifications and legal ambiguities surrounding non-combatant operators in armed conflicts. This paper identifies gaps in the principles of privacy and ethics concerning intelligence gathering within sovereign boundaries. It advocates for new multilateral treaties with geofencing standards to regulate high-altitude unmanned aerial vehicles. This author aims to fortify legal frameworks based on technological advances.

The deployment of drones for targeted killings in recent years has sparked intense debates regarding the ethical and legal implications of their deployment in contemporary conflicts. Through an examination of the complexities surrounding the application of fundamental international humanitarian law (IHL) principles - such as differentiating targets and ensuring a proportionate response – and their deployment, the article aims to illuminate the potential legal ramifications of using drones in targeted killing. It also highlights challenges arising from the ambiguous distinction between combatants and non-combatants, compounded by the remote nature of drone missions. The inclusion of a few relevant case studies enhances the analysis, providing practical insights into the nuanced legal landscape and emphasising the pressing need for a comprehensive legal framework tailored to regulate drone usage. This paper stresses the immediate requirement for an effective regulatory structure to ensure adherence to IHL, thereby upholding humanistic principles and reducing the human toll of conflicts.

Specifically, the matter of coups against governments – particularly those resulting from legitimate democratic elections – requires a more resolute approach. This entails criminalizing such actions and imposing substantial penalties on the individuals responsible. By doing so, the goal is to dissuade potential revolutionaries from attempting this act, given the clear stance and condemnation it would receive from the international community. Furthermore, it is imperative to highlight the international community’s inconsistent response to coups. This inconsistency becomes evident in the varying levels of support for different coups, seemingly influenced by the international community’s relationship with the affected state and, notably, its ousted president. This underscores the necessity for well-defined and unambiguous regulations governing coups themselves. The article aims to address this issue comprehensively and impartially, avoiding selective treatment. The significance of this issue lies in the need to address a legislative gap in international law.

The Syrian crisis has been persisting for more than eleven years, but shows no signs of resolution or end yet. Various reports from the United Nations and other reputable organizations have extensively documented a multitude of atrocities perpetrated by all factions involved in the conflict. This article examines the Syrian crisis from a perspective of international law. The author analyses the legal justifications put forward by the parties involved in the conflict, including humanitarian intervention, the responsibility to protect, etc. This research paper employs an analytical and descriptive research methodology. The finding concludes that the Syrian Civil War is not likely to be over for the foreseeable future in spite of many efforts under international law. The author also finds that there have been numerous violations of international law by both sides in the conflict related to human rights and humanitarian protection.

This research examines the rescue of refugees at sea in the context of international law and human rights. The article focuses on the search and rescue obligations outlined in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. The article also discusses other international initiatives relevant to the rescue of refugees at sea, including the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea and the Global Compact on Refugees. The challenges surrounding the rescue of refugees at sea are also analysed, including issues such as delays and refusals in assistance. The authors further explore disagreements over responsibility and jurisdiction in rescue operations involving refugees. Finally, the article underscores the need for a comprehensive understanding of international legislation and basic humanitarian principles when addressing the rescue of refugees at sea. It offers insights into potential solutions for addressing the challenges and controversies encountered in these rescue operations.

AI-driven technology is becoming an integral part of our daily lives, spanning from smart home devices to social media platforms. However, the uneven distribution of AI technologies could result in a scenario where certain groups exert dominance over the direction of AI development. The consequences of inequality in AI evolution could further exacerbate existing economic gaps by concentrating benefits among a privileged few with access to advanced AI technologies. To address this question the, international communities should come forward and regulate the just development of AI with new and existing international laws. Although the existing international legal frameworks can be adapted to address AI-specific issues without the need for entirely new laws, however, the novel challenges presented by AI require unique and new international laws. Issues such as data sovereignty, data privacy, and data localization are areas where international laws and agreements need to evolve to accommodate the just development of AI.

이 연구는 2020년 12월 제정된 북한의 ‘반동사상문화배격법’의 주요 내용과 법률적 해석에 대해 살펴보고, 조셉 나이의 ‘소프트파워’의 개 념을 적용해 K-컬처가 가장 고립된 국가인 북한 사회에 어떤 영향을 미치고 있는지 언론보도를 통해 고찰하고자 했다. 특히, 이 연구에서는 북한 이슈가 국내 이슈뿐만 아니라 국제적인 이슈라는 것을 고려해, 미 ‧영 언론이 ‘반동사상문화배격법’에 대해 보도한 기사를 분석했다. 연구 결과 북한이 주목하고 있는 ‘반동 사상문화’는 주로 한국, 미국, 일본의 문화를 뜻하고 있었고, 특히, 한국의 케이팝(K-pop)이 북한 밀레니얼 세대를 중심으로 큰 영향을 미치고 있다는 것을 방증했다. 또한, 외신 보도에서는 데일리NK와 자유 아시아 방송에 보도된 ‘반동사상문화배격 법’의 집행 사례나 그 법의 전문 내용에 관한 보도를 주요 정보원으로 활용하고 있었다. 결론적으로, 이 연구는 인간의 기본적 자유와 권리를 제한하는 ‘반동사상문화배격법’에 대해 한국과 국제사회가 함께 협력해 야 할 필요성에 대해 논의했다.

On January 4, 2020, the official Twitter account of the former US President Trump threatens to target Iran’s cultural heritage sites conditioned on any Iranian retaliation on US military forces then stationed in the Middle East. The immediate context was that the US-led drone strike had killed Iran’s Major General Qasem Soleimani in Iraq (Baghdad) only two days prior. This study critically analyzes whether “Tweets” uploaded to President Trump’s Twitter account could reasonably be construed as a type of harm against international law instruments and framework on the safeguarding of cultural heritage. This paper provides a brief contextual overview of President Trump’s Tweets; traces the historical destruction of cultural property during conflicts and discusses the preservation of heritage; delineates international laws and assesses whether President Trump and the US might be legally bound to refrain from threats to destroy cultural property; and examines the increasing role of social media in the evolution of the idea of diplomacy.

Since the beginning of the seventh century, Islamic law has played an essential role in protecting the personal, economic, judicial, and political rights of civilians during armed conflict. Fourteen centuries before the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was drafted in 1948, it had already initiated a human revolution consisting of a set of human principles. In addition, Islamic law has made a significant contribution to international humanitarian law (IHL). This paper focuses on two specific legal constructs in warfare: the definition of the combatant and the principle of distinction. This article comparatively examines how these two laws deal with different aspects of war that fall under jus ad bellum, jus in bello, and jus post bellum. A comparative analysis of the various elements and aspects of just war theory in Islamic and contemporary international law provides a much deeper understanding of its limitations. We can safely conclude that there is a unique relationship between the Islamic law of war and IHL.

This article provides an analyses the implications of China’s constitutionally proclaimed notion of “Community of Shared Future for Mankind” (CSFM), which reveals the stance of the PRC party in promoting so-called “Chinese wisdom” and a “Chinese solution” to address common issues in global governance and in pursuing China’s global leadership in President Xi Jinping’s “New Era.” The author explores the possibility for China and the West of reaching a normative consensus in terms of standards set by the CSFM vision and human security in light of the current global pandemic. The author advocates pursuing a pragmatic, problem-solving approach to international engagement with China without advancing a particular political agenda based on broad ideological presumptions, namely by encouraging and facilitating China’s further participation in international institutions and treaties. This approach may establish an increasing convergence and resonance of local and nonlocal norms to reach a normative consensus and, ultimately, to influence treaty performance incrementally and gradually.

The United States’ Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) introduces new eligibility requirements for existing USD 7,500 tax-credit provided to electric vehicles. The new requirements condition the credit upon North American final assembly and North American-sourced materials and components. As tensions flare between the US and China, these new local content requirements reflect the US’s effort to establish a supply chain for electric vehicles that circumvents China. The blow, however, is felt elsewhere, namely by South Korean auto makers whose electric vehicle models are no longer eligible for the significant tax-credit necessary to compete in the American market. As South Korea considers submitting a complaint to relevant international bodies, this paper dissects the IRA’s relevant provisions and analyzes the applicability of international trade law rules of the WTO and the Korea-US Free Trade Agreement to the new local content requirements of the IRA.

이 논문은 인권에 관한 대표적인 국제협약인 사회권규약과 자유권규약(이하, 국제인권규약이라 한다.) 그리고 UN해양법협약의 국가관할권을 비교 고찰하였 다. 이를 통해서 국제인권규약과 UN해양법협약이 갖고 있는 선원인권보호의 한계를 제시하였으며 해사노동협약의 관할권이 종전의 선원인권보호 관점에서 갖는 국제법적 의의를 재조명하였다. 국제인권규약은 보편적인 인권을 규정하고 있기에 선원직의 특수성을 반영하고 있거나 관할권을 규정하고 있지 않다. 따라서 국제관습법과 UN해양법협 약상의 관할권을 고려하여 국제사회가 국제인권규약을 선원에게 적용해야 한 다. UN해양법협약과 국제인권규약의 해석상 선원인권에 대한 기국의 배타적인 관할권은 인정된다. 그러나 명시적으로 선원인권에 대한 국가의 의무를 규정하 고 있지 않은 흠결이 있으며 기국, 연안국 및 항만국의 수역별 관할권을 적용 할 경우, 선원인권보호의 한계가 있었다. 해사노동협약은 이 논문에서 지적한 유엔해양법협약의 흠결을 보완함으로써 국가관할권집행의 한계를 개선하였다. 선원이 갖는 사회권을 명확하게 정의하 고 이를 보장해야 할 기국의 의무와 관할권을 정립하였다. 또한 IMO 해사협약 의 항만국통제를 해사노동협약에 규정함으로써 효과적인 기국관할권이 집행되 지 않고 있는 선박의 선원보호가 가능해졌으며 외국인 선원의 청원에도 항만국 이 개입하여 선원을 구제할 수 있도록 항만국관할권을 강화하였다. 더불어 해 사노동협약은 당사국 내 위치한 선원소개업체에 대한 선원공급국의 의무 및 관 할권을 규정함으로써 선원을 근로계약체결 이전부터 보호하고 당사국의 선박 소유자가 비당사국 내 선원소개업체를 이용하는 경우에도 국내법적 요건을 역 외적용하도록 적용범위를 확대하였다.

“A Concise History of International Law in China-Conflicts, Fusion, and Development” presents a panoramic view of international law in China. The book historically reviews the origin and development of international law in China, discusses China’s contribution to the theory and institutional innovation of contemporary international law, and looks forward to the future of international law in China and the world. More concretely, this book pays attention to the development history of China’s international law scholarship; closely follows the latest trends in China’s international law research; and guides further research. A careful review of the book will provide the readers with a panoramic view of the history of China’s international law. It is not only an important treatise on the history of international law in China but also an indispensable reference for theoretical and practical circles with bibliography.

The WHO reported the Covid-19 outbreak infected 486,761,597 people, involving 6,142,735 deaths worldwide as of 1 April 2022. This contagious disease has spread rapidly throughout the world, including Malaysia. Since the outbreak in Malaysia began in March 2020, the Movement Control Order (MCO) has been implemented nationwide, leaving a significant impact on its citizens, non-citizens, as well as refugees. There is some exploitation of refugees, where enforcement officers are targeting them for criminal offences. Stakeholders claimed the Malaysian government did not provide any assistance to refugees during the pandemic, including health care and economy. This article examines Malaysia’s responsibilities as a host country to refugees during the Covid-19 outbreak. The Malaysian government is proposed to continuously support refugees on humanitarian grounds based on the country’s economic development capabilities. This paper will look into the current situation of the Refugees in Malaysia; discuss the challenges that the Refugees in Malaysia are facing; analyse the legal framework governing the status of refugees; and check the responsibility Malaysia should assume as a host country.

중국은 변화된 해상교통 여건을 반영하고 자국의 해양주권을 강화하기 위하 여 2021년 4월 29일 「중국 해상교통안전법」을 전면 개정하고, 같은 해 9월 1 일 시행에 들어갔다. 동법은 「중국 해경법」과 더불어 중국의 해양관할권 주 장을 뒷받침하고 해양권익을 수호하기 위한 중요한 양대 해양법제라고 볼 수 있다. 그러나 「중국 해상교통안전법」의 일부 조항들은 국제해양법에 부합하지 않는다. 예컨대, 불분명한 관할해역의 설정, 무해통항권을 침해하는 사전보고 의무 부과, 그리고 외국 군함 및 비상업용 정부 선박에 대한 단속 등이 해당될 수 있다. 이러한 조항들은 신설된 「중국 해경법」의 유사조항들과 일맥상통하 는 규정들로 국제법의 일반적 규범에 부합하지 않기 때문에 주변국과 국제사회 의 우려를 자아내고 있다. 만일 중국 당국이 관할해역에서 엄격한 법 집행에 나설 경우 외국 선박과의 마찰 발생과 외교 분쟁으로 비화될 가능성이 매우 높다. 이 논문에서는 「중국 해상교통안전법」의 국제해양법적 쟁점과 문제점을 비교법적으로 고찰하여 시사점을 도출하고, 향후 한·중 간 발생할 수 있는 해상 교통 측면의 갈등 가능성에 대비하여야 함을 역설하였다.

The interaction between might and right is an important topic throughout the development of international relations. Various ideologies and corresponding practices have been put forward by realism, liberalism, constructivism, and international socialism under both Western international relations theories and China’s traditional Wang Dao (王道, “the kingly way” or “benevolent government”), and Ba Dao (霸道, “the hegemonic way” or “rule by force”). In international relations, the rule of law - a phenomenon that has emerged and is continuously developing - is conducive to restraining power politics and promoting right, which is one of the goals of international relations development. China has always opposed hegemony and power politics; it firmly supports a modern system of international law based on the purposes and principles of the UN Charter and aims to build a new international political and economic order with peace, justice, and stability.

Owing to the lack of consensus in formal negotiations, unilateral statements do not create legal obligations on states. Thus, a unilateral statement is not considered a source of international law under Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice. In practice, however, these statements can be legally binding on the states making them and play an important role in the development of international law. The paper aims to examine the characteristics of unilateral declarations and statements in international law and address the Vietnam’s position over the legal effects of the Diplomatic Note 1958 with special references to the South China Sea dispute. This paper will analyze the characteristics and significance of unilateral statements in international law, and argue the conditions for legal binding force. Finally, this paper will provide an in-depth clarification on Vietnamese position on the legal effect of the Diplomatic Note 1958.

The Hague Conference on Private International Law (HCCH) is the oldest active international organization with legal capacity in the progressive unification of Private International Law (PIL). The HCCH aims to progressively unify PIL to address legal problems in the form of universal regulations. Thailand is aware of the significance and importance of co-operation in PIL, as shown by the accession of Thailand to the HCCH in 2021. This article will examine Thailand’s situation with a technique employed by Charles Dickens in his heartwarming story, ‘A Christmas Carol,’ which examined one character’s experience with reference to events in the past, the present, and the future. The past will be examined through the genealogy of PIL and the experience of Thailand before joining the HCCH. The present will address the status of Thailand in the HCCH. The future will be discussed as suggestions for Thailand after becoming a Member of the HCCH.

유엔해양법협약은 제298조에서 협약당사국으로 하여금 특정분쟁에 한하여 구속력 있는 결정을 수반하는 강제적 분쟁해결절차 적용 예외를 선언할 수 있 도록 허용하고 있다. 군사활동에 관한 분쟁도 그러한 분쟁의 종류중 하나로 포 함되어 제298조 제1항 (b)호에 규정되어 있다. 그러나 유엔해양법협약에서 명문 으로 어떠한 것이 군사활동에 관한 분쟁인지 여부를 판단할 수 있는 명확한 기 준을 제시하고 있지 않다. 이러한 이유로 협약당사국의 서로 다른 주관적 해석으로 인하여 분쟁의 가능성을 내포하고 있었다. 최근에 이와 관련된 해양분쟁이 연이어 발생하였으며, 이에 국제해양법재판 소와 유엔해양법협약 제7 부속서 중재재판소는 제298조 제1항 (b)호의 해석에 관한 해석기준을 제시하였다. 동 판례들은 군사활동에 관한 분쟁의 의미와 군 사활동과 법집행활동 간의 구분기준에 대하여 발전된 해석기준을 제시하였다. 그러나, 이러한 국제판례가 있음에도 군사활동에 관한 분쟁의 정확한 범위에 대해서는 아직 불투명한 상태로 남겨져 있다. 이 논문은 현재 대한민국을 비롯하여 국제사회의 해양법적 쟁점이 되고 있 는 군사활동에 관한 분쟁의 의미와 그 적용한계에 대하여 살펴보고자 한다. 이 를 위하여 제3차 유엔해양법회의 당시 군사활동에 관한 관련규정 협상을 위해 제시된 준비문서를 바탕으로 입법자의 의도를 분석하였다. 또한, 군사활동에 관한 분쟁과 관련하여 해석기준을 제시한 4개의 최근 국제판례를 비교 분석하 였다.