Social marketing is a discipline promoting voluntary behaviour change in target audience to effect societal and individual benefits by applying commercial marketing strategies. Considering the UNFCCC mechanisms are established to foster voluntary cooperation of parties of the Paris Agreement (2015) in achieving their emission reduction targets and adaptation goals, potential for social marketing playing a critical role in contributing to the context seems endless. The Climate Technology Center and Network (CTCN), established in 2013, is an operational arm of the Technology Mechanism (TM) introduced by the Conference of the Parties (COP) under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. With the purpose of pursuing impactful mitigation and adaptation technology transfer based on global cooperation ontology, the CTCN supports technical assistance (TA) to developing countries on climate technology issues. Nevertheless, the participation rate of the domestic members in the CTCN TA project is low at 7 per cent. With this regard, little has known about what government support would benefit the Network members most, therefore, contributing to the global climate change issue. This research aims to respond to these calls. Three sequential studies outlining 4P strategy development were conducted. Study 1 conducted an online survey to identify pricing factors influencing participation of climate technology transfer business (RQ1). Study 2 tested four different types of government support program that will is most likely to encourage the Network member’s CTCN TA participation (RQ2). Study 3 pilot tested the most appropriate government support program, including a new communication strategy (RQ3). This research has taken climate technology experts’ perspectives in order to enhance the participation of 81 Korean Network members in climate technology projects. This paper contributes to applying the social marketing approach in expanding climate technology assistants globally, thereby purposefully bringing new theoretical and practical insights affecting the mitigation of carbon emissions and increasing the adaptation to climate-related disasters in developing countries.

This study examines the impact of influencer-audience and audience-audience interactions in Livestream e-commerce by extending halo of the influencer to the brand and snowballing the opinions that empower other watchers. It finds that halo effect generates from influencer physical attraction and bandwagon effect from audience live comments significantly influenced product preference and purchase intentions.

In recent years, with its amazing online interactive promotion ability, e-commerce live streaming has attracted the attention of theoretical scholars and practical experts. This study takes “co-presence (CP) ” and “social presence (SP) ”, which are the prominent features of e-commerce live streaming, as the breakthrough point to explore the mechanism of the influence of co-presence and social presence on purchase intention. In this study, consumers with e-commerce live streaming watching experience are taken as participants, and the method of structural equation modeling is used. It is found that: presence significantly impacts flow experience and consumer purchase intention, while the impact of the two kinds of presence (SP, CP) is variable. the promotion effect of the two kinds of presence (SP, CP) on consumer purchase intention is completely mediated by flow experience. The mediating effect of co-presence on consumer purchase intention through flow experience is regulated by e-commerce live streaming topicality, but social presence doesn’t.

The hotel industry is facing a complex business environment due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and ongoing competition. The ability to build resilience in adverse conditions is key to the survival and sustained growth of hotel enterprises. Against this backdrop, as a Chinese domestic hotel group, Huazhu Group actively embraces digital technology and takes the lead in developing and adopting digital measures such as hotel smart robots and digital platforms to effectively improve work efficiency, reduce employee burden, manage supplier and owner relationships, and achieve digital transformation.However, the issue of how digitalization enables hotels to form resilience, the process and mechanism of empowerment, and the dimensions of hotel enterprise resilience have not been explored in detail from a theoretical perspective. Therefore, this study adopts an inductive qualitative research method and a single-case study approach, selecting Huazhu Group's subsidiary hotels as the research objects. The aim is to explore the practical aspects of digital empowerment and construct a framework for achieving hotel enterprise resilience through digital empowerment.

Titanium, which has excellent strength and toughness characteristics, is increasingly used in the aerospace field. Among the titanium alloys used for body parts, more than 80 % are Ti-6Al-4V alloys with a tensile strength of 931 MPa. The spark plasma sintering (SPS) method is used for solidification molding of powder manufactured by the mechanical milling (MM) method, by sintering at low temperature for a short time. This sintering method avoids coarsening of the fine crystal grains or dispersed particles of the MM powder. To improve the mechanical properties of pure titanium without adding alloying elements, stearic acid was added to pure titanium powder as a process control agent (PCA), and MM treatment was performed. The properties of the MM powder and SPS material produced by solidifying the powder were investigated by hardness measurement, X-ray diffraction, density measurement and structure observation. The processing deformation of the pure titanium powder depends on the amount of stearic acid added and the MM treatment time. TiN was also generated in powder treated by MM 8 h with 0.50 g of added stearic acid, and the hardness of the powder was higher than that of Ti-6Al-4V alloy when treated with MM for 8 h. When the MM-treated powder was solidified in the SPS equipment, TiC was formed by the solid phase reaction. The SPS material prepared as a powder treated with MM 8 h by adding 0.50 g of stearic acid also formed TiN and exhibited the highest hardness of Hv1253.

북동중국해 대륙붕 표층 퇴적물에서 산출하는 저서성 유공충의 군집 분포와 형성 기작을 파악 하기 위하여 32개 정점에서 표층 퇴적물을 채취하고, 입도조성, 저서성 유공충 군집분석, 14C 연대측정을 실시하였다. 표층 퇴적물은 사질(평균: 52.04%)의 잔류 퇴적물과 니질(평균: 47.92%) 의 현생 퇴적물과의 혼합 퇴적상이다. 저서성 유공충은 총 48속 104종(사질 유공충, 석회질 유리상 및 석회질 자기상 유공충)이 분류되었다. 사질 유공충은 양쯔강 앞 해역으로 산출빈 도(30%)가 증가하며, 부유성 유공충은 제주 남서해역에서 높은 산출빈도를 보인다. 우점종은 Ammonia ketienziensis, Bolivina robusta, Eggella advena, Eilohedra nipponica, Pseudorotalia gaimardii, Pseudoparrella naraensis 총 6종이다. 이들 중 가장 높은 산출빈도를 보이는 Bolivina robusta와 Pseudorotalia gaimardii의 14C 연대측정 결과 각각 2,360±40 B.P., 2,450±40 B.P.로 나 타났다. 군집분석 결과, P. gaimardii 군집, B. robusta 군집 및 A. ketienziensis-P. naraensis 군집 으로 대별된다. 양쯔강 담수 유입 영향을 받는 양쯔강 앞 해역에는 P. gaimardii 군집, 쿠로시오 해류의 영향을 받는 제주도 남서해역에서 B. robusta 군집 그리고 북서측 황해 중앙부 니질대 해역에 A. ketienziensis-P. naraensis 군집이 분포한다. 이러한 저서성 유공충 군집 조성 및 분 포는 약 2.5 ka BP 부터 형성되기 시작하였으며, 홀로세 후기 해수면 상승에 의한 저서 생태계 서식지 환경 변화를 반영하고 있는 것으로 생각된다.

In this study, superior carbon nanotubes (CNT) were chemically modified with itaconic acid (IA) and a polyaniline (PANI) composite was formed and used to remove methylene blue (MB) dye from an aqueous solution. The capacity of CNTs modified with IA (IA/CNT) and composited with PANI (PANI/CNT) to remove MB dye from an aqueous solution was compared and investigated. The effects of parameters such as pH (3–10), adsorbent dose (0.8–8 g/L), initial dye concentration (10–100 mg/L), and temperature (25–55 °C) on MB adsorption were investigated. IA/CNT and PANI/CNT adsorbents were characterized by analyzes such as Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET). It was determined that the isotherm data fit the Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) of PANI/CNT and IA/CNT calculated according to this model (at 25 °C) was 12.78 and 32.78 mg g− 1, respectively. Thermodynamic analysis results showed that the adsorption was exothermic, feasible, and spontaneous. It can be said that the possible mechanism of MB on PANI/CNT and IA/CNT adsorbents occurs with the participation of π–π interaction, electrostatic attraction and hydrogen bonding.

This paper presents a 1-DOF robot for hand rehabilitation exercises for hemiplegic patients. The robot provides the cylindrical grasp movement, which is one of the dominant Activities of Daily Living. Linkage Sliding Mechanism allows the proposed robot to be a simple and lightweight structure. Motion test for the healthy subjects are carried out to verify the performance of the robot. Consequently, it was confirmed that the proposed robot was suitable for performing hand rehabilitation treatment.

Idamsokchan (耳談續纂, Additions to an Earful of Conversation) is an early collection of Korean proverbs capturing 418 proverbs from China and Korea with Chinese translation, most of which are social proverbs. Through a contrastive analysis of the formation mechanism of social proverbs in Idamsokchan, this study explores the influence of Chinese and Korean mindsets on language. Specifically, the study analyzes the structure, semantics, and topic of social proverbs from both Chinese and Korean sources in Idamsokchan. The results indicate that the influence of concrete-versus-abstract and practical-versus-theoretical thinking on proverbs varies. Generally, Korean proverbs exhibit a tendency towards abstract thinking, whereas Chinese proverbs are characterized by an emphasis on concrete thinking. The structural characteristics of Korean and Chinese proverbs are distinct. Korean proverbs are typically formed as a single sentence, whereas Chinese proverbs often employ fixed sentence patterns and connectives. In addition, the syntax of Chinese translations of Korean proverbs in Idamsokchan tends to be morphological. Regarding semantics, a greater proportion of Korean proverbs are of a philosophical nature when compared to Chinese proverbs. While Korean proverbs employ a simplex network and extend metaphors through contrast, Chinese proverbs are adept at using the creative double-scope network. In terms of topic selection, both Korean and Chinese proverbs, cover eight types of topics, using interrogative pronouns as subjects. Nonetheless, the contrastive-topic structure is more commonly observed in Chinese proverbs. Moreover, while the first-person singular pronoun is commonly utilized as a topic in Korean proverbs, the equivalent in Chinese proverbs is the third-person pronoun 其 (qi).

Hydrogen embrittlement refers to a phenomenon in which the ductility and toughness of steel materials are lowered by hydrogen absorbed in metal materials, especially steel, and the tendency to fracture without plastic deformation increases. Fracture due to hydrogen absorption is also called delayed fracture, and it mainly occurs at grain boundaries, stress concentration areas, or areas subject to tensile stress. From a practical point of view, hydrogen embrittlement is frequently associated with corrosion, welding, pickling, electroplating, etc., and in materials, it is prominently displayed in stainless steel or high tensile steel. Regarding the embrittlement mechanism, there is no generally accepted orthodoxy. In this study, A hydrogen embrittlement mechanism is proposed. In addition, the method of suppressing hydrogen embrittlement will be considered.

The study aims to analyse data security in the financial and banking sector of China. The data laws provide a ‘consent-oriented’ approach where consent, along with a limited list of exceptions, is the legal basis for the processing of personal information. The personal data protection mechanism comprised the Data Security Law, the Cybersecurity Law, and the Personal Information Protection Law. Taken together, they cover all areas of information security and establish a severe data protection regime: they determine the scope of regulation, objects and subjects, responsibility, and institutional control mechanisms. For an accurate assessment, it is necessary to wait for the adoption of by-laws that specify the provisions of these laws. The financial and banking sector already has several by-laws in place that set stringent standards for the security of personal information. The leading role in this mechanism is taken by the financial regulator - the People’s Bank of China.

Organic reagent is considered as one of the most promising reductants for deeply removing vanadium (V) trichloride oxide ( VOCl3) from crude titanium tetrachloride ( TiCl4). Nevertheless, indeterminate active component and unclearly removal mechanisms appear to be the obstacles to separate VOCl3 from TiCl4 using organic reagent. Herein we conduct the experiment to explore it. Firstly, the organic reagents are obtained from enterprise (noted as EOR1– EOR7), and then it is determined that carbon aromatic ( CA) is the active component for removing VOCl3. Furthermore, modified organic reagents (noted as MOR1– MOR4) are prepared via adding aromatic hydrocarbon oil and stearic acid to EOR7, then indicating that MOR3 is endowed with the best capacity to remove VOCl3. In addition, the residues obtained from distillation experiment are comprehensively analyzed (using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) etc.), revealing that porous amorphous carbon that deriving from MOR, plays an excellent role in removing VOCl3 from TiCl4 system. Therefore, the removal mechanisms can be explained like that porous amorphous carbon reduces VOCl3 into insoluble vanadium (III) chloride ( VCl3) and vanadium (IV) oxide dichloride ( VOCl2), and then they are separated via adsorption process, with the help of porous amorphous carbon.

Various diffusion experiments using geologic media have been carried out and it is often assumed that aqueous diffusion is the dominant transport mechanism. However, in some cases diffusive migration has been much faster than predicted in the model simulation. To explain such results surface diffusion of sorbing species was invoked. Experimental results were generally open to interpretation but possible existence of surface diffusion, whereby sorbed radionuclides could potentially migrate at much enhanced rates, necessitated investigation. The potential for surface diffusion of some sorbing nuclides on through-diffusion experiments using domestic rocks was examined. The apparent diffusion coefficients for sorbing cations were determined from their steady-state diffusion flux through rocks disks, while effective and pore diffusion coefficients were obtained with non-sorbing tracers through the same rocks. Diffusive transport models through domestic granites and granodiorites based only on pore diffusion did not often described adequately for sorbing cations. Thus, surface diffusion should be considered. Then what was the most important measure to estimate surface diffusion? As far as we examine, the sorption reversibility provides a hint of surface diffusion. The reversible sorbing species, for example, Sr, has a remarkable surface diffusion contribution, whereas surface diffusion has a relatively small contribution for irreversibly sorbing species such as Cs and Am under domestic experimental conditions.

Nuclear operators must sort out their digital assets as Critical Digital Asset (CDA) and manage their vulnerabilities. Since vulnerabilities are continually found and can be abused anytime, and the number of digital assets in nuclear facilities is increasing, it is important to collect publically-known vulnerabilities in automated mechanism to reevaluate their risks. KINAC is now in progress of establishing an automated mechanism of collecting publically-known vulnerabilities for nuclear facilities. This paper will discuss about criteria of selecting database when establishing an automated mechanism of collecting publically-known vulnerabilities for nuclear facilities. When selecting sets of vulnerability database, the characteristic of sets of digital assets need to be managed, importance of each digital asset, and where and who will use the set of digital assets should be mainly considered. Most of safety-related CDAs are made and used in the United States, and safety-related CDAs are similar to Information and Communication Technology (ICT) facilities. Therefore, the main vulnerability database used in the United States should be included when collecting the database of vulnerabilities. Especially, US government actively provides vulnerabilities of digital assets, enacting vulnerability disclosure policy to make each organization report their own potential vulnerabilities. The main vulnerability database of the US is National Vulnerability Database (NVD) of NIST. It contains over 150,000 vulnerabilities on ICT and Industrial Control System (ICS). Nuclear Energy Institute (NEI) published “Cyber Security Vulnerability and Risk Management”, Addendum 5 to NEI 08-09, and informed that US-CERT, ICS-CERT, and NVD can be used as publically-known vulnerability database, and US National Regulatory Commission (NRC) endorsed the publication. In South Korea, KrCERT and National Cyber Threat Intelligence (NCTI) share publically-known vulnerabilities, however, the number of vulnerabilities are less than those of NVD, and most of the data are duplication of those of NVD. Moreover, certain portion of information are only opened to authorized organizations, so it is unable to access those databases. Therefore, considering the fact that most information of vulnerabilities of CDAs are included in NVD and ICS-CERT, vulnerability database should also contain information from NVD and ICS-CERT. Otherwise, the database must contain equivalent information compared to NVD and ICS-CERT. Furthermore, the methodology for collecting vulnerabilities of digital assets from other countries is also required to be studied in the future research.