This study tries to explain through a single model the number of tourist arrivals, using “the human development index” and “the political stability and absence of violence/terrorism index”, for a panel of Mediterranean countries. The sample is composed of seven countries in the Mediterranean region, namely: France, Spain, Italy, Egypt, Morocco, Croatia and Tunisia. In order to explain the attractiveness of tourism, Ritchie and Zins (1978) attached great importance to "social and cultural characteristics" and to "attitude towards tourists". These two attributes are intimately linked to the explanatory variables of our model. These explanatory variables also have common dimensions regarding the three following attributes: "hosting infrastructure", "destination culture and reception of the local population" and "security", Ritchie and Zins (1978), Kim (1998), Gallarza et al. (2002), Enright and Newton (2004), Cracolici and Nijkamp (2008) and Jin et al. (2012) consider them as strong attributes of tourist attractiveness. Our panel data model includes the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI) (2013). This index essentially takes into account the following dimensions: safety and security, health and hygiene, education, training and availability of skilled workers. These dimensions are fully reflected in the two explanatory variables of our model: the index of political stability and absence of violence / terrorism and the index of human development. However, our research is original in comparison with the World Economic Forum's (2013) Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI). Indeed, the econometric model of panel data, presents the advantage of simultaneously studying several countries over a period and using homogeneity and Hausman tests. It constitutes a practical tool to build a single model, valid for several countries and useful forecasting tourist flows. Validated on a statistical and econometric basis with a good predictive quality, our panel data model, i.e. the random effect model, shows that the political stability and absence of violence/terrorism and the human development indexes act positively on the number of tourist arrivals. Thus, it considers safety and security, health and hygiene, education, training and availability of skilled workers and standard of living, as strong attributes to explain the attractiveness of a country.

Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata, is one of the most important quarantine pest worldwide. Fruit flies cause serious damage on orchard, and also can cause quarantine problem to fruit exportation. Recently, because of global warming, there is threats of fruit fly invasion to Korea, especially to Jeju island. So there should be a anticipative research about fruit fly control. Many physical quarantine treatment methods, like heat treatment and low-temperature treatment, are developed to control quarantine pests. Recent researches indicate that low-temperature treatment shows good efficacy on several quarantine pests without phytotoxicity. In this trial, we’ve applied the low-temperature treatment on citrus at laboratory and pilot scale containers to validate efficacy and phytotoxicity. Egg and larvae stage of C. capitata was completely controlled after 5 days and 8 days low-temperature treatment at 0℃ respectively, and there was no phytotoxicity on citrus. These results indicate that the low-temperature treatment can be applied to control fruit fly on citrus fruit.

Hydrological and biological studies on ecosystems of the lakes 'etang de Berre' and 'etang de Vaime', the four rivers flowing into these lakes, and the Mediterranean Sea are carried out during the whole two-year period. The phytoplankton population of the

The cruise industry in the Mediterranean region increased from 2000-2018, being the second most important region after the Caribbean. The purpose of this study was to analyze the networks and hub ports of the Mediterranean. This paper used the SNA (Social Network Analysis) methodology, which includes Hub and Authority Combined Centrality (HACC) that has been used to analyze cruise port centrality, as well as degree centrality such as In-Degree, Out-Degree, and Betweenness. This empirical study suggests that the top three ports of the Mediterranean ports’ network in terms of hub index are Barcelona, Civitavecchia, and Palma de Mallorca. The academic implications are the suggestion for data integration based on real itineraries and numbers of POC (Port of Calls), as well as the selection of the hubs of the targeted areas. The practical implications are suggested such as a clear requirement for cruise industry, as a way to widen the scope for the Mediterranean region and a valuable reference for cruise ship companies to select the best fit home ports.

8-9세기는 무슬림 상인의 주도로 페르시아만에서 남중국까지의 해로가 활성화되는 시기이다. 동서교류에서 해로가 육로를 능가하는 이 시기에는, 이 간선 해로를 따라 그 동단인 동아시아해역과 그 서단인 지중해 해역이 설정되었다. 먼저 간선 해로에 관해, 기존 연구에서 미진하게 검토한 페르시아만에서 인도 동쪽 바다까지의 왕복 항로와 아랍선박을 검토하였으며 심해항행이 진행되었다는 것을 지적하였다. 다음으로 이 시기에 동아시아해역의 해상무역이 장보고의 활약으로 활성화되었던 것과는 달리, 지중해 해역은 로마제국 시대의 활기를 잃고 상대적으로 위축되어 있다는 것을 지적하였다.