Bees of the genus Osmia are cavity-nesting solitary species that play important roles as pollinators. Nest traps are one of the most common methods to study Osmia bees. To elucidate the optimal environmental conditions of nesting sites, we investigated the effects of location, direction, altitude, and sites of nest traps on the rate of trap-nesting Osmia spp. During the collection period, the average rate of trap-nesting Osmia spp. collected within 90 days after the installation of traps was 17.0±20.0%. This percentage was 2.7-fold higher than that of trap-nesting bees in 30 days after the installation of traps. The Jeongseon location exhibited the highest rates of trap-nesting Osmia spp. collected in 30 and 90 days, representing 11.1 ±17.6% and 23.2±22.5%, respectively. The direction of the nest traps did not affect the rate of trap-nesting Osmia spp. The altitude ranges of the traps were 0-199 m, 200-399 m, 400-599 m, 600-799 m and over 800 m. Interestingly, the altitude range of 600-799 m showed the highest rate of trap-nesting bees, which was 40.4±3.9%. Higher altitudes seemed to correspond to higher rates of trap-nesting bees. With regards to the sites where the nests were placed, the rate of trap-nesting bees in a mud wall of an old house was 45.1±25.2%, which was 3-fold higher than that of a nest in an apple orchard. The flowering plants collected at different locations during the trap-nesting activity of Osmia bees belonged to 18 families and 34 species. In conclusion, the rates of trap nests colonized by Osmia spp. were affected by altitude, site, and plant diversity.

It was first recorded that Elasmus japonicus Ashmead had occurred from three Polistes nests in Busan city, Wanju-gun, and Pyeongchang-gun of South Korea. The 2 females and 14 males were collected from the nest of Polistes rothneyi koreanus in Busan city (N35°17′57.71″ E129°06′33.24″), 12 females and 2 males from P. djakonovi in Wanju-gun (N35°47′35.05″ E127°15′30.48″), 18 females and 3 males from P. snelleni in Pyeongchang-gun (N37°39′7.84″ E128°35′15.81″). P. rothneyi koreanus and P. djakonovi were first recorded as new hosts. To date, two Elasmus species, E. nephantidis and E. viridiceps, have been reported from South Korea. In this study, we provide diagnosis, description, and photos of female and photos of male of E. japonicus.

본 연구는 한국 영어교육사에서 중요한 역할을 담당해온 원어민 영어교사에 대하여 그들의 영 어수업과 학교 및 학교 밖 한국 사회에서 오랫동안 해결되지 않은 중요한 문제들에 대해 탐구하 는 것을 목적으로 한다. 교사들의 보다 직접적이고 깊이 있는 이야기를 듣기 위해서 본 연구에서 는 내러티브 탐구를 연구 방법으로 채택하였다. 두 명의 원어민 영어교사와 한 명의 한국인 영어 교사의 생생한 경험담을 분석함으로써, 본 연구는 부족한 교사 연수, 상이한 교육 환경, 협력수업 시스템의 문제, 소통과 공동체 부족 문제, 그리고 학교 밖 사회 활동에 대한 지원 부족이 주요 문 제임을 발견하였다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위하여, 실질적인 교사 연수와 협력 수업에 대한 토 론이 필요하다고 생각된다. 또한 앞으로는 교사들이 협력 교수를 위한 학습자 또는 동료 코치라 는 인식 전환이 필요하다고 여겨진다. 무엇보다 한국 사회의 한 구성원으로서 원어민 영어교사에 대한 인식 전환이 필요할 것이다.

On June 14, 2008 (the first experiment) and July 24, 2008 (the second experiment), the shores of the Boseong River and the sandy beaches, Seokgok-myun, Moksadong-myun, Gokseong-gun in Jeollanam Province were investigated and a total of 29 soft-shelled turtle (Tryonyx sinensis) eggs in the natural spawning nest eggs were collected (13 eggs were collected in the first experiment and 16 eggs in the second experiment). The temperatures in the natural spawning nests were 25.9- 36.9±0.5℃, the depth of the eggs was 5.2-7.5±0.5 cm as the distance of the average 6.4±0.5 cm. 29 eggs were scattered at least 0.2 cm interval. Artificial incubation of 29 eggs was conducted in artificial nest boxes in thermo-plastic composition of the incubator, and then incubated at 26.5-35.5±0.5℃, and an average constant temperature was 31.2-32.1±1.0℃. The incubation days ranged from 53 to 55. In case of most turtles, incubation at 31℃ (higher temperatures) generally produces all or mostly females, while incubation at 25℃(cooler temperatures) produces all or mostly males. Exceptionally, in case of genus Trionyx, the sex ratio of female : male of T. sinensis of a freshwater soft-shelled turtle was approximately 1:1, which differs from other genera of turtles and makes T. sinensis Strauch only turtles presently known to lack temperature-dependent sex determination.