When Wan Zhang 萬章 asked Mencius about how Yi Yin sought an introduction to Tang, Mencius replied that he had done so by “plowing the wilderness of the Youxin’s Clan, delighting in the principles of Yao and Shun.” (孟子曰: “否不然, 伊尹耕於有莘之野, 而樂堯舜之道焉.”《孟子•萬章上》) When King Hui of Liang asked Mencius about “royal government,” Mencius began his response by emphasizing the way King Wen of Zhou ruled at Qi, focusing again on plowing: “昔者文王之治岐也, 耕者九一, 仕者世祿, 關市譏而不征, 澤梁無禁, 罪人不孥. (《孟子•梁惠王下》). Mencius responded to Zhou Xiao’s 周霄 question whether superior men of old took office (古之君子仕乎?) by quoting a lost passage from the Book of Rites which reads: “A prince ploughs himself, and is assisted by the people, to supply the millet for sacrifice. His wife keeps silkworms, and unwinds their cocoons, to make the garments for sacrifice.” (禮曰: 諸侯耕助, 以供粢盛; 夫人蠶繅, 以爲衣服.《孟子•滕文公下》) Later still in discussion with Zhou Xiao, Mencius also draws a direct parallel between plowing and governing: “An officer’s being in office is like the ploughing of a husbandman.” (“士之仕也, 猶農夫之耕也.”《孟子•滕文公下》) Shun was noticed by Yao because of his work with the common people who modeled themselves on him, leading to the formation of polities: “When Shun ploughed on Li mountain, the inhabitants yielded the boundaries; when he fished in Thunder lake, the men on the lake yielded to him the best place; and when he made pots on the bank of the river, his vessels had no holes or flaws in them. If he dwelt in a place for a year he formed an assemblage, in two years it became a town, and in three years a metropolis.” (舜耕歷山, 歷山之人皆讓畔, 漁雷澤, 雷澤上人皆讓居; 陶河濱，河濱器皆不苦窳. 一年而所居成聚, 二年成邑, 三年成都.《史記•五帝本紀》). Moreover, famous figures such as Sima Qian 司馬遷, Wu Zixu 伍子胥, and Chen She 陳涉 all began their careers behind a plow. This paper will therefore attempt to examine the use of the motif of plowing in early Chinese texts, examining the scenario of “plowing in the wilds” (耕於野) and other tropes, and stressing especially the close relationship between plowing and ruling.

본 실험은 파종시기 및 경운횟수가 옥수수의 생육특성, 건물수량, 영양수량 및 사일리지 기호성에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 파종시기 및 경운횟수를 통한 5처리(C : 파종 5월 5일, 경운회수 1회, 인력제초 1회, T1 ; 파종 5월 12일, 경운회수 2회, T2 : 파종 5월 19일, 경운회수 3회, T3 : 파종 5월 21일, 경운회수 4회, T4 : 파종 6월 2일 경운회수 5회) 3반복으로 2006년 5월부터 2006년 10월까지 상주대학교

The main purpose of this study is to examine agricultural technologies through plowing and hoeing. One of the purposes on which this study is to analysis process of development and divergence of plough and hoe. The following facts are significant findings ; 1. In early Yi - dynasty, tilling implements used by ard plough and mould board plough did use in three south province, most region mainly used ard plough. Therefore, farming in early Yi - dynasty is extensive. 2. The mould board plough diffused in many fann house, spring farming and autumnfarming formed complet system in early 17th Century. But works of hoeing was continuing to save labor by long hand hoe. 3. Finally in 17th century, Small - scale independent farming ceaselessly tried to make his basis with transtortation intensive farming method. But Small - scale independent farming had not stafely base because extensive farming method continued in this peorid.

넓은잎큰조롱의 경운깊이에 따른 생산성 및 품질향상을 위한 구명하기 위하여 경운깊이를 달리하여 2005년부터 2년간 시험한 결과, 만장은 경운깊이가 얕을수록 길어 경운깊이가 30 cm 일 때 685 cm 인데 비하여 경운깊이 10 cm 일 때 59 cm 가 더 길었으며, 경태와 건물중도 같은 경향으로 굵거나 무거웠다. 엽장, 엽폭, 엽중은 경운깊이가 얕을수록 양적인 생육을 보였으나, 엽록소 함량은 경운깊이가 깊을수록 증가하였다. 근수와 근장은 경운깊이가 깊을수록 많거나 길어지는 경향이었으나, 근태와 부패근은 경운깊이가 얕을수록 굵거나 많은 경향이었고, 근수량은 경운깊이가 깊을수록 많은 경향으로 경운깊이가 10 cm 일 때 622 kg/1000m2인데 비하여 20 cm 이상으로 경운할 때 7~9% 증수되었다.

다년생 잡초의 지하번식기관의 토양중 분포조사와 추경심도 및 AVIROSAN에 의한 다년생 잡초 가래 방제에 미치는 영향에 대하여 얻어진 예비결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 너도방동산이와 올미의 괴경은 주로 0∼5cm의 깊이에 얕게 분포하여 있으나 가래의 인경과 올방개의 괴경은 각각 87%, 65%가 주로 10cm 이상의 깊이에 분포하였다. 2. 추경 20cm는 무경운, 무제초에 비하여 약 63%나 가래의 발생을 적게 하였다. 3. AVIROSAN 10a당 3kg 처리는 가래 방제에 특효하였으며 수량도 손제초 2회에 비하여 4% 증수되었다. 4. 보리짚 10a 당 250kg 처리도 가래의 발생억제는 물론 손제초 2회보다 1% 증수한 결과를 보였다.