Worldwide, increasing numbers insecticide resistant insect is one of the main problem in agriculture not only in the field but also in the storage. The rusty grain beetle, Cryptolestes ferrugineus is one of the cosmopolitan insect that infests a wide range of stored cereals and related commodities. Until quite recently, phosphine (PH3) has been effective in controlling this species in worldwide including Korea. However, strongly resistant populations of RGB have been detected in Australia that could threaten market access of infested commodities. Resistant populations detected in Australia showed extremely high levels of resistance to phosphine, up to 1300 folds higher than that of susceptible strain. So here we tried to identify their phosphine resistance mechanism based on transcriptome analysis using RNaseq in adult stage. Over 10Gb were sequenced in each strains and some of specific P450 were over expressed in resistance strain.

The purpose of this study is to reorganize any rusty image including natural modeling characteristic presented from the natural phenomenon to certain patterns in order to create the fashion design that are valued in the expansion of independently expressional area and modeling art. As a method for research, the author analyzed the concept and characteristic for rust with a base of theoretical background by the documental research and realistic consideration, analyzed its modeling characteristic through domestic and overseas pictures, and e-documents as data, inspected the modeling activities of various categories that various images were adapted related to rust, looked into the concept of Digital Textile Printing and its producing procedure as an expressional method, and analyzed the examples of modern dress and its ornament making use of Digital Textile Printing. The conclusions of this study are as below. First, the rust occurred due to the natural phenomenon is the bond with different material like metal, each unique modeling characteristic occurs and harmony of various patterns has abundant aesthetic value. Second, the author could endowed sensible characteristic and speciality with works and could produce creative fashion design that painting, abstractive pattern and harmony of unique sense of colors are significant by using the image of rust, Third, to emphasize natural feeling of rust, the author could develop creative design that simple silhouette and impressive pattern look significant by reorganizing and applying rust according to repetition, increment, rhythm, contract, emphasis and harmony. Fourth, Digital Textile Printing method is used to induce visual effect by the expression of feels of rust, and the author could express the natural patterns, delicate expression for the feels of a material and unique design of emotion.

Background : Recently, there is a urgent demand for development of new varieties with enhanced resistance to various biotic/abiotic stresses. In order to develop ginseng varieties with such traits, systematic breeding program and comprehensive field studies are prerequisite. Methods and Results : ‘Cheonmyeong' seeds were collected in 2008 from the farmer field of Buyeo. Physiological investigation and propagation were conducted from 2009 to 2011. It was given the name 'Eumseong No. 8 through the observed yield trial from 2012 to 2013 and local adaptability was carried out from 2014 to 2015. All phenotypes including agronomic characteristics, seed yield, and physiological response to biotic/abiotic stresses were investigated according to the ginseng GAP and UPOV guidelines. Yellow-red leaf and pink berry at maturing stage were observed. The time of emergence, flowering and berry maturity of the ‘Cheonmyeong’ were faster than those of ‘Chunpoong’. Stem length of ‘Cheonmyeong’ was shorter than that of ‘Chunpoong’, whereas stem diameter was thicker than that of ‘Chunpoong’. Main root length was shorter but main root diameter is thicker than that of ‘Chunpoong’. Number of seeds of ‘Cheonmyeong’ was fewer than that of ‘Chunpoong’ but 1,000-seeds weight and stratification rate were higher than those of ‘Chunpoong’. The yield performance of this variety was 661 kg/10 a in local adaptability test for two years, which is 22% higher than that of ‘Chunpoong’. ‘Cheonmyeong’ showed strong resistance to phytophthora blight, mulberry mealybug and nematode and moderate resistance to alternaria blight. ‘Cheonmyeong’ did almost not occur yellow spot of aerial part and rusty skin of root, show moderate resistance at high temperatures. Conclusion : Our study demonstrated that ‘Cheonmyeong’ is an ideal variety with heavier root weight and enhanced stress resistance and contribute will enhance biotic/abiotic stress resistance and increase the farmers' income.

The endophytic bacteria were isolated from the rusty-root ginseng. This isolated bacteria were occurred the rusty-root ginseng with artificial inoculation. For the suppressing of rusty-ginseng, disinfectants, antibiotics, kitosan, micro-organisms and metabolites were tested to isolated endophytic bacterium. All of the isolated bacteria strains were sensitive sodium hypochlorite, however, some of isolated bacteria lines were sensitive to other tested materials. For example, D (didecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide), CIO2, ODDA (octyldecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride + diocyul dimethyl ammonium chloride + alkyl diethyl benzyl ammonium chloride), GD (glutaraldehyde + dimethy cocobenzyl ammonium chloride) suppressed some of bacteria strains. Otherwise, some of antibiotics (e.g. ampicillin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, kanamycin, neomycin, rifampin, streptomycin, tetracycline) were sensitive to the isolated bacteria strains. All of isolated bacteria strainswere inhibitive to the mixed formation with neomycin and streptomycin, and neomycin and tetracycline. Both sodium hypochlorite and antibiotic mixing of neomycin and tetracycline were effective to prevention of rusty-root ginseng of sub-merging ginseng in the ginseng field.

본 연구는 접종방법, 상토 및 유기물의 종류, 토양수분, 세균밀도가 적변발생에 미치는 영향을 조사하여 적변발생 요인 및 원인을 밝히기 위하여 실시하였다. 1. Hue value는 무상처 무접종에서 113.1, 무상처 접종 108.1, 상처 무접종 85.8, 상처접종 57.5로 적변은 무상처 무접종 < 무상처 접종 < 상처 무접종 < 상처 접종 순으로 심하게 발생하였다. 2. 원예용 상토와 수도용 상토에서 Hue value는 각각 56.8, 64.7로 수도용 상토보다 원예용 상토에서 적변이 심하게 발생하였다. 3. 토양의 수분농도가 10%, 20%, 50%, 70%일 때 Hue value는 각각 96.2, 85.9, 78.0, 75.7로 수분이 높을수록 적변이 심하게 발생하였다. 4. 유기질 비료를 첨가한 토양에서의 Hue value는 35.2-27.8로 유기질 비료의 시용은 적변 발생을 심하게 유발하였다. 5 세균접종 농도가 102,104,106,108cells/m일 때, Hue 값은 각각 63.3, 62.8, 55.6, 48.8로 세균농도가 높을수록 적변의 발생이 심하게 발생하였다.

적변삼은 인삼에서 흔히 볼 수 있으며, 농가에 커다란 경제적 손실을 주지만, 아직까지 주원인에 대해서는 밝혀지지 않았다. 본 연구는 적변삼의 발생원인을 밝히기 위하여 적변삼과 내생 세균과의 연관성을 검토하였다. 인삼의 내생 세균 밀도는 정상 인삼의 경우 0.96~1.5×102cfu/g fw에 불과하였으나 적변이 심한 경우는 0.37~5.1×107 cfu/g fw로 정상 인삼에 비하여 밀도가 매우 높았다. 적변삼에서 분리한 31개 균주는 적변정도의 차이는 있지만 적변을 유발하였다. 적변과 관련이 있는 세균은 대부분이 그람 음성균이었다. 적변을 유발하는 세균을 세균학적 특성과 16S rDNA의 염기서열 분석에 의해 동정한 결과 Agrobacterium tumefaciens, A. rhizogenes, Burkholderia phenazinium, Ensifer adharens, Lysobacter gummosus, Microbacterium Iuteolum, M. oxydans, Pseudomonas marginalis, P. veronii, Pseudomonas sp., Rhizobium leguminosarum, R. tropica, Rhodococcus erythropolis, Rh. globerulus, Variovorax paradoxus의 세균으로 동정되었다. 따라서 인삼적변의 발생은 내생세균의 침입 및 증식에 기인한 것으로 추정된다.

인삼 뿌리에 발생하는 적변현상을 구명하기 위하여 적변삼표피의 형태적 특성, 세균의 밀도 및 무기물 함량의 변화를 조사한 결과, 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 적변삼의 표피는 건전삼에 비하여 두꺼웠으며, 세포벽이 분해되어 심하게 파괴되어 있었다. 그러나 건전삼의 경우에는 세포가 장방형의 일정한 형태를 유지하고 조직의 파괴도 전혀 발생하지 않았다. 2. 파괴된 적변삼의 표피조직에는 막대모양의 세균이 다수 존재하였으며, 세균밀도는 2.9 106-3.5 107 CFU/g(fresh weight)으로 많은 세균이 분리되었다. 건전삼표피조직에서는 세균이 거의 관찰되지 않았으나, 세균밀도는 4.7 102 -1.2 103 CFU/g(fresh weight)으로 적변삼에 비하여 매우 낮게 나타났다. 3. 인공적으로 분리세균을 접종하여 적변을 유발시킨 표피조직에서도 자연발생 적변삼에서와 동일한 표피조직의 파괴양상을 보였으며, 다수의 세균이 관찰되었다. 4. 적변삼의 표피조직에서는 Al, Si 및 Fe의 함량이 높았으나, 건전삼에서는 K의 함량이 높게 나타나 적변현상의 발생은 표피조직에서 무기물 함량의 변화를 유발하였다